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(2)

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1911 ckEpS f
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95427
420000
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1921ckEpS f
27000
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1931 ckEpS f
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137586
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(3)
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pwifxlaxmifcJhonff?
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f rm;(2, 000) cef@ u awmif;qdkcsuf 6 csuf udak zmfxw
k v
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3? tvkyo
f rm;&yfuu
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4? ukr`%t
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Jh nf?
awmif;qdkcsufrsm; tcsdK@&cJo
h nf?
(1925) ckEpS w
f Gif &efuek q
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f rf; (pwDA'D dk ) ukew
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f rm;rsm; (2500) cef@u vkyt
f m;c ydk&&Sad &;/ t&m&Srd sm;vbfpm; r_
wmqD;ay;a&;/ ulvaD cgif;rsm;. acgi;f ykjH zwfr_ yaysmufapa&; ponft
h csurf sm;udk awmif;qd+k yD; oydwq
f ifE$Jc=Jh uonf? xdo
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f rm;rsm;/ cs,*f g&D tvkyo
f rm;rsm;/ opfpuf/ qefpuf/ rD;&xm;ukew
f ifukecf s tdE,
Nd tvkyo
f rm; (15, 000) ausmfu
vnf; tuloydwjf zifh axmufcHco
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S +GJ yD; tjcm;awmifqcdk surf sm;r&cJah y?
(1925) ckEpS f =o*kwv
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` D) rS tvkyo
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arSmufawmif;qdkco
Jh nf? oydwu
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k mvtwGi;f Armtvkyo
f rm;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k cJo
h nf? oydwrf atmifjrif
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Nd trsKd ;om;rsm;jzpfonf? xdo
k ydwaf =umifh vlrsdK;a&;rke;f wD;r_udk ydI
k jzpfapcJo
h nf?
(1926) ckEpS f azazmf0g&DvwGif a&eHajrtvkyform;toif;}uD;rS OD;aqmifI a&eHacsmif;r@wGif bDtpdk D tvkyo
f rm; 4000 ausmf
xyfro
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S rf r_ sm;cH&
onf? xdAk sL&do
k nf AsLdu
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f rm;rsm;u xdAk sL&k.
d taESmuf,u
S af y;r_tm; a&eHwGi;f rsm;udk
rD;wifd_@jcif;vnf;aumif;/ AsLdu
k &ufvufyg;aprsm;udk acsmif;ajrmif;&dkuEf u
S jf cif;jzifv
h nf;aumif; t=urf;zufwek f@jyefco
Jh nf?
xdo
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f rm;rsm;onf rdrdwdk@. tcGift
h a&;rsm;udk wd;k wufcHpm;cGifh tcsKd @&&Scd =Jh uonf?
(1930) ckEpS f wGif &efuek q
f yd u
f rf; (pwDA'D dk) tvkyform;oydwx
f yfrjH zpfyGm;cJonf? xdkpOfu qdyu
f rf;tvkyo
f rm;trsm;pkonf tdE,
Nd
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;jzpf=uonf? wae@ tvkycf sed f 12 em&D vky&f onf? vkyt
f m;crS w&uf 1usyf 8 yJ&onf? wvv#if tvkyf vky&f uf 10
