EF

??? ?

EF

KW

(Digital Economy)

EFK

????

EF

GPS

(Sensors)

??

K?
?

KK

KK

EF

Introduction to Communications

K -

K
K

-
-

W
K
-

K
K

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-

--

EF

Introduction-

KEFEF
Historical Review

K
KAM
KFM

KFM

Analog Communications System

K

W
K+5V

EFEF
KE JFKEF

--

EF

EF

KE

J J

WK

W(AM) -

K(Amplitude Modulation)

(FM) -

K(Frequency Modulation)

(PM) -

K(Phase Modulation)

KEF

--

EF

(modulated wave)

PMFMAM

KE JF
K(Demodulated Signal)

J J

J
10

EFK

3000100
10F 3000100

KE300

300100K

K30

KEF

J
K

K
K

--

EF

K J

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)K

K

Electromagnetic Spectrum-

E JFK

c
f

[m]

(1-1)

L (300000000=108):WC
KEHzFW

--

EF

W-

3kHz-30kHz

(VLF)

10km-1km

30kHz-300kHz

(LF)

1km -100m

300kHz-3MHz

(MF)

100m-10m

3MHz-30MHz

(HF)

10m-1m

30MHz-300MHz

(VHF)

1m-10cm

300MHz-3GHz

(UHF)

10cm-1cm

3GHz-30GHz

(SHF)

1cm-1mm

30GHz-300GHz

(EHF)

100km-10km

M: medium F: Frequency H: High L: Low V: very

.E: Extremely, S: Super, U: Ultra

EFK

(1 KHz) 1

(100 KHz)100
(1 MHz)1

(1-1)K

1- = 1000Hz:

c
3 10 8

300 Km
f
1000

2- = 10 Hz

c
3 10 8

3 Km
f
10 5

3- =106 Hz

3 10 8
c

300 m
10 6
f

--

EF

EF

E JF

(LF)(VLF) J

KW(MF) J

W(HF) J

W(VHF) J

W(UHF) J

W(SHF)

W(EHF) J

KE JF

K300-3400Voice Frequency VF

--

EF

K J

C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
J
J
K
K

VHF
L
S
S
C
C
X
X
Ku
K
K
Ka

500 MHG - 1GHz
1GHz - 2GHz
2GHz - 3GHz
3GHz - 4GHz
4GHz - 6GHz
6GHz - 8GHz
8GHz - 10GHz
10GHz - 12.4GHz
12.4GHz - 18GHz
18GHz - 20GHz
20GHz - 26.5GHz
26.5GHz - 40GHz

EHF, SHF , UHF

K(300MHz 300GHz)

WEHF

1016Hz1012Hz

VisibleinfraredW

Kultraviolet

K1018HzX-rays

Gama rays

( cosmic photons)

K1020Hz

K1032Hz

LaserFiber Optics

E4.285C1014HzF
KE7.5C1014HzF
KE JF

--

EF

Bandwidth EF-

(BWlnfo)
K(BWch )

BWinfo BWch

K
(1-2)

WBWinfo
KWBWch

500

K5000

K(BWch)K

HFK

BWch = 5000 - 500 = 4500 KHz

(Bwvoice)K
BWvoice = 3400 - 300 = 3100 Hz
--

EF

HFK

BWHF = 30 MHz - 3 MHz = 27 MHz

-
Transmission Modes
W
KSimplex (SX)K

Half Duplex K

KEF(HDX)

Full Duplex K

K(FDX)

KFull/Full Duplex(F/FDX)

Signals Analysis-

K
K

K
K

- -

EF

Fourier Expansion--
V(t)

K
K

T V(t)

WK

v ( t ) A 0 A1 cos( wt ) A 2 cos( 2 wt ) ... A n cos( nwt )

B 0 B 1 Sin ( wt ) A 2 sin( 2 wt ) ... A n sin( nwt )

(1-9)

W(1- 9)

