Discussion 1. The [Na picrate] stock from titration volume and concentration vs.

the picric acid volume and concentration are not different because the titration was carried out using almost the exact volume of base needed to react with all the acid. Typically the concentration calculated from the acid volume and concentration would be more accurate because it represents the maximum amount of product you are able to form.

2. The metal with highest D picrate is the most effectively transported by the crown ether. Most to least effective: K, Rb, Cs, Na, Li. K is the most effective and Li is the least effective. The size of the ion directly relates to how effective each ion is transported. For example, Ks ionic diameter of 2.76 is a perfect size to fit in 18 crown 6s cavity (which is 2.6-3.2 .) Na and Li with ionic diameters of 2.04 and 1.52 respectively are too small to interact with the oxygen in the crown ether so they arent transported as well. Although Rb and Cs were transported better than Na and Li, their ionic diameters of 3.04 and 3.34 respectively are slightly large for the crown ether cavity and thus may have had trouble fitting in the cavity. This would explain the sub par transport for the atoms larger than K. 3. The general trend between the average of D picrate values and the ones I recorded were approximately the same. K had the highest D picrate and Li had the lowest D picrate in both the average set and my observations.