- 12 &ufcef@om vky=f u&onf? tvkyo
f rm;wa,muf. wv0ifaiGrSm 15 usyrf S 18 usyt
f xdom&Sdonf? ulvDacgif;rsm;u tqdkyg
vpmxJrS jzwfawmuf,lao;onf? tvkyform;rsm;tay:vnf; twdk;E_e;f rsm;pGmjzifh aiGacs;pm;cJo
h nf? xd'k g%rf sm;a=umifh tvkyo
f rm;
(5000) cef@ oydwaf rSmuf=uonf? vkyt
f m;c 2 usyfxd wd;k ay;&ef/ ulvaD cgif;tkyfcsKyfonfh pepfzsuo
f dr;f ay;&ef/ wvw}udrf vpmudk
tvkyo
f rm;odk@ wdu
k &f du
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xdpk Ofu urBmph ;D yGm;ysuu
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ajrrsm; pGef@vGwv
f u
dk f&onftxdjzpfc&Jh onf? v,frJh,mrJjh zpf+yD; r@ay: &&mtvkyv
f yk u
f dkif&onfh tjzpfq;dk jzifh uHawG@cJ&h onfh umv
jzpfonf? qdyu
f rf;tvkyo
f rm;rsm; oydwaf rSmufaeojzifh oydwfarSmuf tvkyo
f rm;rsm;ae&modk@ Armtvkyo
f rm;rsm;jzifh tpm;xd;k
jcif;cHvu
dk &f onf? aemufq;kH tvkyo
f rm;oydwo
f nf awmifhrcHEdkiyf J vkyt
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k &f onf? e,fcJs@
t&if;&Sipf epfatmufwGif tvkyv
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f rm;aps;uGuw
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f rm;tcsif;csi;f ydyuQuv
dk nf; jzpfay:ap
cJo
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(1930) ckEpS f arv wGijf zpfco
Jh nf ukvm; - Arm t"duk%;f onf TuJodk@ tajctaersm;a=umifjh zpfymG ;cJ&h onf? (1920 - 30) ckEpS f
rsm;twGi;f ESppf Of ta&;}uD;vkyfief;rsm;wGif oydwfarSmufrw
_ ckpD jzpfcJhonf? (1931 - 36) ckEpS rf sm;wGif ysrf;r# oydwaf rSmufr_ wESpf
v#if 4 ck r# ay:aygufco
Jh nf? oydwrf sm;. =umjrifch sed u
f mvonf (3 ) ywfcef@&n
S =f umonf?
(1937 - 41) ckEpS f 'kw,
d umv tvkyo
f rm;rsm; tajctaeESifh wdkuyf rGJ sm;
TumvwGif jynfwGi;f jynfy Edkiif Ha&;wdu
k yf rGJ sm;. *,uf&dkucf wfro
_ nf Armjynftvkyo
f rm;v_y&f mS ;r_udk a&S@odk@wGe;f aqmfr_ jzpfay:apcJh
onf? xdkEidk if Ha&;wdu
k yf rGJ sm;ESifh qufpyfonfh Edik fiHtajctaersm;rSm - (1930) ckEpS f q&mpH OD;aqmifcJhonf@ v,form;awmfveS fa&;/
urBmhp;D yGm;ysufuyf. &ku
d fcwfrr_ sm;/ +Adwo
d #tpd;k &. &ufpufpGmzdEySd rf _a=umiffh *spD b
D aD t ( jrefrmEdik fiHtoif;csKyf}uD;) tydki;f ydki;f tpdwf
pdwjf zifh yuG&J jcif;/ e,fcJs@qef@usifa&; 0HomEkvyk fief;rsm;udk ESyd u
f G y f z su q
f ;D jcif;/ Edkiif aH &;acgif;aqmiftcsKd @ e,fcJs@EiS fh yl;aygif;oGm;jcif;/
(1917) ckEpS f &k&Sm;tvkyo
f rm;wdk@. r[matmufwb
dk mawmfveS fa&;rS qd&k ,
S v
f pftawG;tac:rsm; ysHESH@vmjcif;/ r[wWr*END acgi;f
aqmifaom tdE,
Nd trsdK;om;uGe*f &uf. vGwv
f yfa&;wdu
k fyrGJ S vlxkvy_ &f Sm;r_ yJw
h if&u
dk fcwfoHrsm; ponftajctaewdk@jzpfonf?
jynfwiG ;f jynfy EdkifiaH &;wdu
k yf GJrsm;ESifh jzpfay:ajymif;vJaeaom EdkifiHa&;tajctaersm;onf vGwv
f yfa&; awmif;qd/k wdu
k yf 0GJ ifaeonfh
wdik ;f cspjf ynfcspfvil ,frsm;tay: }uD;rm;onfh =oZmoufa&mufru
_ dk jzpfay:apcJo
h nf? xdktcsed rf pS wif+yD; rsKd ;csppf w
d &f o
Sd nfh vli,frsm;
onf tqif;&J yifyef;cHum jynfolw&yfv;kH udk e,fcsJ@qefusiafh &;pdw"f gwrf sm;jzifh pnf;&k;H v_aH qmfc=Jh uonff?
