Electrical Fundamentals

Board of INSURV on USS Trenton First Electrified Naval Ship

REFERENCES

NSTM 300 ELECTRIC PLANT GENERAL

NAVEDTRA 14344 ELECTRICIANS MATE NSTM 310 GENERATORS/ CONVERSION EQUIP NSTM 320 DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS NEETS MOD 14173 INTRO TO DIRECT CURRENT NEETS MOD 14174 INTRO TO AC CIRCUITS

TERMINAL OBJECTIVE
DESCRIBE and EXPLAIN the function and theory of shipboard electricity and its role in the electrical distribution system.

ENABLING OBJECTIVES

State the basic units of measure, symbols or

abbreviations for various electrical terms. Define Ohms law State the three requirements for electromagnetic induction Define the types of AC power Describe the internal parts of a generator

More Objectives

State the functions of a governor and a voltage

regulator Explain the theory of operation of transformer action Explain a real ungrounded electrical system Describe Selective and Selected Tripping

Starring The ATOM

VOLTAGE Electrical Pressure

3 Factors necessary to produce an AC Voltage

Conductor Magnetic Field Relative motion between the two

Current - What is it?

Voltage and Complete Path Needed Movement of Electrons Past a Given Point
(Measured in AMPS)

1 Coulomb in 1 sec. past a given point = 1 AMP 18 Coulomb= 6.28 x 10 electrons

RESPECTNOT FEAR

.001 Amps = Tingling Sensation (Shock Felt) .01 Amps = Clutching Current .1 Amps = May be Fatal

OHMs LAW
Voltage = Current * Resistance

E=IR
or

I=E/R

R=E/I

In SERIESthe Law Is:

Current (I) is COMMON throughout Resistance (R) is ADDITIVE

Voltage (E) is ADDITIVE

The Basic SERIES Circuit

In PARALLEL, the Laws are Different:

VOLTAGE (E) is COMMON in every branch CURRENT (I) is Additive

The TOTAL circuit RESISTANCE (R) is LESS

than any one Branch!

How much total Current? How much total Resistance?

Shorts & Opens

Electrical SHORT = Minimal Resistance Electrical OPEN = Infinite Resistance

INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE

INDUCTOR: Opposes CHANGE in CURRENT (Measured in Henrys) CAPACITOR: Opposes CHANGE in VOLTAGE (Measured in Farads) The COMBINED Opposition is called
Reactance and measured in OHMS

INDUCTOR

Current Limiter in circuit

INDUCTOR: Friend or Foe?

CAPACITOR

Theory of Operation

Nothin To Play With!

Use a Shorting ProbeNot your Fingers, Stupid!

So what are they good for?

POWER

RATE at which work is being done

Power = Current
FYI:

(Measured in WATTS)

x Voltage

1 Horse Power = 746 Watts

POWER (Cont)
True - Power that actually does work. (KW
Meter)

Reactive - Power used by reactive elements.

(KVAR - not useful)

Apparent = combination of Ptrue and Preactive

Power.

Power Factor (PF)

Ratio of TRUE Power (Wattmeter), to APPARENT

Power (KVA: Ammeter x Voltmeter). .8 PF is Standard on Naval Ships

Identifies Power Lost due to Reactive Elements TP = KW = POWER FACTOR AP KVA

The World of Electromagnetic Induction: AC baby!

Single Phase Alternating Voltage

Frequency = Cycles/sec = Hertz (Hz)
One Cycle

Voltage

Time

Frequency Calculation

Dependant on number of POLES, and SPEED

of the rotor (prime mover RPM)

F = nxs 120

F= Frequency N = Number of Poles S= Speed (RPM) of Rotor 120 = standard formula constant

I need more Power Scotty!

Armature Reaction: Cant Stop It

Ships Service Switchboards Number and location varies from ship to ship,

usually two or more Placed as far apart as feasible

Switchboard

EPCP operation

Remote operations Allows the operator:

*

*
*

Start and stop generators Monitor electrical plant Parallel generators

Ground Detector Lights Indicates presence of a low insulation

resistance Three lamps and test switch
Normally illuminated Faulty phase

will be indicated by a dark lamp when in test position

A Phase Ground Indication

Ground Detector Operation

Only works when the test button is pushed Must see lights flicker when pressing test button Grounds dont go through transformers Light must be out

Without a Ground

With a Ground
This Light Goes Out

This Light Gets Brighter

This Light Gets Brighter

Hull

Isolating a Ground
WATCH STANDERS ACTIONS: 1. OBTAIN PERMISSION FROM EOOW (via CHENG, via CO) 2. SPLIT ELECTRICAL BUS TO ISOLATE SWITCHBOARD TO LOCALIZE GROUND 3. RE-PARALLEL ELECTRICAL BUS 4. SECURE BREAKERS ON AFFECTED SWITCHBOARD ONE AT A TIME UNTIL GROUND GOES AWAY 5. NON-VITALS FIRST LIKELY DEVICES - GALLEY EQUIPMENT, EQUIPMENT THAT WAS RECENTLY PLACED ONLINE

TRANSFORMERS

Transformer Theory

Transfers AC Power from one circuit to another

by Electromagnetic Induction

FREQUENCY is not changed No Moving Parts

XFMR Construction

Consist of PRIMARY and SECONDARY Windings May be Step-Up or Step-Down

Determined by Turns ratio of Primary and

Secondary Windings

GROUNDS ON 115V SYSTEM

Selective Tripping
Designed into the system Protective device closest to a fault trips

Protects the rest of the system

4000A Source SWBD

750A Ld Ctr

100A Distr Pnl

15A

Fault

Trips

4th

3rd

2nd

1st

Selective Tripping
Source Level 1600 A Switchboard Level Load Center Level Customer Level 250 A 100 A

10 - 30 A

Fused Loads

SELECTED TRIPPING
Is manually controlled by the operator. This form of isolation is usually reserved for ground isolation or equipment troubleshooting. Normally supervised by the EOOW.

What IS a Real Ungrounded System?

No Ground Conductors No Neutrals All Hots

In THEORY, one could touch a live conductor

and not get shocked, since there is no return path for current.but JUST in THEORY!

OK in an ungrounded system?

The deadly reality!

5 uf

5 uf

ANY QUESTIONS?

??????????

What are the 3 requirements for ElectroMagnetic Induction?

What is OHMS Law? What is the Power

Formula?

What is Power Factor?

More of the Same.

What is Inductance and Capacitance?

What tool do we use to discharge a Capacitor? What is the frequency formula?

And Lastly

What is selective tripping? What is armature reaction and how does our
generation system compensate for it?

What is effective capacitance?

Electrical Fundamentals Review