V(t) A 0 fundamenta l 2 nd harmonic

. n th harmonic

3 rd harmonic

(1-10)
W

K(DC value)WA0

WFundamental

K(f1)

W2nd harmonic
K

f2=2.f1

Bn

. B2, B1, An . , A1 , A0

1
A0
T

2
An
T

v ( t ) dt

(1-11)

v ( t ) cos( nwt ) dt
0

- -

(1-12)

EF

2
Bn
T

v ( t ) sin( nwt ) dt

(1-13)

(1-9)V(t)(1-7)

V(t) = A0 + A1 cos wt + A2 cos 2 wt + .. t An cos nwt

(1-14)
W(1-9)V(t)
V(t) = A0 + B1 sinwt + B2 sin 2 wt + .. t Bn sin nwt

(1-15)

KEF

v(t)
+2V

T/4

3T/4

2V
0.5 m s

K .

KEF .
K .

WEF .
v ( t ) A 0 A1 cos( wt ) A 2 cos( 2 wt ) ... A n cos( nwt )

Ao

1
v ( t ) dt
T
T

2
T

T
4

1
2 dt
T

v ( t ) cos(

t ) dt

3T
4

T
4

1
2 dt
T

2 dt

3T
4

3T
T4
T
4
2
2 cos( wt ) dt 2 cos( wt ) dt 2 cos( wt ) dt
A1
T 0
3T
T

4
4

- -

EF

A2= 0

A3

&

8
3

W
8
8
v (t )
cos( t )
cos( 3 t )
3

W
1
1
f

2000 Hz

T
0 . 5 10 3

f=2KHz

fs = 3f = 3x2K = 6KHz

W .
.

V(f)
8

8
3

2KHz

6KHz

F (Hz)

Mixer

K J

- -

EF

K J

fofs J

K(fo- fs) (fo+ fs)

Noise EF-

K
W

Uncorrelated Noise--

External NoiseK

W
K
(Internal Noise) K

K
Johnson Noise

K
- -

EF

KWhite Noise

KPartition noiseShot noiseK

K
K

transit noise

Correlated Noise--

KAmplitude Modulation: AMthunderstorms

KK100MHz
FMWFrequency Modulation
K[88MHz 108 MHz]

KThermal noise
Johnson

N = KTB

WK
(1-16)

- -

EF

:
(Watts)WN

(Hz)WB

(Kelvin)WT

WKelvin
T = C + 273

K= 1.38 10 23 Joules WK
Kelvin

dBDecibel

WK10(1-16)10

NdB = 10 Log ( KTB )

[ dB]

(1-17)

KWNdB

K1017

K J

K J

N = KTB =1.38 X 10-23 X (17+273) X 10 X 103 =4 X10 -17Watts

NdB = 10 Log ( KTB ) = 10 Log (4 X10-17 ) -164 dB

Signal to Noise ration J

K

K
WK
- -

EF

P
S
s
N
Pn

(1-18)

Ps
S
10 Log
N dB
Pn

(1-19)

W
S

N dB

KW
K(Watts)W

Ps

K(Watts)W

PN

V
S
20 Log s
N dB
Vn

(1-20)

I
S
20 Log s
N dB
In

(1-21)

0.01W10W

S
K

N dB

S
P
10
s
1000 K
N
Pn
0 . 01

Ps
S
10 Log
N dB
Pn

- -

10 Log (1000 ) 30 dB K

EF

K

K

.
.

KW .
K

W
K

- -

EF

Amplitude

KFrequency ModulationModulation

K527
K

.
.

W
K(1-19)(1-18)


0.0220

K
K

.
.

KV(t)

K
- -

.
.

EF

.
.
.

KK
K

- -

EF

Amplitude Modulation (AM)

W
K

KEF
K AM

K
K
W

.
.
.
.
.
.
.

