Research and development (R&D)

Researchers
full-time equivalent per million people
2005-10
Afghanistan
Albania
Algeria
American Samoa
Andorra
Angola
Antigua and Barbuda
Argentina
Armenia
Aruba
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Bahamas, The
Bahrain
Bangladesh
Barbados
Belarus
Belgium
Belize
Benin
Bermuda
Bhutan
Bolivia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Botswana
Brazil
Brunei Darussalam
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Cayman Islands
Central African Republic
Chad
Channel Islands
Chile

..
147
170
95
..
..
..
1,091
..
..
4,294
4,282
..
..
..
..
..
..
3,563
..
..
..
..
145
197
..
704
..
1,459
45
..
..
..
4,470
..
..
..
..
..
355

China
Hong Kong SAR, China
Macao SAR, China
Colombia
Comoros
Congo, Dem. Rep.
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Croatia
Cuba
Curacao
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Djibouti
Dominica
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Equatorial Guinea
Eritrea
Estonia
Ethiopia
Faeroe Islands
Fiji
Finland
France
French Polynesia
Gabon
Gambia, The
Georgia
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Greenland
Grenada
Guam
Guatemala
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Haiti

863
2,759
734
161
..
..
..
334
70
1,613
..
..
811
2,785
6,365
..
..
..
106
420
..
..
..
3,034
45
..
..
7,722
3,751
..
..
..
..
3,979
17
1,867
..
..
285
39
..
..
..
..

Honduras
Hungary
Iceland
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Isle of Man
Israel
Italy
Jamaica
Japan
Jordan
Kazakhstan
Kenya
Kiribati
Korea, Dem. Rep.
Korea, Rep.
Kosovo
Kuwait
Kyrgyz Republic
Lao PDR
Latvia
Lebanon
Lesotho
Liberia
Libya
Liechtenstein
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia, FYR
Madagascar
Malawi
Malaysia
Maldives
Mali
Malta
Marshall Islands
Mauritania
Mauritius
Mexico
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.
Moldova

..
2,138
9,068
136
90
751
49
3,230
..
..
1,748
..
5,180
..
..
56
..
..
5,481
..
152
..
..
1,690
..
21
..
..
..
2,523
4,998
472
46
30
365
..
38
1,412
..
..
..
384
..
794

Monaco
Mongolia
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Myanmar
Namibia
Nepal
Netherlands
New Caledonia
New Zealand
Nicaragua
Niger
Nigeria
Northern Mariana Islands
Norway
Oman
Pakistan
Palau
Panama
Papua New Guinea
Paraguay
Peru
Philippines
Poland
Portugal
Puerto Rico
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Rwanda
Samoa
San Marino
Sao Tome and Principe
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Serbia
Seychelles
Sierra Leone
Singapore
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)
Slovak Republic
Slovenia
Solomon Islands

..
..
..
661
16
..
..
..
3,134
..
4,951
..
8
39
..
5,434
..
162
..
117
..
75
..
78
1,685
4,301
668
..
921
3,092
12
..
..
..
..
384
1,060
156
..
6,173
..
2,780
3,795
..

Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Spain
Sri Lanka
St. Kitts and Nevis
St. Lucia
St. Martin (French part)

..

St. Vincent and the Grenadines

Sudan
Suriname
Swaziland
Sweden
Switzerland
Syrian Arab Republic
Tajikistan
Tanzania
Thailand
Timor-Leste
Togo
Tonga
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Turks and Caicos Islands
Tuvalu
Uganda
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Uzbekistan
Vanuatu
Venezuela, RB
Vietnam
Virgin Islands (U.S.)
West Bank and Gaza
Yemen, Rep.
Zambia
Zimbabwe
World

..
..
..
..

393
..
2,922
96
..
..
..

