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Csico DWDM PDF
Csico DWDM PDF
BRKOPT-1101 13814_05_2007_c1 2007 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential
Agenda
Introduction and Terminology Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics Attenuation and Compensation Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation Non Linearity SM Optical Fiber Types Simple SPAN Design DWDM Transmission ROADM: Operational Benefits Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
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Introduction
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OXCs ROADMs
Research Systems
Commercial Systems
SONET Rings and Fiberization DWDM Linear Digitization Systems 1990
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1995 Year
2000
2005
4
Optical Spectrum
UV IR 125 GHz/nm
Communication wavelengths
850, 1310, 1550 nm Low-loss wavelengths
Specialty wavelengths
980, 1480, 1625 nm
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Wavelength:
C = x
Terminology
Decibels (dB): unit of level (relative measure) X dB is 10X/10 Decibels-milliwatt (dBm): decibel referenced to a milliwatt
dBm used for output power and receive sensitivity (absolute value) dB used for power gain or loss (relative value) X mW is 10xlog10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW
Wavelength (Lambda): length of a wave in a particular medium; common unit: nanometers, 109m (nm) Frequency (): the number of times that a wave is produced within a particular time period
TerminologyFiber Impairments
Attenuation = Loss of power in dB/km Chromatic Dispersion = Spread of light pulse in ps/nmkm Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio (OSNR) = Ratio of optical signal power to noise power for the receiver
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1260 1360
S C L
1460 1530 1565 1625
U
1675
(nm)
n
0 1
1530.33 nm
0.80 nm
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Optical Power
Definition:
Optical Power Is the Rate at Which Power Is Delivered in an Optical Beam
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Calculate using minimum transmitter power and minimum receiver sensitivity Attenuation/loss in the link, greater than the power budget, causes bit errors (dB) Design networks with power budgets, not distances
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2 dBm
Power Budget = 26 dB
28 dBm
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Eye Diagram
The vertical eye opening shows the ability to distinguish between a 1 and a 0 bit The horizontal opening gives the time period over which the signal can be sampled without errors
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Eye Diagram
For a good transmission system, the eye opening should be as wide and open as possible Eye diagram also displays information such as maximum signal voltage, rise and decay time of pulse, etc. Extinction ratio (ratio of a 1 signal to a 0 signal) is also calculated from eye diagram
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Class 2
Lasers that can cause harm if viewed directly for second or longer. This includes helium-neon lasers with an output up to 1 mW (milliwatt).
Class 3A
Lasers that have outputs less than 5 mW. These lasers can cause injury when the eye is exposed to either the beam or its reflections from mirrors or other shiny surfaces. As an example, laser pointers typically fall into this class.
Class 3B
Lasers that have outputs of 5 to 500 mW. The argon lasers typically used in laser light shows are of this class. Higher power diode lasers (above 5 mW) from optical drives and high performance laser printers also fall into this class.
Class 4
Lasers that have outputs exceeding 500 mW. These devices produce a beam that is hazardous directly or from reflection and can produce skin burn. Many ruby, carbon dioxide, and neodymium-glass lasers are class 4.
