Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

H quang in Hn (The electric arc in welding) 2.1. Cu to v phn loi h quang

1. Khi nim H quang in l s phng in mnh (c nh sng i km) v bn trong khong khng kh gia hai in cc. H quang in c tit din hnh trn ng knh trong khong t 0,1 ~ 1 cm, c nhit rt cao, nh sng chi lo v xut hin khi dng in ln hn 0,3A. H quang hn l h quang in thch hp dng hn, thng c chiu di t 2~7 mm, dng in t 10~1000A v hiu in th t 10~50V. H quang in c th coi nh mi trng vt cht th t ( sau cc loi cht rn, cht lng, cht kh) bi v n l mi trng ca cc ion (cc ht mang in tch). Mt mi trng mang in tch v pht ra nh sng chi lo cn c gi l plasma. Nu nh plasma xut hin v tn ti nh vo s cung cp ngun in nng lin tc, ngi ta ni l s phng in, hay l plasma in. Trong trng hp ny plasma tr thnh dy dn in trong mt mi trng m trc hon ton khng dn in (phn bit vi cc trng hp plasma khc nh plasma i lin vi cc hin tng thin nhin nh chp, sao i ngicc plasma ny khng bn v khng c dng in chy qua). 2. Cu to h quang in: Thng thng, c c h quang in cn phi c s phng in sau l s duy tr dng in gia hai in cc. in cc m m t cc in t c bc x thng c gi l catod cn in cc dng c gi l anod. Trong hn, cc in cc c th l kim loi, cng c th l cacbon; chng c th l cht rn, cng c th l cht lng. Gia hai in cc l khong cht kh uc ion ho, c kh nng dn in v pht ra nh sng chi lo l ct h quang hay cn gi l plasma. Nh vy, H quang in c chia ra lm ba phn: - Vng m cc: l vng bao gm phn b mt ca catod v phn kh rt mng st vi catod. Trn b mt ca m cc c mt vt m cc rt mng, y nhit cao hn so vi cc im xung quanh, dng in s chy qua im ny. - Vng dng cc: l vng bao gm b mt ca anod v lp kh mng st vi anod. Trn b mt ca anod c mt vt dng cc c nhit cao hn so vi vng xung quanh. Dng in s i qua vt m cc v vt dng cc. - Ct h quang c to ra bi chnh plasma l mt mi trng bao gm cc ht in tch v c kh nng dn in. Trong ba vng k trn, ngoi ct h quang c phn nh kh r rng, cn li vng m cc v vng dng cc vn cn cha c cc nh khoa hc xc nh cc iu kin cng nh phn nh sng t, r rng. Vng dng cc so vi vng m cc c t vn hn, bi v vng m cc ngoi vic thu ht cc in tch dng v pha mnh n cn c nhim v bc x cc in t. Cc kt qu nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc ch ra rng, hot ng vng m cc ca cc kh v hi kim loi nhm to ra cc ion l yu t quyt nh n c cu ca h quang. Hai c trng c bn ca cc vng in cc: - Trng nhit v in trung cao - C s co ca cc vng th hin mt dng in cao lin quan n ct h quang. Rt kh c th c lng c ln ca in trng cng nh ln ca trung nhit ca h quang in mc d c rt nhiu nh khoa hc nghin cu v vn Mn hc: L thuyt hn Ging vin: H 1
Xun Hng