5,257
3,320
..
..
..
316
..
38
..
..
1,863
884
..
..
..
..
1,353
..
3,794
4,673
520
..
..
183
..
..
325
..
43
..
1,271

Low income
Middle income
Lower middle income
Upper middle income
Low & middle income
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia
Latin America & Caribbean
Middle East & North Africa
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
High income
Euro area

..
482
..
784
467
746
..
513
..
129
..
3,858
3,229

Most Recent Value (MRV) if data for the specified year or full period are not available.
Science and technology
World Development Indicators 2013, THE WORLD BANK
Last updated date 09/23/2013

arch and development (R&D)

Technicians
full-time equivalent per million people
2005-10
..

Scientific and technical journal articles

2009
12
8
607

38
34
..
..
..
..

..
0
6
0
3,655
164

221
..
..

..
1,127
1,996

18,923
4,832
151
3
36
260
13
380
7,218
2
48

..
..
..
..
..
..
1,499
..
..
..
..

..
7
45
64
45
12,306
11
735
50
3
27
145
29,017
2

36
71
..
657
..
533
35
..
..
..
1,814
..
..
..
..
..

..
4
2
..
293

1,868

..

74,019
352 ..
520 ..

..
..
..
..
..
..

608
1
19
18
98
56
1,164
222

591
..
..

..
211
1,522
2,057

195
3,946
5,306
2
3
6
68
2,247
6
2
4
518
175

..
..
..
31
394
..
..
..
670
17
..
..
..

..
31
4,949
31,748

1,900
..
..
..
..

..
18
20
129
45,003
102
4,881

1,355
15
756
..
..
..

..
9
..
17

..
..
..
..

22
3
6
3
7

..

6
2,397
259
19,917
262
6,313
70
2,799

598
1,983
93
..
..
26
730
..
..
..
..

..
6,304
26,755
51
49,627
383
99
291
0
8
22,271

591
..
..
63
..
..
987
..

..
35

..
..
385
..
22
..
..
..
472
2,804
82
25
58
43
..
12
713
..
..
..
239
..
78

214
15
12
162
256
4
0
34
13
388
137
57
35
53
1,351
3
25
38
1
3
22
4,128
2
80

..
..
..

23
42
11
391
29
10
14
56
14,866

61
35
..
..
..
1,279
..

..
902

3,188
12
16
462

..
11
13
..
..
..

..
4,440
114
1,043
1
73
17
11
159
223
7,355
4,157

64
..
..
..
..
..
11
286
445
..
..

..
64
1,367
14,016
12
0
0
0
710
56
1,173
4
3
4,187

146
476
..
..
..
..
..
53
224
635
..
551
..

..
382
1,935

..

1,000
1,234
2

..

1
2,864

122
..

..
1,268
77

..
..
..

21,543
135
2
0
..

..
..
..
..

0
63
1
8
9,478
9,469
72
12
152
2,033

2,006
2,874
..
..
..
140
..

..
18

7
1
48
1,022
8,301
1

..
..
43
142
..
..
..
..

..

288
..
837
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

..
27 ..

..
67
..
..

0
143
1,639
265
45,649
208,601
246
139
4
354
326

25
35
56
788,333

..
..
..
..
..
..
..
373
..
86
..
..

d are not available.

1,418

1,561
153,519
27,937
125,581
155,080
78,373
16,921
21,854
11,421
21,432
5,079
633,253
171,873

Expenditures for R&D

% of GDP
2005-10
..
0.15
0.07
..
..
..
..
0.6
0.27
..
2.37
2.76
0.25
..
..
..
..
0.64
1.99
..
..
..
..
0.16
0.02
0.52
1.16
..
0.6
0.2
..
..
..
1.8
..
..
..
..
..
0.37

High-technology exports
$ millions
2011
..
6
2
..
..
..
0
2,111
6
1
4,411
13,721
8
0
2
..
21
511
34,849
0
0
..
0
48
103
45
8,415
..
1,015
3
1
5
14
25,017
0
..
0
..
..
509

% of manufactured exports
2011
..
0.5
0.2
..
..
..
0
8
2.6
4
11.9
11.9
1.3
0
0.2
..
13.7
2.6
10
0.4
0.5
..
0.1
13.7
3
0.9
9.7
..
7.5
5.9
8.5
0.1
4.9
13.4
0.6
..
0
..
..
4.6

Charges for the use of intellectual property

Receipts
$ millions
2012
1
2
2
..
..
..
..
162
..
0
976
811
0
..
..
0
3
23
2,697
3
0
0
0
9
13
0
511
..
23
0
0
4
0
3,745
0
..
..
..
..
75

1.7
0.79
0.08
0.16
..

