Nghin cu c ch truyn thng v xy dng cng c phn tch, x l s liu internet trn thng tin trn thng tin

lin lc v tinh a tnh

Phan Tun Anh
Trng i hc Cng ngh Lun vn ThS. ngnh: Truyn d liu v mng my tnh; M s: 60 48 15 Ngi hng dn: PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Tam Nm bo v: 2012
Abstract. Tng quan v thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh v truyn tn hiu s trn knh truyn v tinh. Nghin cu a truy nhp trong h thng thng tin lin lc v tinh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s; a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian; a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA). Chng trnh ng dng (Trnh by cc giao thc truyn thng theo m hnh TCP/IP; cc kt qu phn tch v x l i vi s liu ng k c trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh). Keywords. Thng tin v tinh; Mng thng tin; Truyn d liu; X l s liu; Internet; V tinh a tnh Content M U Cc h thng thng tin v tinh c pht trin nhanh chng trong nhng thp k gn y. Qua cc h thng thng tin v tinh, con ngi c th thu nhn hoc trao i thng tin vi bt k ni no trn qu t. Thng tin v tinh c kh nng a dng dch v, khng nhng cc dch v dn s m c dch v phc v cho quc phng, an ninh, hng khng, hng hi, khai thc thm d, Do c nhiu u im cho h thng vin thng m n nay n c s pht trin mnh m v s lng v cht lng. i vi cc nc pht trin, trung bnh mt quc gia c khong 50 n 60 v tinh cc loi. Trong khi , nc ta c 2 v tinh a tnh c phng ln qu o l Vinasat1 (1320E, phng ln qu o 4/2008) v Vinasat2 (131.80E, 5/2012). Ngy nay, cc mng thng tin v tinh c kt ni vi cc mng c nh v di ng mt t lm cho kh nng truyn thng ngy cng a dng, phong ph. Mt trong cc h thng v tinh ni bt l h thng thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. Mc tiu nghin cu Vi mong mun tm hiu v lnh vc cng ngh mi thng tin lin lc v tinh, c th l c ch, nguyn l truyn thng trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh, ng thi c tng xy dng mt cng c phn tch giao thc truyn, x l cc s liu Internet trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. V th ti la chn Nghin cu c ch truyn thng v xy dng cng c phn tch, x l s liu Internet trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh lm ti nghin cu cho lun vn ca mnh.

Ni dung nghin cu V mt l thuyt: - Nghin cu tng quan v thng tin lin lc v tinh v m hnh knh truyn trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. - Nghin cu cc c ch a truy nhp trong h thng thng tin. - Nghin cu cc giao thc truyn thng theo m hnh TCP/IP thng s dng trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. V mt thc hnh: - Nghin cu c im v phn tch s liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. - Xy dng cng c phn tch cc giao thc truyn theo m hnh TCP/IP vi cc s liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. - Xy dng cng c x l ra bn r trn s liu ng k c. B cc lun vn Ngoi phn m u gii thiu v mc tiu, ngha, ni dung nghin cu v phn kt lun tm tt nhng kt qu chnh t c cng nh a ra nhn xt; b cc lun vn gm 3 chng chnh: Chng 1: Tng quan v thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. Chng 2: a truy nhp trong h thng thng tin lin lc v tinh. Chng 3: Chng trnh ng dng (Trnh by cc giao thc truyn thng theo m hnh TCP/IP. Cc kt qu phn tch v x l i vi s liu ng k c trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh). Chng 1. TNG QUAN V THNG TIN LIN LC V TINH A TNH 1.1. Gii thiu chung v TTLL v tinh a tnh 1.1.1. c im thng tin v tinh a tnh Khi quan st t mt t, s di chuyn ca v tinh theo qu o bay ngi ta thng phn v tinh lm hai loi: V tinh qu o thp v v tinh qu o a tnh. V tinh qu o a tnh: l v tinh c phng ln qu o trn cao khong 36.000km so vi ng knh xch o. u im so vi cc h thng thng tin khc nh sau: + C kh nng a truy nhp. + Vng ph sng ca v tinh kh rng, ch cn 3 v tinh a tnh th c th ph sng ton cu; di thng rng. + n nh cao, cht lng v kh nng thng tin bng rng. + H thng truyn tin v tinh c th phc v nhiu dch v khc nhau: Data, thm d a cht, nh v ton cu, , phc v cc mc ch quc phng an ninh. + Hiu qu kinh t cao cho thng tin ng di, xuyn lc a. C kh nng qung b rng ln cho mi loi a hnh. + Cc thit b pht sng ch cn cng sut b, tn dng nng lng mt cho cc thit b trn v tinh. Nhc im quan trng: - Khong cch truyn dn xa nn sng v tuyn in b hp th v suy hao ln tng in ly v kh quyn c bit trong ma, nh hng ca tp m ln. - Gi thnh lp t h thng, kinh ph ban u phng mt v tinh ln qu o l rt cao, tn km nhng xc sut ri ro vn c th tn ti. - Thi gian s dng hn ch, kh bo dng, sa cha v nng cp. - Thi gian tr ng k. 1.1.2. Cu trc tng qut h thng truyn tin v tinh

