CONTENT

y Introduction y Nord stream pipeline y West African gas pipeline y Russia China gas pipeline y Russia Ukraine gas dispute y IranPakistanIndia Gas Pipeline y Pipelines in India

Introduction
Gas Transportation via:  Pipelines  LNG tanker ships Pipelines are mostly built either  Overland  Underwater

Technical details: y Material: carbon steel (2 to 60) y Pressure = 80 bar y Compressor Stations y Metering Stations y Valves y Control stations & Scada systems y Pipeline Inspection & safety via Smart Pigs y Mercaptan added to detect leaks Pipeline Construction: y Feasibility analysis for acceptable route y Open cut crossing involving of digging of trenches

Pipeline companies faces:

Technical issues: a) Energy efficiency (5 % of energy utilized)

b) Standards (diff. standards)

Economic issues a) Fixed between 2 countries

b) Specific item i.e. gas only c) High investments

Geopolitical issues: a) Call for corporation between diff. nations

b) Social condition c) Terrorism d) Political dependence on transit routes crossing unstable countries

Nord Stream Pipeline

y Nord Stream is a gas pipeline that will link Russia and the European Union via the Baltic Sea. y It will transport natural gas to supply both businesses and private households. y The new pipeline will be an important factor for energy security in Europe. y Nord Stream is a joint project of five major companies: OAO Gazprom, Wintershall Holding GmbH, EON Ruhrgas AG, Nederlandse Gasunie and GDF SUEZ S.A y Most of the natural gas to be supplied by Gazprom via Nord Stream will come from the Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field one of the largest fields in the world.
y y

NORD STREAM SECURE GAS SUPPLY FOR EUROPE

Facts & Figures

Gas capacities: 55 bcm per annum (2 pipelines with 27.5 bcm capacity each) 1224 km Nord Stream is one of the longest offshore pipelines in the world 210 m 2005 According to plan in 2011 According to plan in 2012 1,153 mm 220 bar/ 200 bar/ 170 bar 26.8-41.0 mm 7.4 billion

Pipeline length: Max. water depth: Project start: Completion of the first line: Completion of the second line: Pipeline diameter: Design pressure: Wall thickness: Estimated investment:

Political aspects
y There are no transit countries for Nord Stream. This reduces Russian gas transmission costs

and eliminates any possible political risks.

y European dependence on Russian energy is already heavy and the pipeline expands

dependence.
y Some transit countries are concerned that a long-term plan of the Russia is to attempt to exert

political influence on them by threatening their gas supply without affecting supplies to Western Europe.
y It need military protection and so, it would step up the level of military presence in the region

that could become a source of political friction.

y European integration and co-operation will become more problematic because of opposition

of the project by new EU members due to environmental concerns and increased Russian leverage

Environmental aspects
y Environmental concerns raised are that the construction of the pipeline

would disturb the sea bed, dislodging toxic materials including mines, chemical waste, and other items dumped in the Baltic Sea in the past decades. y The impact on bird and marine life in the Baltic Sea is also a concern. y Nord Stream is completing a comprehensive Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), in accordance with international and national regulations.

Gas for Europe

y Gas imports into the European Union, 312 bcm in 2007, are projected to grow by 204

to 516 bcm until 2030. y Nord Stream will meet about 25 percent of that additional requirement. Russia is an important gas supply partner for Europe:y Russia is the worlds largest gas producer and the closest to Europe y Russia has been a reliable supplier to Europe for over 40 years y Russian gas reserves are large enough to supply Europe for decades y Delivery contracts have been signed between European and Russian companies through the year 2035 y Natural gas from Russia is competitive. Secure gas supply is a mutual goal of producers and consumers:y Russia is as dependent on gas exports as Europe is on its imports. y Seventy-five percent of Russian gas exports are delivered to the EU. y In Russia, the oil and gas industry is the pillar of the economy.They account for 20% of the overall industrial production and 40% of tax revenues. y Gazprom alone contributes 25% to the federal budget.

WEST PIPELINE

AFRICAN

GAS

LOCATION Country--- Nigeria,Benin,Togo,Ghana. General direction--- east-west GENERAL INFORMATION Type ---- Natural gas Owner ---- WAGP Company limited. Partners ---- Chevron, NNPC,Royal Dutch shell, Volta River Authority. Operator ---- Chevron. Contractors ---Willbros Commissioned ---- 2006 Technical information Length ---- 678 km Maximum discharge ---- 5 billion cubic m/yr. Diameter ---- 20 inch(508 mm)

y Cost - $1 billion. y Product transports purified Natural gas ideally suited as fuel for power plants(85%) and industrial applications(15%). y Consumers - The Volta River Authoritys Takoradi Thermal Power Plant in Ghana, CEB of Benin and Togo are WAPCOs foundation customers.