457,107
805
0
401

..
0.47 ..

..
0.54
..

..

0.73
0.61 ..
..
0.5
1.56
3.06

..
..
..
0.26
0.21
0.08
..
..

79
2,512
155
673

3.88
2.25
..
0.64
0.02
0.18
2.82
0.23
0.6
..
..
..

3.7
40.8
15.1
7.6
..
..

102
22,969
9,464
0
0
91
57
96
186

27.3
16
13.9
0.1
0
2.2
3.2
0.7
5.8
..
..

1,544
5
0
5
5,358
105,101
18
7
0
11
183,371
23
1,171

..
..

..

13.4
2
0.6
3.4
9.3
23.7
15.8
3
3.3
1.8
15
1.4
9.7
..

1
..
0.06

..
..
..
..

..
..

..
..
1.62
0.24

25.8
13.7
0
4.3

11.1
..

177
0
..

4.4
0.1
..

0
..

0.1
..

1,044
459
..
90
..
..
..
4
0
32
..
..
2
199
..
..
0
..
..
..
12
..
..
19
0
1
1
3,623
12,408
0
..
..
3
13,870
..
82
..
0
..
21
..
..
52
7

..

12
20,649
156
12,871
5,728
584

1.16
2.64
0.76
0.08
0.79
..

..
1.79

..

..
25,229

..
4.4
1.26
3.36
0.43
0.23
0.42
..
3.74

..

122,021

0.11
0.16

16
9

0.6
0.03

..

..
..
..
0.8
1.63
0.23
0.15
0.63

..
..
..

..
0.25
0.63

2
1,309

0.37
0.4

2.4
47.2
..
..

10
40,795
..

0.53

10.2
9.7
3.9
8.4
3.2
43.4
..

..
..

..

8.2
2.4
0.3

1,520
1,234
123
52
4
61,127

..

..
..

0.5
3

561
49
2

..

..

25.7
..

..

..
..
..

14
7.4
0.6
17.5
2.5
30.6
5.7
42.7
..

..

..

23.1
..

8,826
31,160
3
126,478
116
2,110
100
0

..

..
..

1.3
22.7
20.9
6.9
8.3
4.5

0.8
16.5
..

17

6.3

..
1,095
..
302
58
..
0
4,766
..
1,057
4,060
5
31,892
..
..
55
..
..
3,436
0
..
3
..
11
7
..
..
..
..
4
645
8
..
..
135
3
0
24
..
..
1
96
..
5

0.04 ..
0.24 ..
1.15 ..
0.64
0.21
..
..
..
1.83
..
1.3
..
..
0.22
..
1.69

..

..

..
0.06
0.11
0.74
1.59
0.49 ..

..

35.4
..

43
305
12,949
8,614
1,547

7.3
6.2
46.4
5.9
3.5
..

2
4,966
5,444
1
0

0.47
1.16

..

18.5
2.6
1.8

4,769

..

..

..

..
0.19

..

7.7
26.5
0
1.6
0.3
19.8
15.4
9.3
5.3
4.5
1.1

4,519
137
316

0.46

..

897
71
0
42
2
67,148
160
661
6
3
63

..

..

..
..
..
..

..
..
..

..

0
10.2
8
3.4
0.2
..

