I.O.O.

I.O.O.C

:
()
.
( ) Petroleum
( ) Erdol .
.

.
.

I.O.O.C

1854 ()
......
.
1859
1600 .
1287 .

65 32
.

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

261

9/25

100

9/9

1/98

7/9

5/96

6/9

9/92

2/9

6/63

3/6

9/5

4/48

8/4

2/31

1/3

10

24

4/2

11

8/4

5/0

12

7/3

4/0

13

2/0

02/0

14

8/123

2/13

1009

100

:
-1 :

.



.

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

-2 :

.


.

( ) Engler .


.

I.O.O.C

:



.
.

( ) Granit
45 .

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

+ + +
+ + .

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

:
-1 ( ):
CnH2n+2 :

.
Gas

CH4 , C2H6 , C3H8 , C4H10

Liquid

C5H12.............C20

Solid

>C20
CH3

322 _5

CH3

C
CH3

CH
CH

CH2

C
CH3

CH3

I.O.O.C

:
-2 :
)a :

CnH2n

-1

CH3

-3 -1 -
CH

CH2

CH3

CH2

CH3

CH

.
)b :
CnH2n-2 :

1 -4
C

-3
C

I.O.O.C

:
-3 ( ):
CnH2n :
C

CH3

CH3

C
C

C4H12

-4 :
CH3

CH3

CH3

CH3

C6H6

C10H8

I.O.O.C

:
-1 :
0.5 - S8 + H2S 3 .
S8 .
Hidro carbon

s
s

Hidro carbon

SH
S

S
S

S
S
S

S
S

C2H5-SH
()

CH3 SH
()

I.O.O.C

:
-2 :
.

NH2

.
.

I.O.O.C

-3 :
<2%
O

COOH

OH

OH

(CH2)n

I.O.O.C

-4 :
+

Nacl .
.
.
:
( - )Fe( - )Al( - )Si( - )Ca( - )Mg( - )Ni()V
-()Na

I.O.O.C

:
-1

Paraffin Base

-2

Asphalt Base

-3

Mixed Base

-4 :

48
45
2

12
76
2

5
15
60

I.O.O.C

C-C4

C4-C12

C10-C20

C18-C45

>C28

I.O.O.C

-1 CnH2n+2 :
.

.
C

C6 H14 > C5 H12

.
.

I.O.O.C

C4H10+ 13/2 O2

4CO2+ 5H2O + Q

CnH2n+ 3n+ 1/2 O2

nCO2+ (n+1)H2O + Q
.

C6H14+Br2

C6H13Br + HBr

-2
C
C

-1

I.O.O.C

:

.
:
) A

) B

C3H8
CH2Br CH2Br

+ H2
C3H6+H2
C2H4 + Br2

I.O.O.C

:
)C
HO
HO
SO2

SO2
O

CH2

CH3

+
HO

CH2

CH2

I.O.O.C

:
) D :

H2SO4

H2O

OH

) E :

)F :

c
c

c
c

pressure

CH2

3 CH2

I.O.O.C

-3 :
)a :
Cu + NH4Cl +NH2

)b :

Cu

Heat
catalyzer

CH + Cu(NH3)2 CL

3HC

CH

(C :

pt

pt

HC

I.O.O.C

-4 :

.
C
Cl

C
C

Cl2

-5 :
:



30c .

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

:
(a :
CH3
NO2

CH3
H2SO4

+ H2O

+ HNO3

( b :
CH3

HCl

FeCl3

CH3Cl

:


.....
...

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

( ) c

( )

-44 +1/1
+32 149
32 215
37 288
176 288
204 399
399

-1 (LPG) :

)(Liquified Petroleum Gas

.

.
.

.
10 50 .

I.O.O.C

-2 :

:
: ( : )
.

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

C
C

C
C

-422
N.O=100

N.O = 0

> 173

80-87

91-98

100-130

108-135

115-145

I.O.O.C

(b :

.....

.

Pb(C2H5)4 MTBE .

I.O.O.C

-3 :

.

:
(a :1 .
(b = 3 +

I.O.O.C

:
(c 4

(d 5 6 ( )

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

(e jet.A.1

I.O.O.C

-4 Kerosene

I.O.O.C

-5 () Diesel Oils

:
(a
(b
(c
(d

(e

I.O.O.C

-6 Residual Fuel Oils

-7 lubrication Oils

:
-1 Crankcase oils

-2
Transmission and axle Oils .
-3 Torque
Convertor .

I.O.O.C

-8 Petroleum waxes:

C20 C30
.

.
( 77 )
210 35 45
.
.

I.O.O.C

:
.

:
....
:
)a ():

I.O.O.C

.

.

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

) b :

C16H34 + C2H4

Heat
Catalyst

C18H38

-10 Petroleum asphalt :

:
-1 Asphalt cements
-2 Liquid Asphlts
-3 Blown Asphalts

I.O.O.C

:
- 11 Petroleum Coke :

V2O5 Cao Na2o Fe2o3 Sio2

.

I.O.O.C

12 Carbon black :

.

.
.

I.O.O.C

-13 Sulfur :

H2S .

( )...

SO2 H2S SO2
.

I.O.O.C

2H2O + 3S

I.O.O.C

2H2S + SO2

:
...

I.O.O.C

API
: ( )A.P.I
.

API

( )

C5+

59/87

001/0

C5+

82/80

01/0

25/61

004/0

19/57

09/0

99/55

07/0

52

02/0

22/50

18/0

40/50

002/0

15/40

02/0

I.O.O.C

API

( )

90/44

21/0

()2

95/23

76/0

69/38

18/1

18/27

17/1

()2

11/25

49/1

()4

05/25

28/1

() 1

59/22

23/1

()3

50/24

26/1

50/24

95/1

10

20/24

69/1

11

()5

02/24

52/1

I.O.O.C

API

( )

12

()2

83/22

51/1

13

80/23

61/1

14

()4

30/33

68/1

15

()1

12/23

59/1

16

()3

88/22

22/1

17

()4

78/22

77/1

18

()1

73/22

67/1

19

63/22

51/1

20

()6

58/22

48/1

21

32

02/2

I.O.O.C

API

( )

22

72/21

02/2

23

84/20

42/1

24

()

73/20

70/1

25

()2

64/30

72/1

26

()3

55/30

74/1

27

65/30

24/2

28

()1

29/30

73/1

29

()

03/30

71/1

30

()1

55/29

73/1

31

()2

25/29

78/1

32

99/38

89/1

33

6/28

21/2

I.O.O.C

API

( )

34

()4

49/28

57/1

35

43/26

20/2

36

05/26

83/2

37

78/15

80/1

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

3
Dorood 3 Sweet Gas

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C

I.O.O.C