Benefits: 1. A source of cost-effective, secure, clean and reliable energy for West Africa. 2. Provides a foundation to facilitate regional economic growth and development. 3. Proves that economic integration can work for all. 4. Provides an infrastructure to stimulate further foreign investment. 5. Displaces liquid fuels in power generation and consequently contributes to reduction of emission of green house gases in the region

Damage prevention programme

 Suffered a catastrophic loss of containment in early 2007.  Conducting Safety Awareness Publicity across the region to sensitize the

maritime communities on the safety and security precautions for safe transmission.

Key milestones
 April 2009- Ghana's Volta River Authority generates electricity with

natural gas from WAGP.  December 2008-First natural gas supply through WAGP arrives in Ghana.  August 2008- WAPCo makes 8 million man-hours without a lost time injury

Controversy
 Criticism from environmental group Friends of the Earth.

Environmental & social issues

 It runs through or in the vicinity of some ecologically sensitive areas

such as coastal lagoons and mangrove systems.  A number of species with international conservation status are also known to occur in the project area.  Nigeria still flares more than 1.5 billion cubic feet of natural gas per day, which adversely affects the health of the people.

Major issues
 Under intense criticisms as stakeholders have said the project has not

yielded the desired results.  The Nigerian Gas Company (NGC), a subsidiary of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), has continued to transport the gas that would have been utilised to feed the nation's power plants and industrial manufacturing firms to sister countries to meet their requirements under the (WAGP) project.

RUSSIA CHINA GAS PIPELINE

y On March 2122, 2006 Gazprom and China National Petroleum

Corporation (CNPC) signed the Protocol on natural gas supplies from Russia to China. The document fixes the basic agreements in relation to gas supply timing, volumes, routes and the pricing formula principles. y Russian natural gas will arrive in China from Russias Unified Gas Supply System via two routes: the western route from the traditional Russian gas production regions in Western Siberia; and the eastern route from the fields in Yakutia and the Sakhalin Island. y The annual supply volume is scheduled to reach 68 billion cubic meters. The priority is given to the western route designed to supply 30 billion cubic meters of natural gas per annum

y From

: Purpeyskaya compressor station (Urengoy SurgutChelyabinsk pipeline) ,Russia

y Route y To

: ROUTE.docx
: Xinjiang region ( West-East Gas pipeline), China

Facts
y Type of gas : natural gas y Partner y y y y y

: Gazprom Operator : TomskTransGaz Length : 2,800 km (1,700 mi) Pipe dia. : 1420 millimeter Maximum discharge : 30 billion cubic meters per year Budget : 12,000,000,000 US$

Benefits
y CHINA :In 2009 gas production 85.2 billion cubic meters and consumption 88.7 billion cubic meters in China. Forecasted demand 150 billion cubic meters in 2010 and 280 billion cubic meters in 2020. So Russia biggest scope for China. y RUSSIA : Major supplier of natural gas. New market for Russia apart from Europe.
y The transmission route to China is far lesser than to Europe y The absence of transit countries along the supply route

ISSUES.
y Price : Biggest issue for this project since 2006. Yet no final decision regarding price. y Environmental issues: Ukok Plateau (lies in route of pipeline)is rich in biodiversity y Earthquake Zone y Local Issues y Very expensive project both in its construction and maintenance

Current status
y On September 27, 2010 Gazprom and CNPC signed the Extended

Major Terms and Conditions of Natural Gas Supplies from Russia to China. y The document sets the key commercial parameters of the forthcoming natural gas delivery to the Chinese market via the western route: the volumes and the timeframe for export startup, the guaranteed payment level. y The export contract is expected to be signed in mid-2011. First supplies are planned for late 2015. Under the agreements reached the contract period will be up to 30 years and the supply volume 30 billion cubic meters a year. y By now, the specific feasibility studies of supply routes have been performed and the investment rationale has been completed for the project.