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

ny. Nhng kt qu ban u ca cch o dng quang ph k cho thy, in trng b mt ca catod c th t ti gi tr 6 x 10 8 V/m (John & Winans 1955). Cung in trng vng anod khng cao nh vng catod v bng cch dng cc u d chuyn ng ngi ta xc nh c b dy ca vng dng cc l vo khong 10-5m. Tng t nh vy, vic xc nh chnh xc nhit b mt cc in cc cng rt kh khn. Nhng mt s kt qu o cho thy nhit b mt in cc c th ln n 60000K. C th s co gim ca mt dng in vng in cc l nguyn nhn lm cho nhit b mt cc vng ny cao hn rt nhiu so vi nhit phn ct h quang. *Vng catod: C ba loi catod: - Glow discharge: mt in t b bt ra khi m cc, di tc dng ca in trng s c tng tc, khi n c np nng lng ln s va p vi cc nguyn t kh v to ra cc in t mi v cc ion dng: e + A0 A+ + 2e Nh vy s lng cc in t (mang in tch m) s tng ln nhanh chng v cc ion dng mi c to thnh s chuyn ng lun v pha catod. Gi thit mi in t bc x t m cc tng tc vi mt nguyn t to ra mt ion dng th s lung cc ht mang in tch dng bng vi s lng cc in t. Nhng do khi lng ca cc in t v ion dng l rt khc nhau, nn chng chuyn ng vi cc vn tc khc nhau: ion s chuyn ng chm hn so vi cc in t. Chnh v vy, ti mt thi im nht nh v ti mt mt ct nht nh ca vng m cc tng in tch dng ca tt c cc ion s ln hn tng cc in tch m ca cc in t. Do , vng m cc s c tha cc in tch dng, y l nguyn nhn lm cho in th trn m cc cng tng. Vng m cc tp trung phn ln in th ca h quang, v in th ny gi l in th ri trn m cc Uc. - Thermionic: trong trng hp m cc l nhng vt liu chu la ( thng dng l wofram v cacbon) catod c th c nung n nhit rt cao do s va p ca cc ion dng chuyn ng v pha m cc di tc dng ca in trung. Trong trung hp nh vy cc in t bc x t m cc c th i qua vng m cc m khng h va p vo bt c nguyn t no. Wofram nguyn cht (W) v wofram c pha thori (Th) l nhng vt liu chu l hay dng nht lm in cc (trong hn TIG). Wofram nguyn cht c nhc im l khi lm m cc c vt nhn u, trong qu trnh hn u ca in cc hay b mn i lm cho n tr ln trn tra dn n hin tng ct h quang hay b lch i. C nhng nghin cu chng minh c rng in th ri trn m cc thng bng hoc cao hn cht t so vi in th ion ho ca kh bo v (Spraragen; Lengyel 1943). Tuy nhin, in th ri trn m cc khi hn TIG vi kh bo v argon rtt thp, ch vo khong 8 ~10V, thp hn rt nhiu so vi in th ion ho ca kh argon. L do c th l hi wofram c tnh n trong vic gip cho cc ion chuyn ng v m cc khng tc ng nhiu lm n dn in. C mt gi thit na cho rng in th ri trn m cc chu s chi phi ca nng lng n b. Nu nh nhit lng mt i trn in cc l qe, and hm lm vic ca vt liu in cc l , v nhit ca kh l T th:
Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn) 3kT I .Vc = qe + I + 2e q 3kT Vc = e + + I 2e

Trong , (3kT/2e) l phn nng lng ca cc in t. Chng ta bit rng, qe thay i khng ng k khi dng in thay i. Nh vy in th ri trn m cc s gim i khi tng dng in hn. - Non-thermionic: i vi cc m cc loi ny nhit c c l qu thp to ra s bc x in t. Trong trng hp ny, s bc x in t phi nh vo tc dng ca in trng.
6 x10 6 ( / )1 / 2 2 6.8 x109 3 / 2 E e + E

Je =

[A / m ]
2

S khc nhau gia thermionic catod v non-thermionic catod: Khi catod c nung nng n mt nhit nht nh, cc in t b bc x vi mt mt dng in J, c tnh theo Richardson-Dushman phng trnh:
J = AT 2 e b / T

Hng s A c gi tr khong 6x105 A/m 2K2 dnh cho phn ln kim loi v hp kim, cn b= e/k trong l hm s bc x in t ca b mt catod, e l in tch ca in t v k l Bolzmanns hng s. T l nhit b mt (Kelvin). Nh vy, mt dng in ca bc x in t ph thuc ch yu vo nhit ca b mt cathide v tr phi n c tng n mt nhit cao no , cn nu khng mt dng in s khng bao gi t c nh mt ca cot h quang. *Vng anod:
Va = qw nq p I (w + 3kT ) 2e