Hnh 1-2: Cu hnh khi qut mt h thng thng tin v tinh 1.1.2.1. Phn on khng gian Phn on khng gian ca mt h thng thng tin v tinh bao gm v tinh cng cc thit b t trong v tinh v h thng cc trang thit b t trn mt t kim tra theo di v iu khin hnh trnh ca v tinh. Cc b pht p c t trong v tinh thu tn hiu t tuyn ln, bin i tn s, khuch i cng sut v truyn tr li tuyn xung. 1.1.2.2. Phn on mt t Phn on mt t gm cc trm mt t ca h thng v chng thng c kt ni vi cc thit b ca ngi s dng thng qua cc mng mt t. 1.1.3. Nguyn l thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh Ti u pht trm mt t, tn hiu bng tn c bn BB (BaseBand) nh: tn hiu thoi, video, fax, => trung tn IF => cao tn RF, ri c b khuch i cng sut HPA, khuch i ln mc cng sut cao v a ra anten pht ln v tinh. Tn hiu cao tn t trm mt t pht truyn dn ti anten thu ca v tinh => b khuch i => i tn, khuch i cng sut => anten pht xung trm mt t. Ti trm thu mt t, sng pht t v tinh truyn dn ti anten thu => b khuch i tp m thp LNA => tn s siu cao RF => trung tn IF => b gii iu ch DEM phc hi li tn hiu nh li vo trm mt t. 1.1.4. Phn b tn s cho cc h thng TTLLVT thc hin thng tin lin lc gia mt t v v tinh th trc ht cc sng mang phi c tn s cao hn tn s gii hn xuyn qua tng in ly. Bng di l bng tn cng tc ca cc h thng thng tin v tinh: Tn gi bng tn Di tn (GHz) L 1,0-2,0 S 2,0-4,0 C 4,0-6,0 X 7,0-8,0 Ku 11,0-18,0 K 18,0-27,0 Ka 27,0-40,0 1.2. Truyn tn hiu s trn knh truyn v tinh 1.2.1. Knh truyn thng tin v tinh 1.2.1.1. M hnh knh truyn M t knh truyn t thit b u cui ca ngi s dng ny n thit b u cui ca ngi s dng khc thng qua v tinh. (Hnh1-6.a)

1.2.1.2. c tnh k thut knh truyn Cc c tnh ca knh truyn c ch tiu ha trong cc khuyn ngh ca ITU ph hp vi dng tn hiu c truyn trn knh. Cht lng ca tn hiu cung cp cho ngi s dng c xc nh bi cc tham s: - T s C/N = cng sut tn hiu bng gc/cng sut tp m bng gc, trng hp tn hiu truyn l tng t (analog). - T l li bit BER (Bit Error Rate), trng hp tn hiu truyn l s (digital). - Thi gian truyn ti tn hiu ca tuyn lin lc bao gm thi gian truyn trong khng gian v thi gian truyn trong mng mt t. 1.2.2. Truyn tn hiu s Cc tn hiu s truyn trn knh thng tin v tinh c th l cc tn hiu d liu s t cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng (cc my tnh, ) c s ha.

Hnh 1-7: S khi chc nng qu trnh truyn tn hiu s trn knh TTVT 1.2.3. Ghp knh TDM Ghp knh TDM l k thut x l s, c th ng dng khi tc truyn d liu trung bnh ln hn tc truyn d liu yu cu bi thit b gi v nhn. C 03 dng ghp knh TDM chnh.

Hnh 1-8: Phng php ghp knh TDM 1.2.3.1. Ghp knh TDM ng b Trong ghp knh TDM ng b l b ghp knh phn chia cc khe thi gian ging nhau cho mi mt thit b ti tt c cc thi im khng phn bit.Ti mi thi im, thit b c khe thi gian tng ng c phn s c c hi gi mt phn d liu ca n.

1.2.3.2. Ghp knh phn thi khng ng b TDM khng ng b c thit k nhm trnh s lng ph v dung lng knh truyn ca TDM ng b. Khc TDM ng b, k thut TDM khng ng b tc truyn tng th ca cc ng vo c th ln hn kh nng ca ng truyn (path) v nu chng ta c n ng vo, mi khung s cha khng qu m khe, m<n. Nh vy, vi lin kt nh nhau, TDM khng ng b h tr nhiu thit b hn TDM ng b. S khe thi gian trong TDM khng ng b (m) da trn s phn tch thng k s lng ng vo tham gia truyn dn ti thi im bt k mt cch hp l. B ghp knh quyt nh cc ng vo v chp nhn cc khi d liu cho n khi khung y hoc khng c d liu in y khung, khung vn c truyn i. 1.2.3.3. Ghp knh o (Invert Multiplexing) Invert Multiplexing ngha l ngc li vi ghp knh, n nhn dng d liu t mt ng truyn c tc cao v chia thnh cc phn c th ng thi truyn i trn cc ng truyn c tc thp m khng lm gim i tc truyn tng th. 1.2.4. M ha knh truyn 1.2.4.1. Tng quan M ha knh truyn l mt khu rt quan trng trong h thng thng tin v tuyn cng vi m ha ngun, ghp knh, iu ch, to ra mt tn hiu ph hp cho vic truyn dn v tuyn v tn hiu c kh nng iu khin c s sai bit v sa cc li xy ra nu c c th khi phc li gn nh nguyn dng tn hiu tin tc m mnh truyn i. Mc ch m ho knh truyn l lm gim xc sut sai thng tin khi truyn qua knh truyn. Trong h truyn thng tin v tinh, cc loi m ha knh c s dng ph bin nh m ha xon (chp, convulotion), m khi, m BCH v m RS. 1.2.4.2. M xon (Convulotion Code) M xon (cn gi l m chp), c k hiu m l: (n, k, K). Trong , c k phn t thng tin v (n-k) phn t kim tra. K ( di bt buc ca m) l s cc bit c lu gi trong thanh ghi dch chuyn. T s k/n c gi l tc m. To m chp S to m chp c tc k/n nh sau:

Hnh 1-15: S to m chp (n,k, K) 1.2.4.3. M khi 1.2.4.3.1. M khi tuyn tnh Mt m khi c chiu di n gm 2k t m c gi l m tuyn tnh C(n, k) nu v ch nu 2k t m hnh thnh mt khng gian vect con k chiu ca khng gian vect n chiu. M tuyn tnh C(n, k) c mc ch m ho nhng khi tin (hay thng bo) k bit thnh nhng t m n bit c biu th di dng (n, k), trong k l s bit thng tin v n l s bit ca t m. Hiu s ca n k = r l s bit d hoc cn gi l bit kim tra. Tc m hoc hiu sut m c xc nh bi t s k/n.

1.2.4.3.2 M TPC (Turbo Product Code) Tng quan M Turbo c ng dng rt hiu qu trong cc h thng thng tin di ng, thng tin v tinh v thng tin v tr. Cc m Turbo c hiu nng tt hn nhiu so vi cc loi m sa li khc. M Turbo c to ra bng cch kt ni gm hai hay nhiu b m ring bit to ra mt m tt hn v cng ln hn. S kt ni m C hai kiu kt ni c bn l kt ni ni tip (tc m ho: Rnt=k1k2/n1n2) v kt ni song song (tc m ho tng: Rss=k/( n1+ n2)). 1.2.4.4. M Reed-Solomon M Reed-Solomon l loi m ang c ng dng kh ph bin trong h truyn tin pht hin v sa li cm. M RS quy c k hiu l RS(n, k) trong n l di t m k t, k l s cc k t d liu c s bit v hiu s (n - k) l s k t kim tra c cng thm vo d liu. Khong cch ti thiu ca m RS l: dmin = ( n - k ) + 1 T mi quan h gia cc li c sa v khong cch ti thiu, nhn thy rng m RS c kh nng sa n ( n k ) k t trong t m. 1.2.5. iu ch s 1.2.5.1. Tng quan iu ch s l qu trnh bin i mt sng mang tng t theo mt chui bit c chiu di c nh hoc thay i. Tn hiu b iu ch l tn hiu s cn tn hiu sng mang vn l tn hiu tng t. Trong h thng thng tin v tinh a tnh, k thut iu ch kha dch pha PSK c s dng ph bin nht bi v n c u im l ng bao sng mang l hng s v so vi k thut iu ch kha dch tn th PSK c hiu sut ph tt hn (tc tnh s bit/s c truyn qua mt n v rng di tn v tuyn). Ta c s iu ch PSK nh sau:

Hnh 1-21: S khi b iu ch PSK Nguyn l: Tn hiu s PSK lm thay i gc pha ban u ca sng mang. 1.2.5.2. iu ch pha hai mc (BPSK) Trong BPSK, ng vi tn hiu vo l cc in th biu din cc logic 1, 0 ta c tn hiu ra l cc sng mang hnh sin c pha lch nhau 180. Gin pha iu ch hai mc vi tn hiu thc nh sau: Hnh 1-23: iu ch, gii iu ch BPSK vi tn hiu thc

1.2.5.3. iu ch pha bn mc (QPSK) QPSK l mt k thut iu ch c mc M = 4. QPSK th sng mang n u ra c bn kh nng v gc pha. c bn trng thi: 00, 01, 10 v 11 th cn 2 bit. Nh vy, d

liu nh phn u vo l cc nhm hai bit c hn hp (gi l bit kp). Mi mt bit kp s tng ng vi mt trong bn kh nng pha u ra. V th m tc chuyn i u ra (tc baud) s bng mt na tc bit u vo. Gin pha iu ch bn mc vi tn hiu thc nh sau:

Hnh 1-25: iu ch, gii iu ch QPSK vi tn hiu thc 1.2.5.4. iu ch pha 8 mc (8-PSK) 8-PSK l mt dng iu ch c 8 kh nng pha lch nhau 45 u ra. Do , 1 trong 8 pha ty thuc trng thi ca t hp 3 bit u vo (tribits), c phn phi cho 3 knh I, Q v C. Gin pha iu ch 8 mc vi tn hiu thc nh sau:

Hnh 1-27: iu ch, gii iu ch 8-PSK vi tn hiu thc 1.2.5.5. iu ch bin cu phng, QAM 16 Sng iu bin cu phng QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) c th nhn c bng cch thay i ng thi hai tham s bin v pha, Acos(t + ) = Xicost Xqsint.