wdk@Armtpnf;tk;H . yxrt}udrfnv
D mcH (a&eHacsmif; nDvmcH}uD;) udk (1935) ckESp/f rwf/ (30) &ufae@wiG u
f sif;ycJo
h nf? xdn
k D vm
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h nf? tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om; vli,ftrsdL;orD;rsm;. vlxv
k l
wef;pm;qdik f&m tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;udkvnf; wd;k wufzGJ@pnf;Edik fco
Jh nf? wdk@Armtpnf;t&k;H onf (1936) ckESprf pS I tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. oydwf
wdu
k yf rGJ sm;udk uln+D yD;ajz&Si;f ay;cJo
h nf? yxrOD;qk;H t}udrt
f jzpf tif;pde/f pOfhil wa,m pGyu
f s,pf uf tvkyo
f rm;oydwu
f dk ulnaD jz&Si;f
ay;Edkifco
Jh nf? tvkyo
f rm; tif;tm; (500) jzifo
h ydwaf rSmufcJonf? puf&rkH efae*smudk tvkyrf S xkwyf ,fvu
dk &f onftxd atmifjrif
r_&cJhonf?

(1937) ckEpS f ar 15 &ufwGif tvkyo


f rm; (400)ausmfyg0ifonf urm&Gwf a&mfbmpuf&kH oydw/f ZGef 1&ufae@wGif tvkyo
f rm;tif
tm; 150 yg0ifonfh ordki;f / a$ig; ud;puf oydw/f (1937) ckESpf Zlvdkif 6 &ufwGif tvkyo
f rm; (70) yg0ifo
f nfh ordki;f csnrf #i/f aq;qd;k
tvky&f o
kH ydwf ponfhrsm;jzpfymG ;cJyh gonf?
(1300) jynfh ta&;awmfykH pwif&m a&eHajr
1300 jynfhta&;awmfyo
kH nf udv
k dkeaD cwf EdkifiaH &;v_y&f Sm;r_rsm;teuf jynfov
l x
l .
k tjyif;xefq;kH aom Edik fiHa&;v_y&f mS ;r_ wckjzpfonf?
1300 (1938) jynfEh pS fonf t*Fvyd t
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onf? xdt
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k y_ &f mS ;r_rsm;jzifh &ifqdkuv
f u
dk &f onf?
1300 jynft
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D qef;wGif acsmufr@&Sd
bDtpdk D a&eHukr%
` u
D tusKd ;ta=umif;r&Sd tvkyo
f rm;rsm;udk zdEySd frp_ wifvmcJo
h nf? xdt
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f rm;rsm;
onf vkyif ef;cGirf S xGuv
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dk o
f nf? bDtpdk D tvkyo
f rm;rsm;oydwfudk axmufcaH omtm;
jzifh tdkib
f yD D (Indo-Burma Petroleum Co.) / tifeftpdk D (Nath Singh Oil Co.) ukr`%rD sm;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;uvnf; rdrw
d dk@
vkyif ef;cGirf S xGufcGmum oydwfarSmufvu
dk =f uonf? acsmuf a&eHajroydwo
f nf rdv
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f rm;rsm;ESifh a&eHurk %
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tvkyo
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f yD D 17 / bDtdkpD rS 76. 8
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d nf? xdt
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f m0ifxm;olrsm;u use&f o
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k o
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J yfvmonfh a0'em
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use;f rma&;raumif;onfh tvkyo


f rm;rsm; cGirfh ,l&=J uyg? cGi,
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f rm;vnf; Todk@cHpm;=u&onf? ysr;f r# touf(80) ae
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f rm;rsm;onf touf(40) ausmv
f mv#if a&m*gxlajymvmonf? touf (60)ESpf rjynfrh SD uG,v
f eG f cJ=h uonf?
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dk =f uonf?
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(1) tvkyo
f rm;rsm;tm; vkyfc&Si;f ay;&mY ae@pm;pepfrS vcpm;pepfodk@ajymif;ay;&ef?
(2) wESpv
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f rm;wef;vsm;rsm; wd;k wuf aumif;rGepf GmxyfrHaqmufvyk af y;&ef?