S ion ho v in th h quang Vic nung nng m cc ln nhit cao gy ra hin tng bc x in t. Cc in t bt ra khi m cc chuyn ng v pha dng cc. Trn qung ng chuyn ng t m cc n dng cc do c mt ng nng ln cc in t s va p vi cc nguyn t kh trong khong khng gia hai in cc, to nn cc ion m v ion dng. Cc ion m cng cc in t t do chuyn ng v pha dng cc, va p vo dng cc ri chuyn ng nng ca mnh thnh nhit nng nung nng anod. Cc ion dng chuyn ng theo hng ngc li v pha m cc, va p vi m cc, bin ng nng ca mnh thnh nhit nng tip tc nung nng m cc, to nn s bc x in t mi. S chuyn ng qua li ca cc dng in tch nh vy s lm cho khng kh trong khong khng gia hai in cc b ion ho, bin n thnh mi trung dn in - plasma. Nh vy plasma l mt mI trng bao gm cc ht mang in tch dng v in tch m, n cng c th cha cc ht khng mang in tch. V tng quan,
Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

plasma l trung tnh, v tng in tch dng trong plasma bng vi tng cc in tch m. Mt h s quan trng ca plasma l mc ion ho "d".
d= n+ n = n0 + n+ n0 + n

Trong : n+: l mt cc ht mang in tch dng n-: l mt cc ht mang in tch m n0: l mt cc ht khng mang in tch Mt l s cc ht trong mt n v th tch. Cn c vo mc ion ho c th ni plasma yu ( d~10-7 n 10-4) hoc mnh (d>10-4). Trng hp d = 1, plasma hon ton c ion ho, khi plasma ch bao gm ton nhng ht mang in tch dng v ht mang in tch m. Nhit ca h quang khi hn bng in cc nng chy c th ln n 6000 oK. Nhit catod khong 2100~2400 oC, cn anod l 2300~2600 oC. H quang l mi trng vt cht dn in nn n c mt hiu in th v hiu in th ny (Uhq) thay i theo chiu di ca h quang. N bao gm in th ri trn m cc (Uc), in th ri trn ct h quang (U ct) v in th ri trn dng cc (Ua) Uhq = Uc + Uct + Ua in th ri trn m cc Ua = 10~16V, ph thuc vo in th ion ho ca cc kh trong h quang. in th ny gip cho vic bt in t ra khi m cc v truyn cho n mt ng nng ban u. in th ri trn anod Ua = 6~8V, ph thuc vo thnh phn ca in cc, loi v p sut ca kh trong h quang. in th ri trn dng cc nhm mc ch trung ho cc in t v ion m, bin ng nng ca chng thnh nhit nng v mt phn thnh in t trng. 3. Phn loi a) Phn theo mi trng h quang chy h quang kn h quang h b) Phn theo loi in cc h quang chy gia hai in cc nng chy h quang chy gia mt in cc nng chy v mt in cc khng nng chy h quang chy gia hai in cc khng nng chy c) Phn theo chiu di ct h quang h quang ngn h quang di d) Phn theo chiu dng in hn h quang in xoay chiu h quang in mt chiu e) Phn theo cch u in cc h quang gin tip h quang trc tip h quang hn hp
Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

2.2. iu kin pht sinh h quang in 1.1.iu kin pht sinh h quang in C mt hiu in th ln gia hai in cc C s ion ho ca khong khng kh gia hai in cc 2.3 ng c tnh ca h quang in Trong qu trnh hn, mi quan h gia in p h quang v dng in hn khi chiu di ct h quang khng thay i c gi l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang hn hay cn gi l ng c tnh Vn-Ampe. Mi quan h ny (in p h quang - dng in hn), ch ph thuc vo chiu di ct h quang m khng ph thuc vo thi gian nn c gi l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang hn. Cn s ph thuc ca dng in hn v in p h quang vo thi gian c gi l ng c tnh ng ca h quang hn. Trong hai ng c tnh trn ca h quang hn th ng c tnh tnh c ngha hn c v n lin quan n cc thng s ca qu trnh hn nh kch thc v vt liu ca in cc, loi kh bo v hay thuc hn. Ni tm li, ng c tnh tnh ca h quang hn mi phng php hn l khc nhau, n th hin tnh c th ca tng phng php hn. Trong phng php hn TIG vi cch u thun, mi quan h dng in hnin p h quang c nhiu tc gi nghin cu n. Cc kt qu nghin cu u ch ra rng: khi dng in hn thp, in th h quang gim mnh cng vi s gim ca dng in ( th c dc ln) v t c gi tr nh nht khi dng in hn vo khong 100~300A. Gi tr nh nht ca in th h quang ny (Vmin) ph thuc vo kch thc v loi vt liu ca in cc v loi kh bo v. Hnh 2.1 l ng c tnh V_A khi hn TIG vi kh bo v l kh argon (Lancaster 1954).