K J
K J

K J
K J
K J
K J

KW








- -

EF

Vm(t)

KVc(t)
(Carrier)

(FM)(AM)Vm(t)

K (PM)

(AM, FM, PM)

(demodulation)
K

K(AM)
Amplitude Modulation -
W(AM)

JKVm(t)

KVc(t)Vm(t)EModulatorF

KW J

AM Modulator J J

(Modulated wave)
K J

- -

EF

Generation of AM SignalsEF J J

Amplitude Modulation Double Sideband Full Carrier (AM DSBFC)

KAM"AM DSBFC"

Vc(t)=Ec Vm(t)=Em Sin(2 fmt)

JVAM(t)Sin(2 fct)

AM J

JK
K

AM

KAM J

Modulated Wave Characteristics J J

WEF

K(fc)VAM(t) J
- -

EF

VAM(t) J

KE Vm(t)F

K Vm(t)VAM(t)EF J

KVm(t)VAM(t)EF J

AM Frequency Spectrum and Bandwidth

AM Frequency Spectrum J J

E10F

K J(fc)
Carrier
Lower Sideband

Upper Sideband

Lower Side Frequencies

Upper Side Frequencies

fc - fm

fc

fc + fm

F(Hz)

AM J

Wfc J

Upper Sideband (USB)

EFfc+fm fc
W

f c USB f c f m

(2-1)
Upper Side Frequency (USF)USBfm

WUSF

- -

EF

f usf f c f m

(2-2)

WfUSF
Wfc

KEFWfm

Lower Sideband (LSB)

WEF

f c f m LSB f c

(2-3)
Lower Side Frequency LSBfm

WLSF(LSF)

Lsf

(2-4)

AM Bandwidth J J
JEF
BW

AM

fc

BW

fm

AM

f c

2 f

fm

2 f m W

WAM
[Hz]
(2-5)
W

K(Hz)AMWBWAM

K(Hz)EFWfm
J

EAMDSBFC modulatorF

Kfm= 5kHzfc=100kHz
W

KLSBUSB
BWAM

KfmZ3kHz(USF)

KfmZ3kHz(LSF)
- -

.
.
.
.

EF

(2-1)USBK

f c USB f c f m

100 kHz
f

95

USB

(2-3)LSB

LSB

KHz

105 KHz
LSB

100

KHz

(2-5)K

(2-2)K

f usf f c f m 100 KHz 3 KHz 103 KHz

(2-4)K
f

Lsf

fc fm

= 100 KHz - 3 KHz = 97 KHz

BW

AM

2 f m 2 5 KHz

- -

10 KHz

EF

-
Coefficient of Modulation and Percent Modulation
Coefficient of Modulation J J
AM
WK

Em
Ec

(2-6)

EFWm

KVm(t)WEm
KVc(t)WEc

Percent Modulation (M) J J

W

E m
100
Ec

(2-7)

K JEc , Em , m

K EmEc J

W J
Ec Em
(2-8)

V max
V min E c E m
(2-9)
(2-9) , (2-8)
- -

EF

(2-10)

2-92-8

(2-11)

AMWVmax

AMWVmin

EAMF

Em

Em EUSF ELSF

(2-12)

[Volts]WEUSF

[Volts]WELSF

(2-12)

EUSF=ELSF
(2-13)
(2-12)(2-13)

E USF E LSF

Em
2

(2-14)

W(2-14)(2-11)

E USF E LSF

1
V max V min
4

(2-15)

Em=Ec100% (2-7)

Vmin=0(2-9)Vmax=2Ec (2-8)

K J

- -

EF

K100%AM J

AM J

KELSFEUSF

K(Ec)unmod.

EmAM

Km

-
-
-
-

K%M J

W(2-15)
E USF E LSF

1
Vmax Vmin 1 18 2 4 V
4
4

(Ec)unmod.= (Ec) mod.

