16.

So snh tr s octan ca cc loi xng t cc qu trnh chng ct trc tip, cracking xc tc, ankyl ha, isomer ha, reforming,
Xng ca qu trnh reforming xc tc: l sn phm Xng thu c ca cc phn on naptha nng t chng ct trc tip t cc quy trnh ch bin : FCC, hidrocracking , vbreaking thnh cc sn phm c ch s octan cao ( RON 94- 103). Xng cracking xc tc : l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh cracking xc tc, c hiu xut 30-35% ngoi ra hiu sut v cht lng xng ph thuc vo cc nguyn liu, xc tc v theo ch cng ngh s c c sn phm xng c ch s octan RON 87-91. Xng ca ankyl ha : sn phm thu c c tr s octan rt cao.

Cht lng sn phm ca ankyl ph thuc rt ln vo thnh phn nguyn liu olefin tr s octan trn RON 95 l nguyn liu c cha olefin 0,2%.
Xng ca isomer ha : l sn phm ca qu trnh isomer ha vi nguyn liu chnh l cc naptha nh vi cc thnh phn trong naptha l pentan, hextan. Tr s octan cu sn phm RON 93-98. Xng chng ct trc tip : Loi xng chng ct trc tip ny c ch s octan thp khong 54- 65 nn ch dng mt lng t phi trn cn phn chnh c phn chia thnh xng nh(chyu C5v C6) v xng nng.

19. Xng ng c. Khi nim, thnh phn:

Khi nim: Xng l nhin liu lng nh nht iu kin chng ct p sut thng thu c t vic ch bin du m ha du v kh. N ch yu cha cc hydrocacbon t C5 n C11 v ph gia, c s dng trong cc ng c t trong nh: oto xe my, my bay (ngoi ra c xe p na kaka(^:^).

 Thnh phn gm: Xng c thnh phn ha hc phc tp gm cc HC c s C t 5-11, bao gm nhiu hydrocarbon: paraffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatics. o H paraffinic: chng tn ti di 2 dng: mch thng (n-parafin) v mch phn nhnh (iso-parafin), vi cc isoparaffin th mch chnh di, mch nhnh ngn, chyu l gc metyl. o Olefin : Cc hydrocacbon olefine c cng thc chung l CnH2n, c to thnh tcc qu trnh chuyn ha. o Naphtenic : Hydrocacbon naphtenicl cc hydrocacbon mch vng no vi cng thc chung l: CnH2nv cc vng ny thng 5 hoc 6 cnh. o Aromatic : hp cht ny trong xng thng chim mt hm lng nh nht. 30. Ph gia ca xng. Ph gia lm tng ch s octan?

o Phn on xng ly trc tip t du m c rt t iso-parafin v nhiu n-parafin do tr s octan thp tng tr s octan ca xng ngi ta co dung cc cht ph gia. o C 2 loi ph gia: ph gia ch v ph gia khng ch. Ph gia ch : l cc hp cht cha ch nh tetrametyl ch (TML), tetraethyl ch (TEL) cc cht ny c tc dng ph hy cc hp cht trung gian hot ng v do lm gim kh nng b chy kch n ca xng. Tuy nhin do ch c tnh c hi v nc thi ch rt c nn hin nay khng cn dung ti ph gia ny.

 Ph gia khng ch: ngi ta dung cc phn on ca xng c tr s octan cao nh : xng akyl ha, izome ha.. pha vo xng c tr s octan thp. hoc s dng cc hp cht cha oxy nh: etanol,MTBE,MTBA. 31. C bao nhiu cch lm tng tr s Octan ca xng? o Phng php ho hc: Thc hin cc phn ng ho hc bin i cu trc ca nguyn liu xng ban u nh RC, FCC, Alkyl ho, Isomer ho . . . phng php ny c dng rng ri v chim i bphn xng thng phm.
o Dng ph gia : Phng php ny dng ho cht lm tng ch

s octan nh nc ch. Phng php ny ngy nay gn nh bcm bi s c hi do ch gy ra. V cc ph gia khc nh: Ph gia c cha
hp cht oxygenat, Ph gia cha hp cht thm, amin thm, Ph gia c cha hp cht kim loi o Phng php dng cc cu t c ch s octan cao : Phng php ny dng cc cu t c ch s octan cao pha trn vo xng nh MBTE, EBTE, Methanol, Ethanol . . . phng php ny ngy nay c khuyn khch dng nhiu bi nhng u im v mt bo vmi trng. 32. E5, E10 l g? Ti sao Dng Ethanol m khng dng methanol? o Xng E5 l l hn hp ca 95% xng khng ch v 5% ethanol nhin liu bin tnh (nng 97%). Ni mt cch ngn gn, xng E5 l xng A95 c pha 5% cn sinh hc. cn xng E10 l xng pha 10% ethanol.

