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( )Transfer function
( )Gain

1

2

( )Transfer function

.

.

()Steady State




:

Gain Vo
deg

Vo K vi dt

.
:

1
vc idt
C

.

:

qdiff qin qout

1
h qdiff dt
A

( )overflow ( )saturation

( )self-regulating .


.

:
)1
)2



.

Ramp
.
.

()Dead time

.



.

()Dead time

()Dead time

()Dead time

2


.
2
:
A steady state gain

n natural or resonant frequency

damping coefficien t

2.
2

.

2.

damping :

1
1
1

2
:

Ramp