(2-10)

- -

EF

Ec

1
V max V min 1 18 2 10V
2
2
Ec=10V

Em

1
Vmax Vmin 1 18 2 8V
2
2

Em
8

0 .8
Ec
10

E m
100
Ec

AM Voltage Distribution (AM) Vam(t)

(2-11)

(2-6)

(2-7) J
% 0 . 8 100

% 80 %

AM-

KVam(t)

W
E JF V c ( t ) E c sin( 2 f c t )

(Volts)WVc(t)

(Volts)WEc
K(Hz)Wfc

Vam(t)(repetition rate)

KVm(t)Vam(t)

K Vm(t)EF

Vmax = Em+EcVam(t)


- -

EF

WVam(t)
V am ( t ) Ec E m sin( 2 f m t ) sin 2 f c t

(2-17)

(Volts)W Ec Em sin( 2f mt )

(Volts)WEm
(Hz)Wfm

V am

Ec

mE

sin(

V am ( t ) 1 m sin( 2 f m t ) E c sin( 2 f c t )

(t )

(2.6)
Em = mEc

(2-18)
W(2.17)(2.18)
(2-19)
2 f m t ) sin( 2 f c t )

V am ( t ) E c sin( 2 f c t ) mE

sin sin

sin( 2 f m t )( E c sin( 2 f c t ))

(2-20)

1
cos( ) cos( )
2

(2-21)

W(2-20)(2-21)

V am ( t ) E c sin 2 f c t

mE
2

cos 2 ( f c f m ) t

mE
2

(2-22)

cos 2 ( f c f m ) t

(Volts)WEc Sin(2fct)

(Volts)W mEc cos 2 ( f c f m )t

2
mE c
(Volts)W
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2

W(2-22)

K .
Ec (mod ulated ) Ec ( un mod ulated ) (2-23)
K .

(m=1 ,Em=EcF100%

KE Ec F
2

- -

EF

K100%AM J

W
E m E usf E Lsf
Em

Ec
E
c Ec
2
2

Vmax Ec E m E c E c 2 Ec

Vmin Ec E m Ec Ec 0

Em=1F

K JVmin=0Vmax= 2 Ec

JK
(2-22)(AM DSBFC)

AM DSBFC J

(cycle)W(2-22)K

90180

K(2-22)E-F
- -

EF

K20Vp500KHzAM

10kHz
WK7.5Vp

Kflsffusf

KMm

K(Ec)modulated

-
-
-

KElsfEusf

KVam(t)

KVminVmax J
K

-
-

(2-4) , (2-2) J

f usf f c f m 500 K 10 K 510 KHz

f Lsf f c f m 500 K 10 K 490 KHz

W(2-7), (2-6)W J
E m 7 .5

0.375
Ec
20
E
7 .5
100 % 37 . 5 %
M m 100 %
Ec
20

Ec(mod ulated ) Ec(un mod ulated ) 20V

(2-23) J

W(2-22) J

E USF E LSF

mE c 0.375 20

3.75V
2
2

W(2-9) , (2-8) J

V max E c E m 20 7.5 27 .5V

Vmin E c E m 20 7.5 12 .5V

W(2-22) J
- -

EF

Vam (t ) E c sin 2f c t

mE c
mE c
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
cos 2 ( f c f m )t
2
2

W
V am

( t ) 20 sin( 2 500 Kt ) 3 . 75 cos( 2 510 Kt ) 3 . 75 cos( 2 490 Kt )

W J

AM Power Distribution-

V2
P
R

(2-24)

P av

2
V rms

V rms

(2-25)

2
(2-25)(2-26)

Pav

(2-26)

V2
2R
- -

(2-27)

EF

KR(2-27)
E C2
E PC
2R

(2-28

(Watts)WPc

(Volts)WEc

(Ohm)WR

K
2

Pusf PLsf

mE C

m 2 E C2
2

2R
8R

(2-29)

W(2-29)(2-28)

PUsf PLsf

1 2
m PC
4

(2-30)
AM

PT PC PUsf PLsf
1 2
1 2
P
P
m
P
m PC

T
C
C
4
4

m2
PT 1 2 PC

(2-31)
(2-32)

(2-31)

W(2-32)

W J(2-31)

- -

EF

KAM DSBFC J

W100%

PUsf P Lsf

PC
4

(2-33)

(2-30)m=1

Ptsf

PC
2

(2-34)

100%W(2-34)(2-33)

AM BSBFC

KAM DSBFC

WAM DSBFC

W100%1010Vp

KPc

PlsfPusf
- -

.
.