0
201
6

0.08
0.37
0.92 ..
..
0.3
0
..
..
2.43
126,435
..
..
0.63
4,718
2.11
1,403
0

14
0.7
0.6
3.4
45.2
7.1
5.8
71.8

..
2
1
2
3
..
0
..
4,960
0
310
..
..
..
..
374
..
7
..
12
..
..
5
8
223
47
..
..
237
664
30
..
..
..
..
1
36
2
1
1,649
..
4
87
0

..

..
0.93

..

1,903
..

1.39
0.11
..
..
..

6.4
1
0.1
16.9
..

..

0.09 ..
0.43
0.21
..

..
13.3
24.4
1.3
..
41
33,265

5.4
20.7
..

1
0
3
732
1,921

0.05
1.1
0.84
..
..
..

0
29.4
6.5

18,491
50,301
38

..

..

0.2
0
0.1
5.6
1.8
..

0
..
0.41
0.86

2.1
..

149
1,908
50
68,937
145,273
79

..
1.76
2.9
0.43
..
..

21.9
4.4
3.2
21.3
18.1
5.8
..
..

54
4,020
..
..
1
221
9
2.21 1,778,319
0.34

..

..

0
10
6
3.4
2.99

..
..
..
..
..
..
..

5.1

11,290
71
0
4
..

..
..
..
..

..
..
..

..

2.5
8.6
..
..
0.3
24.8
0.8
17.3

..
67
..
1,275
..
0
..
..
..
2
0
0
6,738
..
1
1
..
241
..
0
..
..
23
..
..
..
..
20
124
..
12,628
124,182
0
..
0
..
..
..
0
33
..
..
241,740

..

..

..
1.16
620,939
0.61
39,474
1.27
581,465
1.16
501,547
1.54 ..
0.73
29,613
0.78
51,138
2,633
0.75 ..
0.58
2,010
2.49 1,157,206
2.11
465,246

..
18.4
9.3
20.4
18.3
26
7.8
10.9
2.9
6.4
2.8
17
15.3

30
4,136
302
3,835
4,166
1,492
1,572
975
25
10
92
237,574
49,379

or the use of intellectual property

Payments
$ millions
2012
26
23
91
..
..
3
1
2,163
..
10
4,218
1,668
28
17
..
11
19
105
2,736
2
3
10
0
43
9
13
3,666
8
163
0
0
11
12
10,867
0
..
..
..
..
849

Patent applications filed

Residents Nonresidents
2011

2011

..

..
..
..
..

..
8
803

..
..
..
..
801
121

..

..
803
..

..

..
1
32
1
1,725
636

..
61,509
9,524
5,470
..
139
274
71
146
127
54

..
..
..
..
43

..

729
69,565
4,620

23,143
276
12
..

..
..
..
..
..

3,489
5,960

4,781
19

2,383
2,154
193

7,210
11,645
1,371
10,959
25,961
805
..
..
615
..

12

4,538
804
152,735
649
6,626
34

..
2,705

..

..
..
..
..
..

2011

..
3
94

..
..
..

Trademark applications filed

Total

262
2 ..
..
..
..
4,754
..
..
..
..
..
339

19,981
42
21
..
..
..
30,357

48,472
..
..
..
..
..

2,453

51,110

17,749
2,009
168
527
..
..
..

415,829
181
4
183
..
..
..

86
17 ..
296
..
..

..
..

..
..

..
..

..
..
..

..
..
..
14

..
0 ..
70 ..
66
345
47 ..
..
..
61
3 ..
8 ..
1 ..
1,402
9,574
4 ..
..
..
8
12,243
..
371
..
6 ..
..
84
1 ..
0 ..
42 ..
1 ..

1,388,399
32,542
8,590
29,084
..
..
..

630
..

230
62

..
34
819

110,583
13,312
56
1,770

14,124
..

21
184

7,759
2,041
1,243
2,227
11,261
5,549

..
4
783
1,574

8
97
197
..
..
..

4
618

..
..
6,453
16,195
4,493

690
1,591
..
..
..

62

..
..
..
15

..
..
..
1,650
14,655

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