(5) tvkyo
f rm; tdrfaxmifpt
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f rm;ud,
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(5)
1300jynft
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f a&;awmfykH
taxGaxGoydwt
tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. oydwo
f nf (11) veD;yg;r#=umjrifo
h nfw
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fk f avsmcJo
h nf?
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f rm;xk}uD;. tpnf;ta0;w&yf usif;ycJh
onf? xdktpnf;a0;rS tvkyo
f rm;rsm;. epfemcsurf sm;ESihf awmif;qdkcsurf sm;udk tpk;d &odk@ rdrw
d dk@ ud,
k fwidk o
f Gm;a&muf wifjy&efq;kH jzwf
vdu
k =f uonf?
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f vkyo
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r@rS &efuek fodk@ ajcvsifc&D;pwifvdku=f uawmhonf? tjcm;tvkyo
f rm;rsm;u rdkif tcsKd @xv
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dk yf gydk@aqmif=uonf? tvkyo
f rm;oydwf
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oydww
f yfzGJonf rauG;r@odk@ 'DZifbm 4 &ufae@wiG f qdu
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f yf OD;pD;acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfaom ocifAwif/ ocifcif/ ab;rJq
h &mawmf OD;0g,romrd/ OD;*E</ OD;aZmwdu/ &Sief EN/
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rauG;r@ tm%mydik frsm;onf yk'rf 144 xkwjf yef+yD; oydww
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D ufEdkiaf p&ef [ef@xm;xm;onf? oydww
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h 0ufavmufu a&eHajr
odk@jyefvn
S &fh onf? tvkyo
f rm;acgif;aqmifrsm; v$waf y;a&;twGuf uset
f vkyo
f rm;rsm;u tpmiwfcq
H ENjy=uonf? odk@aomf tpm
iwfcjH cif;xuf yk'rf (144) udk wGe;f vSeu
f m tm%mzDqefjcif;u ydrk x
dk da&mufrnf[k wdk@Armtpnf;t&k;H u,lqonf?
'DZifbm 11 &ufae@ nydki;f wGif ausmif;om;or*~ OuUX udAk [de;f / twGi;f a&;r;udAk aqGESifhtjcm;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif 2
a,mufwdk@onf a&eHacsmif;ausmif;om;udpPrsm;ajz&Si;f t+yD; rauG;odk@a&muf&v
Sd monf? udAk [de;f onf a&eHoydww
f yf}uD;tm; yk'rf
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f #if rD;[ke;f [ke;f awmufap&rnf
p&rn rdef@ceG ;f
onf Tae&mwGif ajym=um;cJjh cif;jzpfonf? toufaoao/ t&k;d ausaus &nfreS ;f csufyef;wdik fta&muf rrSw
d rf okecf sDwuf=u&efvnf;
v_H@aqmfco
Jh nf? xdkaemuf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;vnf; tzrf;cHvu
dk &f onf? ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;ESifhtwl &efuek f wdk@Arm
tpnf;t&k;H rS wm0efjzifh v$wv
f dkuaf om ocifp;dk / ocifazoef;/ ocifxed 0f if;wdk@vnf;tzrf;cH&onf? udAk [de;f / ocifp;dk wdk@udk axmif
(4) vtjypf uscaH p+yD; tif;pdefaxmifodk@ ajymif;aG@vu
dk o
f nf? tcsKd @udk jrif;+cHaxmifodk@ydk@vu
dk o
f nf?

vrf;nGefcsuf&vdu
k +f yDjzpfaom tvkyo
f rm;wyf}uD;onfvnf; aemufw&uf eHeuf (6) em&DwGif eHygww
f w
k u
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f yfzGJ@/ vSpH yG w
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f yf/ jrif;pD;wyfrsm;twGi;f odk@ xd;k 0ifzcGI
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Jh nf? jrif;
pD;ykvyd rf sm;u 0ifI&du
k jf yefonf? r@ol r@om;rsm;u &&mvufeufjzifh nmoHay;I ckc=H uonf? jrif;pD;ykvyd rf sm; wyfvefuek =f ujyef
onf? xdo
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onf? axmifwGi;f rSmvnf; &kw&f kwo
f o
J jJ zpfukeaf wmhonf? axmifq+l yDtxifjzifh ykvyd frsm; axmifbufodk@un
l &D ef ajy;oGm;=ujyef
onf? xdt
k cGifhtcgaumif;udk tok;H y+yD; oydww
f yf}uD;onf rauG; tjyifbufodk@ atmifjrifpGmazmufxGuEf idk fco
Jh nf?