Hnh 2.1: c tnsh V_A khi hn TIG vi kch thc v loi in cc khc nhau Trong Hnh 2.1, l cc ng c tnh ng vi ng knh catod l 1.5 v 3 mm; loi vt liu dng lm in cc l wonfram nguyn cht (W) v hp kim thoriwonfram (Th-W). Kt qu cho thy, trng hp in cc l 1.5 mm (W) v 3 mm (ThW) in th h quang nh hn so vi trng hp in cc 3 mm(W). C th ni mt cch chung nht: cng sut nhit ca h quang bng vi tng s mt nhit t catod, anod v ct h quang. V ng c tnh ca h quang chnh l hm s
Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

ca cc s mt nhit ny. Trong mt thi im nht nh phi tha nhn rng, ti catod cc in t b bc hi v nhit lng cung cp cho qu trnh bc hi ny phi c ly ra t vng catod. Trong ct h quang, nng lng b hp th duy tr cc cht kh nhit cao m ti chng c kh nng dn in. V ti anod, cc in t ngng li, gii phng nng lng ca mnh. Nh vy, c mt nng lng ti thiu ca h quang c yu cu lm bc hi cc in t t catod v cng trong cng thi gian lm cn bng s mt nhit lng trong vng catod, vng anod v ct h quang. Trong thc t, c rt nhiu kh khn trong vic o in th gia u ca catod v anod. Do vy khi nim in th h quang dng trong phn ln cc ti liu thng l tng cc in th ri trn cc vng ca h quang. Chnh iu ny gp phn lm tng mt phn ca ng c tnh V_A. Hnh 2.2 l cc kt qu v ng c tnh V_A khi hn ng bng phng php hn TIG vi in cc wofram nguyn cht (Goldman 1966). Khi khe h gia cc u in cc tng, ng c tnh V_A c y ln cao. in th ri mnh khi dng in nh hn 50 A sau hoc l gi nguyn hoc l thay i mt cch nh nhng. Phng trnh dng xc nh ng c tnh V_A khi chiu di ct h quang khng thay i c dng nh sau: V = A + B.I + C/I Trong , A, B v C l cc hng s c gi tr trong Bng 2.1 (Goldman 1966).

Hnh 2.2: c tnh V_A khi hn ng bng phng php hn TIG (W)-Goldman 1966
Khe h HQ (mm) A B C Vmin (V) I ti Vmin

(A) 156 132 110 151

1.0 2.0 8.0 16.0

7.2 6.7 10.0 14.0

0.007 0.010 0.015 0.007

170 175 160 160

9.3 9.4 12.75 16.1

Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H

Trng HSPKT Nam nh - Khoa C kh - B mn C in (Hn)

Bng 2.1: Cc hng s dng cho ng c tnh V_A trong hn TIG (W) Khi chiu di ct h quang thay i, hnh dng ca ng c tnh V_A cng thay i, l do in th h quang thay i. Mt s nh khoa hc quan st s thay i ca in th h quang khi thay i chiu di ct h quang.

Hnh 2.3: S ph thuc ca in th h quang vo chiu di ct h quang a) 1.6 mm in cc Th-W, hn TIG, I=40A: 1) ch c anod nng chy; 2) ch c catod nng chy; 3) c anod v catod u khng nng chy (Ando & Nishikawa 1968).. b) 3 mm in cc W nguyn ch, hn TIGt: 4) 100A; 5) 50A; 6) 30A. (Lancaster 1954). Trong Hnh 2.3, ba th pha di (cc ng 1, 2 v 3) ch nh hng ca cc hiu sut nhit khc nhau trn in cc. Khi c anod v catod u khng nng chy, in th h quang l ln nht. Ba th pha trn (cc ng 4, 5 v 6), ch s ph thuc ca in th h quang vo chiu di ct h quang khi dng in hn I=100A v nh hn. nh hng ca kh ba v n ng c tnh V_A c m t trong Hnh 2.4.

Mn hc: L thuyt hn Xun Hng

Ging vin: H