Hnh 1-29: iu ch, gii iu ch QAM16 vi tn hiu thc Chng 2. A TRUY NHP TRONG H THNG THNG TIN V TINH 2.1 Tng quan a truy nhp: L mt phng php cho nhiu trm mt t s dng chung mt b pht p. V l k thut nhiu ngi s dng c th truy nhp khai thc hoc c phn chia ti nguyn ngun hoc dung lng ca h thng. Cc h thng thng tin v tinh s dng

a truy nhp mt b pht p n qua nhiu ng ln v nhiu ng xung cc trm mt t. Yu cu i vi a truy nhp l khng nhiu gia cc trm mt t. V vy phi phn chia, phn phi tn s, thi gian (hoc khng gian) ca sng v tuyn mt cch thch hp cho tng trm mt t. C ba phng php chnh thng c dng cho a truy nhp trong cc h thng thng tin v. 2.2 a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) 2.2.1 Tng quan Theo phng thc a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s th rng bng tn ca knh b pht p c phn chia thnh cc bng tn con (sub-band) v mi bng tn con c gn cho cc sng mang c pht bi trm mt t. Vi dng truy nhp ny, cc trm mt t pht mt cch lin tc v knh truyn mt s sng mang ng thi vi cc tn s khc nhau. y l phng php s dng rng ri nht. Trong h thng ny mi trm mt t c dng ring mt tn s pht khng trng vi cc trm khc sao cho khong cch tn s gia cc trm khng b chng ln ln nhau. Bng tn ca b pht p v tinh c th t vi trm MHz n vi GHz. Thng thng cc b pht p thit k vi di thng 36 MHz hoc 72MHz, trong di thng 36 MHz l chun ph bin cho dch v truyn hnh bng C (6/4 GHz). Cc trm thu mt t mun thu c tin tc phi dng cc b lc di tng ng vi tn s cn thu. Phng php ny cho php cc trm truyn dn lin tc m khng cn iu khin nh thi ng b, thit b s dng kh n gin. Hnh 2-1: a truy nhp FDMA 2.2.2. Cc m hnh truyn tn hiu ca a truy nhp FDMA Ph thuc vo ghp knh v k thut iu ch s dng m c th c mt s m hnh truyn tn hiu i vi a truy nhp FDMA l: Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDM), iu tn (FM) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM), iu kha dch pha (PSK) v a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) Mt sng mang cho mt knh (SCPC), ghp knh phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) 2.2.3. Nhn xt chung a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA) c c trng bi s truy nhp lin tc ti v tinh trong di tn cho trc. K thut ny c u im l n gin v da trn nhng thit b c sn. Tuy nhin, c nhng nhc im sau: - Phng php ny thiu linh hot trong vic thay i cch phn phi knh do cc knh truyn dn c phn chia theo tn s quy nh, khi mun tng s knh bt buc phi gim nh bng thng ngha l thay i cc b lc di i vi trm thu. ng thi phng php ny tn km nhiu knh truyn. - Kh thay i cu hnh, iu tit s bin i dung lng th cn phi thay i cc k hoch v tn s. iu ny cng c ngha l phi thay i tn s thu, tn s pht v di tn b lc ca cc trm mt t. - B tn hao v dung lng khi s lng truy nhp tng ln. - Cn phi iu khin cng sut pht ca cc trm mt t trong trng hp cng sut sng mang ti u vo ca v tinh l cng bc trnh hiu ng bt li. S iu khin ny

phi c thc hin theo thi gian thc v phi ph hp vi s suy gim do ma ti cc ng ln. K thut FDMA ra i rt sm v ngy nay n vn thng xuyn c s dng bi nhng u im c bit ca n v vn hnh vi c im khng cn ng b gia hai trm mt t v do c sn nhng s u t cho n t trc ti nay. 2.3 a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian 2.3.1 Tng quan L mt h thng m cc trm thu mt t dng chung mt b pht p trn c s phn chia thi gian. H thng ny nh ra khung thi gian gi l khung TDMA. Khung ny s chia ra lm nhiu khong tng ng vi mi trm mt t. Nguyn l hot ng c bn l cc trm mt t khc nhau gi ln v tinh cc chm (burst) nng lng tn s RF trong c cha cc gi thng tin. Trong khe thi gian dnh cho mt trm mt t c th , tn hiu ca trm s dng ton b di thng ca b pht p v tinh. TDMA yu cu ng b burst (chm d liu) nghim ngt ti trm mt t ngn chn s va chm cc burst ti v tinh. Tng t cc trm thu mt t, ly c tin tc cn c xc nh ng khe thi gian ly sng mang ca chnh n. y l phng php c th s dng tt nht cng sut ca v tinh. N c th thay i s khe cng nh rng ca khe thi gian trong khung m khng nh hng ti cc thit b phn cng.

