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FrequencyPlanning Ed05 DR02
FrequencyPlanning Ed05 DR02
Overview
Page 2
FP Principle
FP Definition Network evolution Cell Planning - Frequency Planning Interference Theory Carrier types - Multiple Reuse Pattern MRP Manual Frequency Planning BSIC Planning
FP Definition
Page 4
Frequency Planning is the process made o provide to each TRX in the network a certain frequency Frequency planning is done in order to provide the highest spectrum efficiency (higher capacity with less resources) The frequency allocation is done in such way that all the FP constraints are fulfilled:
Co-cell/co-site/neighbour separation constraints Overall interference is reduced
GSM 850 DL: 824-849 MHz, UL: 869-894 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing 124
channels ARFCN 128 -251
GSM 900 DL: 935-960 MHz, UL: 890-915 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing 124
channels ARFCN 1 124
E-GSM DL: 925-935 MHz, UL: 880-890 MHz 200 kHz channel spacing Additional
50 channels ARFCN 0, 975 - 1023
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
First issue in a network life-cycle is to provide coverage Network design changes rapidly The frequency plan has to be adapted after each network extension Planning method must be flexible and fast (group method) During first steps manual frequency planning possible
With the growing amount of subscribers, the need for more installed capacity is rising
Possible Solutions:
More frequencies per site needed Tighter reuse necessary decreasing quality/ increase interference
As the GSM spectrum is limited, frequencies have to be reused to provide enough capacity The more often a frequency is reused within a certain amount of cells, the smaller the frequency reuse Aim: Minimizing the frequency reuse for providing more capacity REUSE CLUSTER: Area including cells which do not reuse the same frequency (or frequency group)
The ARCS is giving the average reuse of the network when using the whole bandwidth and all TRXs per cell E.g: if we want to have the reuse of all non hopping TCH TRXs, we have to use the dedicated bandwidth and the average number of non hopping TCH TRXs per cell to get the ARCS of this layer type. Each cell has only one BCCH. Therefore the BCCH reuse is an RCS and not an ARCS! The lower the ARCS is:
the higher is capacity traffic (more TRX/cell) The higher interference is
1
3 5
4
6
7 9
10 12
11
BCCH RCS
TCH Reuse: Depending on BW and Number of installed TRXs per cell Example:
B= 26 4TRXs per cell
TCH RCS
interferer region
TCH RCS
26 7 BCCH 1Guard 6 3
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Discussion
Bad cell planning
Island coverage Big overlap areas disturbing the reuse pattern bigger reuse necessary
Topography
Hilly terrain Usage of natural obstacles to define sharp cell borders tighter frequency reuse possible
Flat terrain Achievable reuse much more dependent on the accurate cell design
Morphology
Water City low attenuation high attenuation high reuse distance low reuse distance
C/I restrictions
9dB for co-channel interference -9 dB for adjacent channel interference
P rec Prec, A Received Power
Prec, B
C/ I
dista nce
Interferer probability
C/Imed is the calculated carrier to interferer ratio at a certain location (pixel)
Interferer probability [% ]
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 C/I - C/I thr [dB]
BCCH needs a clean frequency plan since it is used for all mobiles within the network
Inner zones of concentric cells are able to deal with the smallest reuse in non hopping networks
TCH layer
BCCH layer
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
GSM restrictions
Page 26
Intra site minimum channel spacing 2 Intra cell minimum channel spacing 2 from Alcatel G2 BTS, (3 specified by GSM standard)
fA1,fA2,fA3,... Frequencies fAx,fBx,fCx, must have at least 2 channels spacing Frequencies fx1,fx2,fx3, must have at least 2 (or 3 depending on HW used) channels spacing
IM Products GSM900
In a GSM 900 system intermodulation products of 3rd and 5th order can cause interference
2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r
3 * f1,t 2 * f2,t = f2,r / 3 * f2,t 2 * f1,t = f1,r
Frequency planning must avoid fulfilling these equations Both frequencies must be on the same duplexer To avoid intraband IM inside GSM900 the following frequency separations shall be avoided:
75/112/113 channels
IM5
IM3
IM Products GSM1800
In a GSM 1800 system, only intermodulation products of 3rd order can cause mesasurable interference 2 * f1,t f2,t = f2,r / 2 * f2,t f1,t = f1,r
Cells, which are not declared as neighbour cells but are located in the neighbourhood may use adjacent frequencies if it is not avoidable, but no co channel frequencies Cells which are declared as neighbours, thus have HO relationships, must not use co or adjacent frequencies
If an adjacent frequency is used, the HO will be risky and at least audible by the user.
Sometimes due to big frequency constraints separations of 1 channel for neighbour cells (with low amount of HO) is acceptable.