Russia-Ukraine gas disputes

y Naftohaz Ukrainy and Russian gas supplier Gazprom y 80% of exports of Russia travel through Ukraine to European

union

RUSIA (GAZPROM)

UKRAINE (NAFTOHAZ )

EUROPEAN COUNTRIES RosUkrEnergo

2005-2006 gas disputes

y Gazprom insisted $160 per 1000 cubic metres y Ukraine-with price increases to be gradual y Increase in transit fees y Change in transit method of payment from payment in kind to cash y 7.8 bcm of gas missing, had disappeared due to technical problems y y y y y

or stolen Russia accused Ukraine Naftohaz Ukraine admitted used for domestic needs Russia cut off all the gas supplies through Ukraine Preliminary agreement Supply restored

2007-2008 gas disputes

y Unpaid debt of $1.5 billion y Threatened to cut off gas supplies y Refused to pay y Gazprom cut its shipments y Naftohaz-Gazprom settlement to sell gas in Ukraine y Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko disagreed

2008-2009 gas disputes

y Unpaid debt $2.4 billion y Paid $1 billion y Remaining not paid will fine $450 million y Paid $1.522 billion y Ukraine proposed $234 and Gazprom demanded $250/1000 cubic

metres y In 2009, exports to Ukraine halted

Interventions
y Gas crisis(Hungary, Romania, Poland, Bulgaria) y Lawsuits filed with Stockholm Tribunal Of The Arbitration Institute y Naftogaz banned y Talks between Russia and Ukraine y Agreement-prices for natural gas at 20% discount in 2009 and pay

full european market price starting in 2010 and ukraine agreed to keep its transit fee unchanged in 2009 y Gas supplies restored

Political motives
y Russia exerting pressure on Ukrainian politicians y Russia subverting European union and National Atlantic Treaty

Organisation to include Ukraine

y Ukraines actions were being orchestrated by United states

Current Scenario(2010)
y Russia agreed to a 30% drop in price of natural gas sold to Ukraine y Ukraine will grant permission to extend Russias lease of a major

naval base in the Ukrainaine Black Sea port of Sevaspool for an additional 25 years with an additional renewal option(to 2042-47)
y Ukraine pays Gazprom around $234/thousand cubic metre

 IPI pipeline or the Peace pipeline, is a proposed pipeline to deliver natural gas
from Iran to Pakistan and India.
Since the discovery of natural gas reserves in Iran's South Pars fields in 1988, the Iranian government began increasing efforts to promote higher gas exports abroad.  The prospects for profit are especially high in South Asian countries like India and Pakistan, where natural gas reserves are low and energy demand exceeds energy supply.

THE IRANPAKISTANINDIA GAS PIPELINE

Country India Iran Pakistan

Natural Gas Reserves 22.9 (Tcf) 812 (Tcf) 21.6 (Tcf)

Natural Gas Production 761 Bcf 1.9 Bcf 0.7 Tcf

Natural Gas Consumption 761 Bcf 1.8 Bcf 0.7 Tcf

Route
The 2,775-kilometre (1,724 mi) pipeline.  It will start from Asalouyeh and stretch over 1,100 kilometers (680 mi) through Iran. In Pakistan, it will pass through Baluchistan and Sindh. In Khuzdar, a branch would spur-off to Karachi, while the main pipeline will continue towards Multan. From Multan, the pipeline may be expanded to Delhi.  For the security reasons, India has proposed an alternative offshore route from Iran to the maritime boundary between India and Pakistan off Kutch. From there one branch to run to Pakistan while other branch to run to Kutch.

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Political and socioeconomic issues

The focus is intra-sub regional because of negotiations between India and Pakistan. Negotiations between India and Pakistan over the following factors. These factors contribute to the sub-regional scope of the dispute:
building a pipeline through Pakistani territory to transport natural gas to India, possible sharing of natural gas exports from Iran, and security issues over the part of the pipeline in Pakistan

Existing Pipeline Network in India

y Present length of existing gas transmission pipelines in India is

around 10,800 km (excluding City Gas Distribution networks) with a design capacity of around 270 MMSCMD (million standard cubic meters per day). y The pipelines are owned and operated by central and state public sector undertaking, and also private companies. Out of this, GAIL has trunk pipeline Network of around 7,000 km, RGTIL has trunk pipeline network of around 1,385 km and GSPCL has trunk pipeline network of around 1,280 km.

Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) Gas Pipeline

y The Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) pipeline, Indias first cross

country gas pipeline, was laid to link the gas sourced from Bassein fields landing at Hazira with the fertilizer, power and industrial consumers in Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. y The first section of HVJ gas pipeline was commissioned in 1987 with a gas transportation capacity of 18.2 MMSCMD. Since then, the pipeline capacity has been increased and project up-gradation work was completed by 1997-98. y The pipeline has six compressor stations located at Hazira, Vaghodia, Jhabua, Kheda, Vijaipur and Auraiya. These compressor stations boost the pressure of natural gas for efficient transmission and for meeting the contractual pressure requirements of different consumers. y The 3,397 km long pipeline, with a capacity of 33.4 MMSCMD, traverses through the states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi and Haryana.