EF

KPtsf

KPT

.
.

K K

(2-28)K

E C2
10 2

PC
=5 W
2R
2 10
(2-30)K

PUsf PLsf

1 2
1
m PC (12 )5 1.25W
4
4

K100% m=1

K
Ptsf

PC
5

2 . 5W
2
2
(2-30)K

12
m2
PT 1
PC (1 ) 5 7 . 5W

2
2

- -

EF

AM Current Calculations-

Pt
I t2 R
I t2
2 2
PC
IC R
IC

(2-35)

m2
PC
1
2
Pt
m2

2
PC
PC

(2-36)

W
I2t
m2
1
I2C
2

(2-37)

(2-38)

(2-35)

IT IC

m2
1
2

(A)WIT

(A)WIc

100%1010w

(AM DSBFC)

2-5

IT IC

m 2
1
2

(2-38)
ITIc
- -

EF

PC I2C R I C

PC

10
1A
10

12
(1
) 1 . 225 A
2

I T (1 )

AM Modulation by a Complex information-

(fm1, fm2)

JK

Kfm1, fm2

fc fm2

fc fm1

fc

fc+fm1

fc+fm2

K J

JE2-22F

K fm1, fm2AM

m1 E c
cos 2 ( f c f m 1 ) t
2
m1 E c
m E
cos 2 ( f c f m 1 ) t 2 c cos 2 ( f c f m 2 ) t
2

2
m2 Ec
cos 2 ( f c f m 2 ) t
2
V am ( t ) E c sin 2 f c t

(2-39)

K
- -

EF

mt m12 m22 ... mn2

(2-40)

Wmt

KWm1, m2, . mn

m t2
PT 1
PC
2

(2-41)

1 2
mt PC
4

(2-42)

PUsf PLsf

P tsf

1 2
mt PC
2

(2-43)

200 WAM DSBFC

W
Km3 = 0.5, m2 = 0.4 , m1 = 0.2

Kmt
KPtsf
KPT

.
.
.

- -

EF

(2-40)K
mt

m12 m 22 m 32 (0.2) 2 (0.4 ) 2 (0 .5) 2 0.67

P tsf

(2-43)K
1 2
1
mt PC (0.67) 2 (200) 45 W
2
2
(2.41)K

( 0 . 67 ) 2

m t2
PT 1
( 200 ) 245 W
PC 1
2
2

AM Circuits-

AM Modulator Circuit J

K AM

KK

KAMKAM
W JAM

- -

EF

W J

(2-22)Vout(t)

JAM

KAM

W
(2-44)

V out (t ) C 1V in1 (t ) C 2V in2 (t ) C 3V in3 (t ) ...

2-9

(2-45)
V in (t ) E m sin( 2f m )t E C sin( 2f C )t
W(2-45)(2-44)
Vout (t ) C1 E m sin( 2f m )t E C sin( 2f C )t 2 C 2 E m sin( 2f m )t E C sin( 2f C )t 2 (2-46)

V out (t ) C1 E C sin( 2f C )t C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C f m)t

W2-22

C 2 E m E C cos 2( f C f m)t C1 E m sin( 2f m )t C 2 E m2 sin 2 ( 2f m t )

(2-47)

C 2 E C2 sin 2 ( 2f C t )

(Fc-Fm), (Fc+Fm)2-47

(2-47)AM

(2-47)(2.22)

(2-22)(2-47)
JAM J
- -

EF

KAMW J

AM

J(npn)AM

K(npn)AMW J

- -

EF

AM Demodolator CircuitK

AM

(Rectifier Circuit)W
(Square law detector)(Envelope Detector)

Envelope Detector

AM

K J

KEF-AMEFK-
- -

EF

AM
JK(Am as input wave)

CK

F
KE
KR

K JEFEAMF

AM Transmitters

(Low Level transmitter)

-
W

(100kHz 300kHz)

(Microphone)W

-K(Phonograph record)(CD Rom)

-
- -

EF

(High Level transmitter)K

K-

K J

AM Receiver Block Diagram-

AM

KAMAM

EF
K(RF)

(Demodulation)

KAM - .(Receiver)

AM J

- -

EF

AM

The RF Section J

K(RF) .