qufvufc&D;xGuv
f mpOf acsmacsmarG@arG@jzpfco
Jh nf? vrf;wGiv
f ,form;rsm;uvnf; tvkyo
f rm;oydww
f yfjzifh ylaygif;vdu
k =f uonf?
v,form; (20,000) ausmftxdyg0ifco
Jh nf? tvkyo
f rm;ta&;tcif; oufoufr[kwaf wmhyJ tvkyform;/ v,form;/ ausmif;f om;
rsm;. trsdK;om;vuQ%maqmifonf e,fcsJ q
h ef@usifa&;wdu
k yf t
GJ jzpf ul;ajymif;oGm;cJhonf?
udAk [de;f / udkAaqG ponfhausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm; tzrf;cH&jcif;a=umifh rauG;ausmif;om;rsm; pwifI oydwfarSmufqENjy=uonf?
xdrk w
S qifh wjynfv;kH odk@ausmif;om;oydwfrsm; ul;pufomG ;awmhonf? (1938) ckEpS f 'DZifbm 20 &ufae@wiG f &efuek f&Sd twGi;f 0ef&;kH udk
ausmif;om;rsm;u 0dki;f &Hvu
dk =f uonf? t*Fvyd jf rif;pD;ykvdyrf sm;. vufcsujf zifh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif udak tmifausmf usq;kH cJ+h yD;
ausmif;om; - ausmif;ol (200)ausm'f g%f&m&cJhonf?
a&eHajrtvkyo
f rm;oydww
f yf}uD;u ppfa=umif;wa=umif;jzifh &efuek fod@k csw
D ufvmaepOf tjcm;wzuf yJc;l c&dkiEf Sifh oxkHc&dkif wdk@rS v,f
orm;ppfa=umif;rsm;jzifh csDwufvmae=uonf? v,form;rsm; csDwuf&onfh ta=umif;t&if;rSm 91 XmetkyfcsKyfa&;v$waf wmfu
v,fo;D pm;Oya'rl=urf;/ v,fv$Jajymif;a&;Oya'rl=urf;/ wuUov
dk fOya'jyifqifa&;rl=urf;wdk@ aqG;aEG;aecsdejf zpfonf? wdk@Armtpnf;
t&k;H . vufatmufcH tzGJ@tpnf;wckjzpfaom awmifolv,form; tpnf;t&k;H }uD;u v,form;rsm;ESiyfh wfoufonfh Oya'rl=urf;
udk twnfyay;&ef wjynfvk;H odk@ pnf;&k;H v_Haqmf+yD; qENjyaeonfhumvvnf;jzpfonf? (1938) ckEpS f 'DZifbm 14 &ufae@wiG f
ysO;f rem;/ awmifi/l yJc;l / oxkHc&dkifrS v,form;tiftm; (20,000) jzifh &efuek /f Oya'yvGwaf wmfodk@ qENjy&ef csw
D ufvm=ujcif;jzpf
onf? xdv
k ,form;ppfa=umif;onf &efuek o
f dk@ 'DZifbm 19 &ufae@wGif qdu
k af &mufonf? a&$w*d kH &ifjyifawmfY wyfpv
GJ u
dk o
f nf?
a&eHajroydwo
f nf 1939 ckEpS f ZEM0g&D 8 &ufae@wGif &efuek o
f kd@qu
dk fa&mufonf? xdak e@wGif a&$w*d kH &ifjyifwGif a&eHoydw/f v,form;
oydw/f ausmif;om;oydw/f 0efxrf;oydwf ponfh oydwaf ygi;f pkH tpnf;ta0;}uD;w&yfudk usif;yvdu
k =f uonf?