o Nhn t bng ta thy:Ethanol (C2H5OH) c tr s octan rt cao

120135, do hn hp 10% vi xng 87 s thu c hn hp c tr s RON khong 9092.cn i vi xng Methanol(CH3OH) c nhit tr thp, nn nu s dng mt lng ln methanol s lm gim cng sut ng c. Mt khc, p sut hi bo ha (RVP) thp nn sau khi pha ch c th lm gim RVP ca xng. Ngoi ra kh nng tan v hn trong nc cng dn ti hu qu khng tt i vi xng pha ch. V vy ngi ta khng dung nnh th c khng thng ba gi

34, 35. Nhit si u, 50%, cui c ngha g? o Nhit si u: L nhit c c trn nhit kvo

lc git cht lng ngng t u tin chy ra tcui ng ngng t. c ngha quyt nh n kh nng khi ng ca ng c v

thng phn cc cu t nh trong nhin liu cng nh bo qun hay tn cha nhin liu. o Nhit si 50%: c ngha ti kh nng tng tc ca ng c trong ( kh nng nhanh chng t c tc cn thit khi m van) nu nhit ny qu cao s gy kh khn cho vic thay i tc ca xe, do vy nhit ct 50% cng thp th cng tt, tuy vy nu thp qu s d to nt hi v gy ra tn tht nhin liu. nhit ny phi khng qu 40 . o Nhit si cui:nh gi mc bay hi hon ton v lm long du nhn. nu nhit si cui cao qu th du nhn s b ra tri trn xilanh, mi mn piston. Nhit ny khng qu 205 .

36. Ti sao xng my bay cn OC >=100. o Xng my bay thuc loi xng cao cp, khng th ly c t mt loi xng thun nht. ng c my bay khi lm vic c hai qu trnh: qu trnh ct cch bao gi cng phi s dng cng sut ti a, lng xng cng phi c tng ti a ni chung tha xng thiu khng kh ( hn hp giu), qu trnh bay l lc ng c gim cng sut, gim lng xng . thiu xng tha khng kh (hn hp ngho). p

ng c iu kin lm vic kht khe ny i hi tr s octan ca xng phi c c trn 100. 37. Phn bit MON, RON.
o iu kin o ca phng php MON rt khc nghit, tc ng c cao v duy tr trong mt thi gian di, mang ti trng ln. Do vy, thng s ny thch hp i vi cc loi xe vn ti ng trng, tc vn hnh cao v n nh. o Ngc li, phng php RON vn hnh iu kin nh nhng hn, khng thch hp vi cc trng hp mang ti trng ln. RON ph hp cho cc loi xe chy trong thnh ph, thng xuyn thay i tc v ti trng nh.

38. Ti sao khng dng xng 1 thnh phn t reforming? o Ta thy xng ly t qu trnh reforming thng c tr s oc tan cao (RON 94- 103) tuy nhin ta khng dung n lm xng
lun m phi pha vi xng c tr s octan thp hn v tnh kinh t, do hm lng hydrocacbon thm qu cao, s to nhiu cn trong ng c v gy nhim mi trng v loi xng ny c p xut hi bo ho thp nn lm cho ng c kh khi ng.

39. Chy bnh thng, chy khng bnh thng l g. Chy kch n l g. Nguyn nhn chy kch n. o Trong ng c xng khi lm vic bnh thng th cc mt la phi chy lan chuyn u n chy tng lp ,ht lp ny ri n lp kia v tc lan chuyn khong 15-40

m/s gi l chy bnh thng. nhng khi mt la lan chuyn vi tc qu ln th s chy gn nh cng mt lc trong xylanh th c coi nh chy khng bnh thng v gi l chy kch n. o Nguyn nhn ca chy kch n rt phc tp do cc thnh phn nguyn liu c cha nhiu thnh phn nh nh nparafin cc cu t ny s d b oxy ha v to ra cc peroxyt v hydroperoxyt l tc nhn ca hng lot cc phn ng chy chui. tc ca chy kch n n 300m/s.