Hnh 2-6: Khung a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian 2.3.2. To lp burst 2.3.3. Cu trc khung 2.3.4. Thu burst 2.3.5. ng b h thng thng tin v tinh TDMA 2.3.6. Nhn xt chung a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA) c c trng bi vic truy nhp cc knh trong cc khe thi gian. N c nhng u im sau: - Ti mi khe thi gian ngn, knh ch khuch i mt sng mang n chim ton b rng gii tn ca knh. - Thng lng truyn cng nh s lng truy nhp ln. - Khng cn phi iu khin cng sut pht ti cc trm mt t. - Tt c cc trm pht v thu trn cng mt tn s, k c ni pht v ni thu burst, iu ny s n gin trong vic iu chnh. Tuy nhin, TDMA cng c nhc im: - Cn phi c c ch ng b. - Cn c cc trm c tm c c th truyn vi thng lng ln. 2.4. a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) 2.4.1. Tng quan H thng thng tin v tinh s dng k thut ny th cc trm ca mng pht lin tc trn cng bng tn ca knh. c th nhn dng c tn hiu mong mun, mi my pht v my thu phi c mt ch k ring bit. Ch k ny c biu din di dng mt dy s nh phn, gi l m. M c kt hp vi thng tin hu ch ti mi my pht.

C hai k thut c s dng trong a truy nhp CDMA, l: - K thut tri ph dy trc tip, DS (Direct Sequence) - K thut tri ph nhy tn, FH (Frequency Hopping) Cc tn hiu t tt c cc trm u c cng mt v tr trong b pht p v thi gian v tn s. Pha thu thc hin qu trnh tri ngc li, s dng m ging nh dng tri ph pha pht thu li tn hiu ban u. iu ny cho php ch thu cc tn hiu mong mun, ngay c khi cc sng mang tri ph vi cc m khc n cng thi gian. 2.4.2. K thut tri ph dy trc tip (DS-CDMA) 2.4.3. K thut tri ph nhy tn (FH-CDMA) 2.4.4. To m trong a truy nhp CDMA 2.4.5. ng b trong a truy nhp CDMA 2.4.6. Nhn xt chung v a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) Chui m c s dng cho tri ph c th xem nh l ch k ca my pht. Pha my thu phc hi li thng tin hu ch bng cch gim ph ca sng mang c pht v rng di tn gc ca n. H thng ny c hiu qu chng li can nhiu t cc h thng khc, n cng to ra t nhiu ti cc h thng khc. Tuy nhin h thng ny cn rng bng tn ln v gy ra tp m nhiu ln nhau khi nhiu trm dng chung mt b pht p, v th dn ti dung lng truyn dn trn b pht p rt nh. a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) c nhng u im sau y: - n gin trong vn hnh bi v n khng cn bt k mt s ng b truyn no gia cc trm. Vic ng b ch thc hin pha my thu vi dy m ca sng mang thu c. - C tnh khng nhiu cao, c bit l nhiu t cc h thng khc v nhiu a ng. iu ny rt tt vi nhng mng c nhng trm mt t c nh, bp sng anten rng v cc h thng thng tin di ng v tinh. Nhc im ch yu ca a truy nhp CDMA l thng lng thp, rng di thng ca on khng gian ln c s dng c dung lng ton mng nh. Chng 3. CHNG TRNH NG DNG 3.1. Phn tch cu trc d liu Internet trn thng tin lin lc v tinh 3.1.1. c th ca s liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh S liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh (trc tung th hin chu k s liu (n v: bit), trc honh th hin thi gian thc (n v: s)) nh sau::
Phn s liu ng b

Phn truyn d liu

Hnh 3-1: S liu thc ng k t thng tin lin lc v tinh theo chu k 256 Trong c: Phn s liu ng b: thng c gi tr 7E (dng Hexa). Phn d liu: do c th ca s liu thng tin lin lc v tinh l c phn s liu ng b; c c bt u khung v c kt thc khung d liu l 7E nn vic s dng bit nhi nhm

phn bit c u l bt u v u l kt thc mt khung. D liu sau khi tch bc c, g bit nhi th c c d liu gc, cu trc dng khung mc giao tip mng (trong m hnh TCP/IP). S nhi v g bit nhi: Trong khi bit s liu t trng a ch n trng d liu xut hin chui 0111110 th s gy b tc khi khng nhn bit u l bt u v kt thc mt khung do du hiu nhn bit cng l chui 01111110. V d: 01111110.01111110.01111110. khc phc tnh trng nay, ngi ta s dng k thut nhi bit trong khi d liu t trng a ch n trng d liu nhm ph v nhm bit 01111110 nu v tnh xut hin. C th khi gi, b m tng datalink thy nm bit 1 lin tc trong lung d liu th t ng thm mt bit 0 vo lung d liu i ra. Bn nhn nu thy nm bit 1 lin tip trong lung vo km theo sau bi mt bit 0 th t ng g b bit 0 trc khi chuyn d liu ln tng network.