&efuek w
f Gif tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;rsm; oydww
f u
dk yf GJqifE$Jaecsdew
f iG f rEWav;r@rS jynfolvx
l u
k &efuek o
f ydwaf ygif;pku
H dk
axmufcq
H ENjycJ=h uonf? (1939) ckEpS f azazmf0g&v
D 10 &ufae@wiG f tdrfawmf&mbk&m;Y r@v;kH u|wf qENjyvlxk tpnf;ta0;}uD;w&yf
usi;f ycJhonf? tpnf;ta0;odk@ &[ef;oHCm/ oydwaf rSmufausmif;om;/ ausmif;olrsm;/ r@ay:&St
d oif;tzGJ@aygi;f pkrH S vlxktiftm;
(200,000) ausmw
f ufa&mufco
Jh nf? tpnf;ta0;qk;H jzwfcsut
f & vlx}k uD;onf e,fcsJ@pepf. zdESdy&f ufpufru
_ dk pDwef;vSnfh vnf+yD;
qENjy=u&efjzpfonf?
qENjyvlx}k uD;onf ok;H a&mifcs,t
f vHrsm;/ cGyfa'gif;tvHrsm;/ qdki;f yk'rf sm;udkiaf qmifvsuf tdraf wmf&moydwpf cef;rS qdki;f wef;vrf;/ xdrk S
wqif2h 6 bDvrf;twdik ;f auG;a=umforH sm;jzifh csw
D ufvmcJo
h nf? csw
D ufvmaom vlx}k uD;udk vufeufudkfiw
f yfjzifh toifah pmifhae
aom t*Fvyd pf pfwyfu bDvrf;ay:&Sd trfy&D ;D ,Jvf b%fa&S@wGif ta&muf aoewfjzifyh pfcwfErSd ef if;cJo
h nf? xdyk pfcwfr_ wGif &[ef;awmf
(7 ) yg;/ ausmif;om; (3) OD;/ t&yfom;jynfol (7) OD; aoewfxrd eS fIusq;kH cJo
h nf? usq;kH ausmif;om;( 3 ) OD;wGif touf(12) ESpf
t&G,f ausmif;om; Adv
k fwifatmifvnf;yg0ifonf? trsm;tjym; 'g%f&m&=uonf? 'g%f&m&olxw
J Gif &efuek rf S wufvmaom ausmif;
om;acgi;f aqmif udv
k Sarmif (Adv
k af Za,s ) aygiw
f Gif aoewftrSecf H&onf?
vufeufrJh &[ef;&Siv
f l jynfow
l dk@tm; &ufpufpGmypfowfcaJh om owif;qd;k onf wjynfv;kH odk@ ysH@Eo
SH mG ;cJo
h nf? &efuek w
f iG f wdk@Armt
pnf;t&k;H rS OD;aqmifI taocHAdkvrf sm;aG;um pDwef;vSnv
fh nfum qENjycJ=h uonf? atmifvH r@wGif usi;f yaomvlxq
k ENjyyGJwiG f
vnf; ykvdyyf pfcwfr_a=umifh Adv
k Af zdk; usq;kH cJ&h onf?
udv
k edk jD refrmEdik if Hordki;f Y (1300) jynfh ta&;awmfyko
H nf jynfov
l x
l k. nDnw
G rf p_ rG ;f tm;udk tpGr;f ukefazmfjyvdu
k o
f nfh ordik ;f rSww
f dkif
wckjzpfonf?
tus;dk quftm;jzifh a'guw
f mAarmf nGef@aygi;f tpd;k &ywfusomG ;onf? OD;yk tpd;k &wufvmonf? odk@aomf tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;
oef;aygi;f rsm;aom jynfow
l dk@b0um;xl;jcm;ajymif;vJrvmcJyh g? 1300jynfh ta&;awmfyk}H uD;tm; e,fcsJ@tpd;k &u tiftm;ok;H +yD; t

=urf;zufzcGJco
Jh nf? tEkenf;jzifv
h nf;zcGJco
Jh nf? xdktcsderf pS I wdk@Armtpnf;t&k;H }uD;vnf; wd;k wufaom ocifu,
dk af wmfrd_i;f *d%
k ;f ESifh
ocifApdef*%
dk ;f [lIuGJco
Jh nf?
vlxEk iS cfh saD omwdu
k yf w
GJ dki;f / v_y&f mS ;r_widk ;f wGif tawG@tuHESifh oifcef;pm&&Spd +rJjzpfonf? (1300) jynfhta&;awmfyrkH S Armjynfvw
G v
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a&;wdu
k yf rGJ sm;twGuf jynforl sm;. b0rsm;/ toufrsm;ESi&fh if;ES;D cJh&onfh oifcef;pmrsm;udk &&Sv
d u
dk yf gonf? 1300 jynfh ta&;awmf
yko
H nf &nfreS ;f csuo
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ta&;awmfykHrS ta&;}uD;oifcef;pm ESpfc&k &Sv
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dk yf gonf?