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
At the OMC-R for each cell a list of neighbour cells is defined Maximum number of neighbours: 32 The list of neighbours and their frequencies is transmitted to the mobile to be able to perform measurements on these frequencies In case of a HO cause, the HO will be performed towards the best neighbour
BSIC
BSIC allocation
Page 32
Together with the frequencies the Base Transeiver Station Identity Code (BSIC) has to be planned BSIC = NCC (3bits) + BCC (3bits) The BSIC is to distinguish between Base Stations using the same BCCH frequency The aim of BSIC planning is not to use the same frequency/BSIC combination on cells influencing each other BSIC can be planned by the A9155 RNP tool
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
Spurious RACH
Page 33
Bad BSIC planning can cause SDCCH congestion cause by the spurious RACH problem, also known as Ghost RACH
This problem occurs, when a mobile sends an HO access burst to a TRX of cell A using the same frequency as a nearby cell B uses on the BCCH Both cells using the same BSIC and Training Sequence Code TSQC, the HO access burst is understood by the cell B as a RACH for call setup Therefore on cell B SDCCHs are allocated everytime a HO access burst is sent from the mobile to the cell A
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
Analysis of existing FP FP Inputs FP Strategy Definition Preparation Work FP Creation Frequency Plan validation Frequency Plan Implementation Post Implementation Tasks Reporting
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
Analysis of existing FP
The strategy used for FP (non-hopping, hopping) The possible outcome of a new FP
KPI expected to be improved Define if a FP is needed
Spectrum definition Possible coverage problem FP brings no benefit in these areas Hardware used define co-cell the channel separation (2 or 3)
Separation constraints violation Analysis of the usage of the frequency band Define type of hopping OMC-R analysis
Define areas with low KPI Analysis of the frequencies from that areas
Reporting
Should be the base of the FP strategy chosen
FP Inputs
FP Inputs
Page 41
The expected results from the FP should be clearly stated from the beginning, and the whole strategy should be driven by these goals.
FP Strategy Definition
FP Strategy 1/3
Page 43
FP Strategy contains the different methods used during frequency allocation process It consists of defining:
Spectrum Partitioning
Macro layer / Micro layer BCCH / TCH Guard Bands / Joker Frequencies
FP Strategy 2/3
Page 44
FP Strategy 3/3
Page 45
FP Preparation Work
Experience Database
Computed from field feedback during network operation It is based on:
Old reports Anomaly reports RNP/RNO experience
FP Creation
FP Creation
Page 50
FP is created using a A9155 AFP Module BSIC planning has to be done as well All parameters defined during the strategy phase should be reflected in the tool (see AFP training)
FP Validation
Page 52
Validation is done to take the decision about the implementation of a new FP There are several means of evaluating a FP (before implementation)
Interference calculation Constraints violation Visual analysis of frequencies plan Frequency distribution.
Implementation of the frequency plan is done via OMC-R through the PRC PRC can be created:
Manually
For very small changes
To check the frequency plan after implementation, intensive QoS analysis must be performed
OMC-R Drive tests
Compute KPI for before/after comparison The optimization solutions for possible problems are:
Using joker frequencies Use MAFA to find clean frequencies Manual optimization
All problems occurred must be reflected in an updated Experience Database (used for future FP)
Reporting
Reporting
Page 58
All problems encountered during entire FP process Possible improvements/suggestions in the overall Alcatel FP Process
on neighbor cells (C/I) on downlink and uplink quality & level on number of consecutive bad speech frames (BFI) on Radio Link Counter (UpLink only) on Path Balance and on Timing Advance on Power and number of channel seizures 9 Voice quality indicators
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
For all cells, RMS creates a C/I report for each neighbour Measured interference is used by A9155 for frequency planning
RMS Measurement Neighbour C/I Generate RMS files A9155 New FP based on RMS IM
Creates IM
RMS Measurements
OMC-R
A9155
A9155
Solution:
Generate artificially more neighbours during RMS measurements (dummy neighbours) Dummy neighbours can be:
Real cells (with very high HO_MARGIN) Logical cell with the BCCH frequency to be measured (dummy cells)
Serving cell
Neighbour cell
Other cells
Serving cell
Neighbour cell
Conclusions
Any subdivision of the frequency band is reducing the spectrum efficiency! As the BCCH has to be very clean, it is nevertheless recommended to use a separated band and select a bigger reuse Microcells/Inner zones of concentric cells do not need a separated band if they are dedicated for hotspot coverage
If there is a continuous layer of microcells/inner zones, it makes planning easier when using a separated band
Any other separations should be avoided if possible!
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
If a frequency plan is implemented, using all available frequencies in the most efficient way, it is very difficult to implement new sites in the future!
New sites would make a complete re-planning of the surrounding area or the whole frequency plan necessary To avoid re-planning every time when introducing new sites, it is recommended to keep some Joker frequencies free These Joker frequencies can be used for new sites (especially BCCH TRXs) unless it is impossible to implement new sites without changing a big part of the frequency plan New frequency plan necessary!
Frequency Planning/ 26-07-2005
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel
Summary of Abbreviations
Page 69
- Reuse Cluster Size - Average Reuse Cluster Size - Multiple Reuse Pattern - Global System for Mobile Communication - Bandwidth - Received Power - Carrier to Interferer ratio - Wide Band Combiner - Base Transceiver Station Identity Code - Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
All rights reserved 2005, Alcatel