Hnh 3-2: V d v s nhi v g nhi bit 3.1.2. Tng quan v m hnh truyn d liu trn Internet Cc giao thc s dng trn mi tng ca m hnh TCP nh sau:

Hnh 3-4: B giao thc trong m hnh TCP/IP 3.1.3. Chc nng v cu trc giao thc truyn ca m hnh TCP/IP 3.1.3.1. Tng giao tip mng (Network access Layer) 3.1.3.1.1. Tng quan chung Mt s giao thc lp lin kt d liu c s dng ph bin trong truyn d liu v tinh nh: HDLC, Ethernet II, Frame Relay, PPP, .... 3.1.3.1.2. Chun HDLC (Hyper Data Link Control) Cu trc khung HDLC ca OSI

Hnh 3-5: Cu trc khung HDLC ca OSI Cu trc khung HDLC ca Cisco: Cu trc khung nh sau: C m a ch iu Kiu giao thc D liu Tng kim (1 byte) (1 byte) khin lp trn (46-1500 tra khung 011111 (1 byte) (2 byte) bytes) (2 bytes) 10 Sau khi ct ng b v g bit nhi, phn tch s liu thc thu c:

C ng (1 byte) 0111111 0

IPv4

Hnh 3-6: Cu trc khung HDLC ca Cisco 3.1.3.1.3. Chun PPP (Point To Point) nh dng mt khung PPP c bn:

Hnh 3-7: Cu trc khung PPP Sau khi ct ng b v g bit nhi, phn tch s liu ng k c dng khung PPP nh sau:

IPv4

Hnh 3-8: S liu phn tch thc t cu trc chun PPP (FF 03 00 3D)

3.1.3.1.4. Chun Ethernet Cu trc khung Ethernet II: Khung Ethernet II c cu trc nh sau:

Hnh 3-9: Cu trc khung Ethernet II Sau khi ct ng b v g bit nhi, phn tch s liu cha khung Ethernet II thc t nh sau:

IPv4

Hnh 3-10: Phn tch s liu thc khung Ethernet II Khung Ethernet II ng trong khung HDLC ca OSI:

Hnh 3-11: Cu trc khung Ethernet II trong khung HDLC Sau khi ct ng b v g bit nhi, phn tch s liu thc t nh sau:

IPv4

Hnh 3-12:Phn tch s liu thc khung Ethernet II trong khung HDLC 3.1.3.1.5. Chun Frame Relay Frame Relay l mt dng k thut truyn a khung, mt khung Frame Relay c th ng gi cng lc nhiu gi hoc mt gi IP4. Cc bc tin hnh phn tch cu trc: Bc 1: Tm c 7E (dng hex) tng ng 01111110 (dng bit). Sau khi xc nh 7E to thnh cc gi nh sau:

C 7E

Hnh 3-15: Ct lung s liu theo c 7E (dng hexa), 01111110 (dng bit) Ta nhn thy sau 7E ton 00. Bc 2: Xo bit nhi: thay th chui 111110 bng 11111. Bc 3: Phn tch d liu gia 2 on ca c 7E nhn thy c c im sau: - Byte u tin l byte 0 (00) - Byte th 2 ch di - Byte th 3 ch s th t - Byte th 4 thng c nhng gi tr nht nh nh: 09, 0B, 0D, 0F.

s th t

Hnh 3-17: Kt qu phn tch xc nh gi tr trong khung Bc 4: Xc nh di khung: Sau khi m s byte ca tng khung v so snh gi tr thy rng byte th 2 ca khung bo di, thng c gi tr 0x62 (98), 0x63 (99). Bc 5: Xc nh byte kim tra 00635A0B02188103CC45000578EAB9000039064D510A44C8E80AAE669B00500F E7C0A30A7E4BC142885010041132150000485454502F312E3120323030204F4B0D0A446 174653A205475652C203034204F637420323031312031353A32323A343420474D54 Bc 6: Xc nh gi IP 2 byte Gi IP c cu trc sau: kim tra - Mt gi IPv4 bt u vi gi tr 4500 (hexa). - Mt gi IP y gm nhiu khung HDLC. y l 9 khung, khung 1 cha 2 byte 4500. 00635A0B02188103CC45000578EAB9000039064D510A44C8E80AAE669B00500 FE7C0A30A7E4BC142885010041132150000485454502F312E3120323030204F4B0D0A44 Gi tr 6174653A205475652C203034204F637420323031312031353A32323A343420474D54
Khung FrameRela y gi IP

625B090D0A5365727665723A204170616368650D0A4C6173742D4D6F646966696 5643A205475652C2032372053657020323031312030393A35333A323620474D540D0A416 3636570742D52616E6765733A2062797465730D0A43616368652D436F6E74F1F0 (khung 1) 00625C09726F6C3A206D61782D6167653D3330300D0A457870697265733A20547 5652C203034204F637420323031312031353A32373A343420474D540D0A436F6E74656E 742D547970653A20696D6167652F6A7065670D0A4167653A20330D0A582D4361 625D096368653A204849542066726F6D203135332D3134372D4850303830323030 32392E73696E612E636F6D2E636E0D0A436F6E74656E742D4C656E6774683A20373437 330D0A50726F78792D436F6E6E656374696F6E3A204B6565702D416C697665C186 (khung 2) 0062660974C7AB4C51DEFA547D2B56DFBA39F243B2490437666E8E05C2807C FCCF9573C4AA666607B01D07DF58EDFCB6E7AD7FDBA7D5FC75CCEF6FF49CF0DD BF3771C3CAC9DBE618D98485825235051563ED1B56F585AE4DCF3FF7B1903D156177 423CA4F90C (khung 8) 00626709D2A483E46A11ED46E78B39976F375C9850175B746553A15C1FBFAD5 A734A8502ADC8045F4F7A9EB316B73F5AF0DC71A7CC478F1A4104DA40596C095B8 EA56F717A8BC5C7F7EC7698EEDBAB6763B25844E0925FF8AEC3A0B780A982CA5E6 2EA8C 41680B04A05BE636D245BC3C6B1B76C85FDA3BA9BD94DBEEA8BD535FED1 CE9BE63BE2EE796D11B2A3DFF00B07FC6B69B06F3361E663EE18ADA6581D5997E2 Gi tr bo 3FF174E96B1 (khung 9) khung kt thc Bc 8: Xc nh kiu gi gi IP C rt nhiu kiu gi giao thc IPv4: 0702188103CC4500 0706188103CC4500 0B02188103CC4500 .. c im k thut a khung: - Mt gi IP c th c chia lm nhiu gi HDLC - Mi gi HDLC s c bo di, nh th t theo tng khi. - Mi gi HDLC c 2 byte cui cng dng kim tra. - Trong gi a khung th nhiu loi gi nn khi ghp ta phi phn loi c thuc loi gi no. K thut phn mnh:

Bc1: Gi IP c chia lm nhiu mnh, mi mnh l gi HDLC

7E 7E Frame 1...... CRC 7E 7E Frame 2...... Bc 2: Mi gi HDLC c chia thnh nhiu gi d liu c c im sau: - di gi d liu u tin thng 99 (0x63 gi tr hexa) - Cc gi sau c di 98 (0x62). - Gi cui cng di khng c nh ph thuc di gi IP. Mt gi IP c chia thnh nhiu gi d liu nh HDLC mc ch l m bo vic truyn ti d liu an ton hn, chnh xc hn. K thut ghp mnh: Bc 1: Tm c 7E Bc 2: Xo bit nhi Bc 3: Xc nh khung HDLC. Bc 4: Ct ly d liu ca khung HDLC Bc 5: Tm u gi IP 0B02188103CC4500 Bc 6: Ghp d liu. Bc 7: Xc nh gi kt thc IP 0B04 Thut ton ghp mnh: Lu thut ton nh sau:
Bt u

c d liu Cn d liu? Tm 7E Ghp gi S IP? X l gi IP Kt thc S

3.1.3.2. Tng mng (Network Layer) Cu trc giao thc IPv4:

Hnh 3-18: Cu trc header ca IPv4 3.1.3.3. Tng giao vn (Transport Layer) 3.1.3.3.1. Cu trc giao thc TCP Cu trc giao thc TCP:

Hnh 3-19: Cu trc header ca giao thc TCP 3.1.3.3.2. Cu trc giao thc UDP Cu trc giao thc UDP:

Hnh 3-21: Cu trc header ca giao thc UDP Cu trc nh dng giao thc RTP nh sau:

Hnh 3-22: Cu trc header ca giao thc RTP Phn tch s liu thc dng giao thc RTP, s dng chun thoi G729:

Cng UDP (11)

(0x12)00010010 PT = 18(G729)

Hnh 3-23: Phn tch s liu thc t chun thoi G.729 trong giao thc RTP 3.1.3.4. Tng ng dng (Application Layer) 3.2. Chng trnh ng dng 3.2.1. Yu cu chng trnh - Phn tch, x l thc hin chnh xc cc khung, gi s liu, cng nh khi phc d liu gc ng, y thng tin. - Th hin kt qu phn tch r rng, y thng tin cc giao thc truyn cn thit v cc file d liu r x l ra c. 3.2.2. Quy trnh ca ng dng 3.2.2.1. Cng on thc hin chng trnh

Hnh 3-24: M hnh thu, phn tch v x l s liu Internet v tinh Qua m hnh trn cho ta thy, tn hiu t Anten thu v tinh mc cao tn, c h xung trung tn (IF = 70 MHz hoc 140 MHz). Tn hiu ny i qua b chia tn hiu n my tnh (c card x l s) hoc modem (thu, pht tn hiu). Ti y vi thit b phn cng, card x l s v phn mm i cng c chc nng thc hin gii iu ch, gii m ng truyn, gii xo trn v gii nhn knh nu c. Sau s liu c ng k qua phn mm trn my tnh. S liu ng k ny c a vo chng trnh ng dng phn tch hoc x l ra d liu r. Vi c th ca tn hiu v tinh thu c nn hin ti cha c mt cng c no thc hin x l ra cc d liu r. 3.2.2.2. Quy trnh phn tch v x l Trn c s cc kt qu ng k c, t nghin cu l thuyt v phn tch lung bit s liu thc t, xy dng quy trnh nh sau: Cc bc phn tch lung Internet v tinh: Chng trnh c File s liu u vo, tm c ca khung HDLC, PPP, Ethernet II, FrameRelay. Nu chng trnh pht hin c gi s liu nm gia 2 c th tin hnh ct b c, lc ly khung d liu:

- Ct b cc c, g bit nhi, th hin khung d liu ln danh sch hin th; - T danh sch cc khung, ngi dng kch chut vo khung cn phn tch; - Chng trnh tin hnh phn tch t header mc cao (HDLC, PPP, Ethernet II, FrameRelay), n header gi IP v header giao thc TCP, UDP tng giao vn.