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f u
dk zf dk@qv
dk #i/f awmfveS af &;oabmw&m;
vufeuf wwfqifxm;onf/h pnf;urf;wif;=uyfonfh ygwDw&yf. acgif;aqmifr&_ &Sd rnf? trsdL;om;a&;0g' oufoufudk vrf;
nGex
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JG ifvdk@r&Edkif qdo
k nfh oifcef;pmjzpfonf?
'kw,
d oifcef;pm rSm acwfrpSD pfwyfudk tok;H y+yD; zdEySd t
f kycf sKyfaeonfh e,fcsJ@tpd;k &udk tEdik w
f u
dk fcsifv#if acwfrSDtrdsK;om;
wyfrawmf w&yfxlaxmif&rnf? vufeufr&Jh ifqdkiv
f #ifv;kH 0 tEdik fr&Edik b
f ;l qdo
k nfh oifcef;pmrsm;jzpfygonf?
ocifatmifqef;. *k%faus;Zl;onf xdkt&mESpfcu
k dk &&Sv
d matmif xlaxmifco
Jh rl sm;teuf a&S@q;kH wef;uyg0ifco
Jh nfh aumif;r_jzpfonf?
xdt
k a&;}uD;oifcef;pmrsm;tjyif pnf;&k;H Edik o
f nfh tiftm;rsm;udk tus,fjyef@qk;H pnf;&k;H xm;onfh awmfveS fonfw
h yfaygi;f pk&Sd rnf qdk
aomoifcef;pmudv
k nf; &&Sv
d u
dk af o;onf?
txufygoifcef;pmrsm;ESifh tawG@tuHrsm;t& e,fcsJ@pepfEiS fh ya'o&mZfajr&Sipf epf qef@usiaf &;wdkuyf u
GJ dk jywfom;pGm qifE$JEdkiaf &;
twGuf ArmjynfuGejf rLepfygwDudk zGJ@pnf;cJ=h ujcif;jzpfonf?
ygww
D nfaxmifpOfu tzGJ@0if(7) OD;jzifh yg0ifzGJ@pnf;cJo
h nf? ygwD pwifwnfaxmiforl sm;rSm ocifatmifqef;/ ocifA[de;f / ocifvaS z/
ocifp;dk / ocifb/dk &Jabmfbwif (*dk&,
S )f ESihf &Jabmf xGe;f armif ( a'gufwmewf) wdk@jzpfonf? ocifatmifqef;onf ygwD. yxrqk;H
taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;r_;csKyfjzpfonf? ygwD. EdkifiaH &;t& OD;aqmifrj_ zifh e,fcJs@qef@usiaf &;/ trsdK;om;vGwaf jrmufa&;wdu
k yf u
GJ dk qifEu
GJ m
Armjynfudkf udv
k edk x
D rf;yd;k atmufrS vGwaf jrmufapcJo
h nf? xdyk gwDonf ,ae@tcsed ftxd Armjynf tkyfp;dk olvw
l ef;pm; tqufqufudk
qef@usiw
f u
dk cf du
k af eonf? tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;vGwfajrmufa&; wyfO;D ygwDtjzpf qufvufwdkuyf GJ0ifaeonf? Armjynf&Sd Edkiif aH &;
ygwrD sm;teuf oufwrf;t&Sn=f umqk;H Edkiif aH &;ygww
D ckvnf;jzpfonf? ajratmufEdik fiHa&;ygwDtjzpf qufvuf&yfwnfaeonf?
zwyv (aemif zqyv) zGJ@pnf;jcif;/ rsKd ;cspfArmhwyfrawmfEiS fh &Jacgifaysmuf=um;wyf zGJ@pnf;jcif;wdk@onf xdt
k a&;awmfyk.