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Fiber Geometry
An Optical Fiber Is Made of Three Sections:
The core carries the light signals The cladding keeps the light in the core The coating protects the glass
Core
Cladding
Coating
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Fiber Dimensions
Fiber dimensions are measured in m
1 m = 0.000001 meters (10-6) 1 human hair ~ 50 m
Core
(862.5 m)
Cladding
(125 m)
Coating
(245 m)
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Geometrical Optics
Light Is Reflected/Refracted at an Interface
1 = Angle of incidence 1r = Angle of reflection 2 = Angle of refraction
n1
n2
1 1r
n1
n2
c > c
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n1 > n2
If Angle of Incidence Is Greater Than Critical Angle, All the Light Will Reflect (Instead of Refract); This Is Called Total Internal Reflection
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Cladding
Core
Light propagates by total internal reflections at the core-cladding interface Total internal reflections are lossless Each allowed ray is a mode
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n2
Cladding
Single-mode fiber
Core diameter is about 9 m Bit rate-distance product > 100 THz-km
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n2
n1
Cladding
Core
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Attenuation
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Attenuation in Fiber
Light loss in fiber is caused by two things
Absorption by the fiber material Scattering of the light from the fiber
Rayleigh Scattering
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Optical Attenuation
Pulse amplitude reduction limits how far (distance) Attenuation in dB=10xLog(Pi/Po) Power is measured in dBm:
P(dBm)=10xlog(P mW/1 mW) Examples 10 dBm 0 dBM 3 dBm 10 dBm 30 dBm
10 mW 1 mW 500 uW 100 uW 1 uW
Pi T
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P0 T
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850nm Region
1310 nm Region
1550 nm Region
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Optically transparent
Wavelength transparent Bit rate transparent
Output 1480 or 980 nm Pump Laser Erbium Doped Fiber Input Coupler Isolator
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Dispersion
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Types of Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speeds Causes spreading of the light pulse
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Interference
Affects single channel and DWDM systems A pulse spreads as it travels down the fiber Inter-symbol Interference (ISI) leads to performance impairments Degradation depends on:
Laser used (spectral width) Bit-rate (temporal pulse separation) Different SM types
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40 Gbps
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4 Km SMF-28
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t
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Only discovered in the 90s Most older fiber not characterized for PMD
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The optical pulse tends to broaden as it travels down the fiber; this is a much weaker phenomenon than chromatic dispersion and it is of some relevance at bit rates of 10Gb/s or more
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PMD does not need compensation up to 10G in systems up to about 1600km optical transmission, while compensation is required for longer systems or 40G
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Distance (Km) =
A Laser Signal with Dispersion Tolerance of 3400 ps/nm Is Sent Across a Standard SM Fiber, Which Has a Coefficient of Dispersion of 17 ps/nm*km It Will Reach 200 Km at Maximum Bandwidth
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Transmission Rate
Distance
980 km 60 km 4 km
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Dispersion Compensation
Total Dispersion Controlled
Cumulative Dispersion (ps/nm) +100 0 100 200 300 400 500 Distance from Transmitter (km)
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Nonlinearity
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When optical power levels gets fairly high, the fiber becomes a nonlinear medium
Loss and refractive index depend on the optical power
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Effects of Nonlinearity
Self-Phased Modulation (SPM) and Cross Phase Modulation (XPM)
A Single Channels Pulses Are Self-Distorted as They Travel (SPM)
Interference
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Interference
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1 2 Into Fiber
21 - 2 1
2 22 - 1
Out of Fiber
Channels beat against each other to form intermodulation products Creates in-band crosstalk that cannot be filtered (optically or electrically)
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1 2 Into Fiber
21 - 2 1
2 22 - 1
Out of Fiber
If you have dispersion the beat signal will not fall on a real signal
Therefore, some dispersion can be good in preventing FWM in an optical network
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D=0
10 20 30 40 50 0.0
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Re-Shape
Phase Variation
DCU
Phase Re-Alignment*
Re-Time
*Simplification
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O-E-O
ts Optimum Sampling Time
ts Optimum Re-gen, Re-Shape, and ts Optimum Sampling Time Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time
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TrueWave Is a Trademark of Lucent; TeraLight Is a Trademark of Alcatel; FreeLight and WideLight Are Trademarks of Pirelli; MetroCor Is a Trademark of Corning
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NZDS+ SMF
Normal fiber Non-Dispersion Shifted Fiber (NDSF) G.652 > 90% of deployed plant
20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15
20 1350 1370 1390 1410 1430 1450 1470 1490 1510 1530 1550 1570 1590 1610 1630 1650
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Span Design
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km 120
Rx
Span characteristics
Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
m 20k
25dBm
Tx
ain m Do
5dBm
0dBm
e Tim
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km 120
Rx
Span characteristics
Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total)
m 20k
8dBm
FA D E Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