Hnh 3-25: Lu thut ton phn tch s liu Internet v tinh Tng qut cc bc x l lung Internet v tinh miu t nh sau: Chng trnh c cc File s liu u vo, tm c ca khung HDLC, PPP, Ethernet II, FrameRelay. Nu chng trnh pht hin c gi s liu nm gia 2 c th chng trnh bt u x l: - Ct b cc c, g bit nhi, ct ton b header ca khung; - Xc nh gi IP4, kch thc header v kch thc ca gi IP, tm a ch ch, a ch ngun ca gi IP; - Xc nh giao thc TCP, UDP ca tng giao vn, ct b header IP, header TCP v header UDP. - Xc nh loi dch v ca tng gi s liu ng trong cc khung d liu trong file thu c, x l theo giao thc ly ra s liu mang thng tin; - Tm tt c cc gi s liu ca cng mt dch v, ca cng phin lm vic ghp li vi nhau theo ng th t m bn pht pht i. - Kt qu u ra chng trnh x l ta thu c cc File thng tin *.html; *.doc; *.pdf; *.gif; *.mpeg; *.eml; *.xls; *.mp3; *.g729; ....

Hnh 3-26: Lu thut ton x l s liu Internet v tinh

Hnh 3-27: Lu thut ton x l s liu Internet v tinh vi dng HTTP 3.2.3. Giao din chnh ca chng trnh 3.2.4. Kt qu th nghim

Vi cu hnh thu thc t ti c quan chng ti, tin hnh th nghim chng trnh trn 05 v tinh a tnh (Sinosat 1 110.50E, Apstar 2R 76.50E, Vinasat 1 1320E, AsiaSat 4 122.20E, Intelsat 906 64.20E) vi cc bc nh sau: Bc 1: Tin hnh t cc tham s k thut cho hai trang thit b (qua my tnh (c card x l s) hoc modem) ng vi dng gii iu ch, gii m ng truyn v gii xo trn (nu c). Bc 2: ng k s liu vi dung lng ty , nh nht l 50 Mb. Bc 3: Dng chng trnh tin hnh phn tch vi s liu ng k. Kt qu: Nhn ra c chun giao thc truyn mc giao tip mng: PPP, Router, FrameRelay, Ethernet II; giao thc tng mng: IPv4; giao thc tng giao vn: TCP, UDP; giao thc tng ng dng: HTTP, POP3, SMTP, IMAP, Lotus Note, Voice-IP, . Th hin cc giao thc theo ng m hnh TCP/IP, vi nh dng khung ca tng giao thc mi tng. Tch v th hin phn d liu (dng Hexa v Ascii) i cng vi tng lp giao thc truyn. Bc 4: Dng chng trnh tin hnh x l cc s liu ng k. Kt qu l: X l c cc dng s liu ng k c trn thng tin lin lc v. Cho php la chn, lc cc nh dng file theo mc ch. Trn giao din x l, trong qu trnh x l th hin cc giao thc truyn theo m hnh TCP/IP. Th hin cc file x l ra c vi cc thng tin: tn file, giao thc tng ng dng, kch thc, thi gian to, a ch IP gi, a ch IP nhn. Thng k s lng cc file x l ra c theo: Documents (*.doc, *.html, *.pdf, *.xls, ...), Emails (*.eml), Images (*.png, *.jpeg, *.gif, *.bmp) , Lotus (*.nsf), Audio (*.g729), Video (*.avi, *.flv, *.mp3), Summary. Kt qu chi tit c trnh by cc ph lc: - Ph lc 1: Hnh nh kt qu phn tch cc lung s liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh. - Ph lc 2: Hnh nh kt qu x l cc lung s liu ng k c t thng tin lin lc v tinh. KT LUN Kt qu t c Mc tiu ca lun vn: Tm hiu v c ch truyn thng trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh, nguyn cu v s liu, giao thc truyn trn thng tin lin lc v tinh v ng dng vo xy dng cng c phn tch, x l cc s liu ng k t thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. Kt qu lun vn t c: Sau thi gian nghin cu v thc hin lun vn Nghin cu c ch truyn thng v xy dng cng c phn tch, x l s liu Internet trn thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh t c mt s kt qu sau: - Nghin cu c im, tng quan chung v thng tin lin lc v tinh a tnh. - Nghin cu cc ni dung lin quan n nguyn l truyn thng qua thng tin lin lc v tinh: Knh truyn, cc c ch a truy nhp trn thng tin lin lc v tinh. - Nghin cu v s liu, giao thc truyn trn thng tin v tinh a tnh. Tin hnh nghin cu, phn tch s liu ng k c. - Xy dng cng c phn tch v x l s liu Internet v tinh a tnh vi cc chun giao thc truyn mc cao: HDLC, PPP, FrameRelay, Ethernet II.

Do thi gian lm lun vn c hn ch v y l lnh vc cng ngh mi nn trong qu trnh trnh by lun vn khng trnh khi sai st. Knh mong cc thy c ng gp kin lun vn c hon thin hn. Hng pht trin T nhng nghin cu trong thi gian lm lun vn, ti xin c mt s xut hng pht trin nh sau: Nghin cu rng hn v cc kiu a truy nhp khc trn thng tin lin lc v tinh. Nghin cu m rng vi nhiu giao thc truyn khc, mc giao tip mng nh: ATM, X.25, ODLC, . S dng m ngun m Wireshark, nghin cu tch hp cng c phn tch, x l vo chng trnh Wireshark.

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