H oifcef;pm
rsm;ESifh tawG@tuHrsm;t& zGJ@pnf;jcif;jzpfonf?
(1939 -1945) 'kwd,urBmppfumvwGif em;vnfxm;onfh t,ltqrsm;udk vufawG@usio
fh ;kH Edik cf Jhonf? vufawGusio
fh ;Hk jcif;Edkif
ojzifh renf;vSaom tudsK;tjrwfrsm;udv
k nf; &&Sdapvdu
k o
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h nf?
(1300) jynfh ta&;awmfy}kH uD; _;H edro
fh mG ;cJhaomfvnf;/ _;H edrrfh t
_ ay: rSerf eS u
f efuefo;kH oyf ed*;kH csKyf+yD; oifcef;pmaumif;rsm; xkw,
f El dkicf Jh
=uonf? jyifqifoifw
h mjyifqif/ r&Sw
d mudk &Sad tmifvyk jf cif;jzifh aemufq;kH wGif atmifjrifr_&&Sdco
Jh nf? (1300) jynfh ta&;awmfykH (10)
ESpjf ynfhajrmufonft
h cg usaemfwdk@ ArmEdkifio
H nf t8Fvyd ef ,fcsJ@xrf;yd;k atmufrS vGwfajrmufvmcJyh gonf? xdkta&;awmfyu
kH ay;vdu
k f
aom oifcef;pmrsm;ESifh tawG@tuHrsm;udk rSerf Seu
f efuef wefz;dk rxm;cJv
h #if (1948) ckEpS w
f Gif atmifyG&J Edik rf nf r[kwaf cs?
xdak =umifv
h rl _awmfveS fa&;w&yfwiG f ordki;f oifcef;pmrsm;udk rSeu
f efpGmxkw,
f +l yD; vufawG@usifo
h ;kH wwfzdk@ tvGefta&; }uD;ygonf?
ta&;awmfy+kH yD;aemuf tvkyo
f rm;vlwef;pm;v_y&f mS ;r_ tajctae
1300 jynft
h a&;awmfy+kH yD;aemuf (1940) ckEpS w
f iG f &efuek f tif;pdefEiS fh pufrv
_ yk fief;a'orsm; r@}uD;rsm;wGif tvkyo
f rm;. pnf;&k;H r_t
ajctae wd;k wufaumif;rGev
f monf? (1941) ckESpw
f Gif tvky&f pkH uf&akH ygif; (10)ck oydwaf rSmuf=uonf? (1941) ckEpS w
f Gif aiGpuUL
puf&o
kH ydw/f w&kwjf ynfodk@ wifoiG ;f onfh armfawmfum; wwfqifa&;vkyfief;rsm;oydwEf Sifh {&m0wDqyd u
f rf; ukew
f ifuek fcsvyk if ef;
oydwf ponfwdk@ tqufrjywfjzpfay:cJo
h nf?
(1940) ckEpS f'ZD ifbmvwGif tdENd,tvkyo
f rm;oydwEf Sihf ywfouf+yD;/ tdE,
Nd tvkyo
f rm; acgi;f aqmifrsm;jzpf=uonfh *d&k ,
S /f rl*g&/SD rGe&f Sd
ESifh a'guw
f mewfwdk@udk zrf;qD;+yD; e,fEiS 'f g%fay;vdu
k o
f nf? jrefrmEdkifiHtESHtjym;wGiv
f nf; wdk@Armtpnf;t&k;H rS ocifacgi;f aqmifrsm;/
ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmifrsm;/ &[ef;awmfrsm;udk zrf;qD;vdu
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(1941) ckEpS 'f DZifbm 23 &ufwGif &efuek f r@udk *syefavwyfjzifh Ak;H pwif}uJonf? TrSpI udv
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(1942 - 1945)ckEpS f 'kw,
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'kuaQ wG@um tvkyrf vkyEf dkiyf J pufrkH sm;ydwx
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1946 ckEpS /f tr_xrf;oydww
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5 .9.46

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2
3
4
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17.9.46
23.9.46

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6
7
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7,000
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(Trade Union 0f Congress - Burma- ) wD,
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Edik fiv
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