Bm 0d B 6d
+12dBm -6dBm +17dBm
Tx
in ma o D
EDFA characteristics
Gain: 23dB (max = 17dBm Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: 6dBm
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e Tim
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k 120
Rx
Span characteristics
Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
m 20k
1800ps/nm
Tx
in ma o D
360ps/nm
0ps/nm
e Tim
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Rx
km 120 km 100
13dBm 2160ps/nm 23dBm 1560ps/nm
Span characteristics
Distance: 120km Span loss: .25dB/km (30dB total) Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
m 20k
8dBm 1800ps/nm
FA D E
Bm 0d B 6d
+12dBm 360ps/nm +17dBm 0ps/nm
EDFA characteristics
Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: 6dBm
6dBm
Tx
in ma o D
e Tim
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DCF characteristics
Dispersion: 600ps/nm Loss: 10dBo
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FA ED FA ED A
m 60k
F DC
Rx
m 60k
F DC
Span characteristics
Too Low
Noise
m 60k
F DC
Noise
Tx
ain om
EDFA characteristics
Noise
eD m i T
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Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm) Noise figure: < 6dB Max input: 6dBm
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DWDM Transmission
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DWDM Systems
Transponder Mux-Demux Amplifier DCU
Mux-Demux OA OADM
OADM
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DCM
DCM
EDFA
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2.5G Multi-Rate Transponder OC-3/STM-1 OC-12/STM-4 OC-48/STM-16 1xGigabit Ethernet ETR/CLO STP ISC-3 2.5G InfiniBand SDI DV6000 HDTV
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Ethernet
SAN
8xGigabit Ethernet
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SONET/SDH
Ethernet
SAN
40Gb Muxponder 4x10Gb OTU-2 4x10Gb OTU-2e 4x10Gb SONET/SDH 4x10Gb LAN 4x10Gb FC 4x8Gb FC
BENEFIT: All 40G applications covered by 1 transponder BENEFIT: Aggregation cards reduce the cost of service delivery and allow for pay as you grow using XFP
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17dBm Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access 17dBm Variable Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Booster 17 dBm Fix Gain Booster 21dBm Variable Gain Regional Amplifier with DCU Access L-Band 17dB Variable Gain Booster L-Band 20 dB Variable Gain PreAmplifier with DCU Access
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PSM Protected
Splitter Protected
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99.9% 99%
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Unprotected
1 Transponder 1 Client Interface
1 client & 1 trunk laser (one transponder) needed, only 1 path available No protection in case of fiber cut, transponder failure, client failure, etc..
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2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed, two optically unprotected paths Protection via higher layer protocol
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protected trunk
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protected lambda
Only 1 client & 1 trunk laser (single transponder) needed Protects against Fiber Breaks
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Y cable
protected lambda
2 client & 2 trunk lasers (two transponders) needed Increased cost & availability
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ROADM:
Operational Benefits
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Complicated Network Planning Manual installation, manual power measurements and VOA tweaking at every site for every l
Labor-intensive operation
Manual DWDM processes: labor intensive and error prone Result: high OpEx costs
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O O O
O O O O
O
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O O R O
O O O O
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Ring-Based Architecture
Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path
2 ROADM
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4 Transponders Eliminated
Ring-Based Architecture
Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects Single choice for service path & protect path
Mesh Architecture
AZ provisioningdata follows fiber topology more efficient use of fiber Better load balancing increases capacity Shorter distance = less regeneration Eliminate transponders More options for service & protect paths
2 -8 ROADM 81
2 ROADM
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Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only
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Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only
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Automated optical layer for endto-end connection setup; Manual patching of client at endpoints only
Automated DWDM Processes: simplified, SONET-like operation Result: Reduces OpEx, facilitates wide deployment
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Cisco Optical
Flexible
ROADM: Fully flexible design rules ROADM: Any wavelength anywhere Wide variety of applications Integrated TDM / Layer2 functionalities + Direct interconnection with L2 / L3
Difficult to Manage
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Intelligent Software Enables Automated Network Set-Up and Management Along Network Life
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IP over DWDM
CRS-1
ONS 15454
SONET and SDH
Efficient Core Transport: 2-Degree ROADM: Integrated Intelligent Industry-Leading DWDM and Core Intelligent DWDM: ROADM Technology Routing Solution: Consolidating Drives Deployable SW Management MSPP and DWDM Wavelength and Tunable ITU Functionality onto a Services into Optics on CRS-1 Single Platform the Metro
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ONS 15302
ONS 15305
ONS 15305
ONS 15305
CRS-1 XR 12000 Catalyst 7609 ONS 15305 ONS 15305 ONS 15454 SDH
ONS 15327
2.5G Ring
ONS 15600
Summary
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Summary
Introduction on terminology Optical Propagation Attenuation and Compensation
Chromatic PMD
Non-Linearity Fiber types Basic span design DWDM System/ROADM ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
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Q and A
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