An ton v An ninh thng tin

Nguyn Linh Giang

B mn Truyn thng
v Mng my tnh
Khoa CNTT, HBK HN
Mt s h mt kha cng khai
Ni dung
Trao i kha Diffie-Hellman
Ch k ElGamal
H mt Knapsack
Khi qut h Diffie-Hellman
c cp trong mt hi tho do Diffie-
Hellman a ra vo 1976
Ls kt hp ca hai mhnh xc thc v
mt ca h KCK
Vic sinh ra cc cp kholhon ton khc
nhau i vi ngi s dng
S dng c ch trao i khotrc tip khng
qua trung gian xc thc
Mc ch ra i
S dng p dng cho cc ng dng c
mt cao bng phng php trao i kho
(key exchange)
Vi nguyn tc hai ngi s dng c th trao
i mt khoan ton - c dng mho
cc tin nhn
Thut ton t gii hnch dng cho cc ng
dng s dng k thut trao i kho
C s hnh thnh thut ton
Da trn nguyn tc ton hc :vi m l mt s
nguyn t th
C th tnh ton d dng y=a
i
mod m nhng
vic tnh ngc li l rt kh v vi m ln th
dng nh lkhng th
Da trn php tnh logarit ri rc
Thut ton logarit ri rc
Mt s nguyn t p
Mt gc nguyn thu a ca p : lcc s m
lu tha ca nthuc (1,p-1)
Vi b bt k nguyn s lun i sao cho b= a
i
mod p
y thut ton logarit ri rc .
c coi lc s hnh thnh thut ton
ny .
M hnh chung ca thut ton
A B
Avaible infor
K
K
Kpb
Generator
Thut ton sinh kha
La chn s nguyn t p v gc nguyn thu a
Kho ca ngi i
Kha ring x
i
: chn sao cho x
i
<p-1
Kho cng khai y
i
: y
i
= a
xi
mod p
Kho ca ngi j
Kho ring x
j
: chn sao cho x
j
<p-1
Kho cng khai y
j
: y
j
= a
xj
mod p
Kho mt chung : K=(y
j
)
xi
mod p=(y
i
)
xj
mod p
Trao i kha Diffie-Hellman
Thut ton trao i kho
Tnh an ton ca h mt
Thm m c sn cc thng tin :p,a,Y
i
,Y
j
c th gii c K ,X bt buc thm m
phi s dng thut ton logarit ri rc : rt kh
nu p ln
Nu chn p ln: vic tnh ton ra X, K dng
nh khng th trong thi gian thc
H mt v thm m
Thm m c th tn cng vo cc thng tin : p
,a,Y
j
,Y
j
V s dng thut ton ri rc tnh ra X, sau
tnh ra K
Quan trng nht l phc tp ca thut ton
logarit ph thuc vo chn s nguyn t p
Lnh vc ng dng
T qu trnh thut ton hn ch ng dng
ch s dng cho qu trnh trao i kho mt l
ch yu
S dng trong ch k in t.
Cc ng dng i hi xc thc ngi s
dng.
ElGamal
To kha: p, q, , a, y=
a
mod p
To ch k:
Chn ngu nhin k, 1 k p-1, gcd(k, p-1)=1
Tnh r =
k
mod p
Tnh k
-1
mod (p-1)
Tnh s = k
-1
(h(m) - ar) mod (p-1)
Ch k l (r,s)
El Gamal (cont)
Xc minh ch k
Xc minh 1 r p-1
Tnh v
1
= y
r
r
s
mod p
tnh h(m) and v
2
=
h(m)
mod p
ng nu v
1
=v
2
) (mod r ) (
) 1 (mod ) (
) 1 (mod } ) ( {
s r ) (
1
p
p ar m h ks
p ar m h k s
a ks ar m h



+

ElGamal (cont)
Ch :
k phi n nht i vi mi bn tin c k
(s
1
-s
2
)k=(h(m
1
)-h(m
2
))mod (p-1)
Tn cng gi mo c th c thit lp nu cc
hm bm khng c dng
ElGamal (cont)
Hiu nng
To ch k
Mt module theo hm m
Mt thut ton clid
C hai c th c thc hin offline
Xc minh
Three modular exponentiations
Cc ch k ElGamal c to ra cho cc bi
ton xc thc, chng thc
Thut ton m ho cng khai
Knapsach
Bi ton Subset Sum
Mt thut ton Knapsack
Bi ton Subset Sum
Thut ton Knapsach c xy dng da trn bi ton Subset
Sum
Thut ton Knapsack
KU = {t} lkhocng khai.
KR = {p, a, s} lkhomt.
Hm mho
Hm gii m
Thut ton Knapsack