K .

K .

The Mixer and Converter Section J

(Intermediate Frequencies (IF)

IF J

K
KAM J

AM

K

Receiver Parameters J

K(RF)
ESelectivityF J

Bandwidth Improvement J

W
- -

EF

BI

B RF
(2-48)
B IF

xzWBI
xHzzWBRF

[Hz]WBIF

NFi 10 Log BI

(2-49)

[decibel] WNFi

AM(NFiF

K10kHz200kHz

(2-49) , (2-48)
NFi 10 Log B I 10 Log
Sensitivity

B RF
200
10 Log
13dB
B IF
10

Dynamic Power range

- -

EF

Fidelity Factor J

KW .
KW .

KW .
Insertion Loss (IL) J

K
W

IL 10 Log

Pout
Pin

(2-50)

(Noise Temperature and Equivalent Noise Temperature)

WW

N
KB

(2-51)

[Kelvin]WT
[Watts]WN

K=1.38 10 23 Joules WK
Kelvin

(Hertz)WB

(Te) J

(Signal to noise ratio)

100020TeK

WTeK
- -

EF

(3-5) Te T ( F 1)

(Kelvin)WTe
(Kelvin)WT

KEFWF

AM Receivers J
W
Coherent receivers J

EF

K(Oscillator)

Non coherent receivers J

3-2(The Super heterodyne AM receiver)

KW

JEF

- -

EF

K
K

fc

FLOK455

FLO=Fc+FIF 455(Fc)
EFK(FIF = 455kHz)

455

455
455K
K

K
K

KK

FIC=FLO Ffc

FLO=FC+FIFZ1000+455=1455kHzW1000kHzfcKEFC

Fc= 1455+455=1910kHz

1910kHzK455 kHzFc Fco

2FIF=910kHz1000kHzEF

K910kHz70kHz
- -

EF

(IF) J

K(FLO)

K
K1600550

20551005

114595
K

EF
K

KEF

K
K

EF

- -

EF

100kHzAM DSBFC

K5kHz
W

K3kHz

.
.
.
.

AM DSBFC

K20kHz

K5v20Vp
W

K
K

KE Em = 5V Ec=20Vp F

-
-
-

K

Pc=1000wm=0.2
W

KEF
K

- -

.
.
.
.

EF

KAM

KAM

(BI)(BIF)
K320kHz(BRF)16

(RF)(NFi)
K10kHz(IF)40kHz

16dB(Te)

KT=27C

K


K500kHz
K

- -

EF

W
Angle Modulation

W
K

K(PM)

K(FM)

K (FM)(PM)

.
.
.
.

KK


W
K -

K -

K -

K -

- -

EF

Introduction
-
KW

K(PM)(FM)
(AM)K

1936K1931

FM1939FM
K

(AM)

Angle Modulation

W
V (t ) E C cos2 fC t + (t)

(3-1)

W(3-1)K (t )
V (t ) E C cos (t )

(3-2)

( t) 2 f t + ( t )
C

- -

(3-3)

EF

K (t )

i (t )

d (t )
dt

(3-4)

W(3-4)(3-3)

i (t ) C

d (t )
dt

(3-5)

C 2

f C

KW (t )

KW d (t )
dt

J J

Phase and Frequency Modulation (PM and FM)

K(FM)(PM)

(PM)

W
(t ) Vm (t )

(3-6)

K radian W
Volts

KW Vm (t )

(FM)

d (t )
f V m (t )
dt

W
(3-7)

(t )

Vm ( ) d (to )

(3-8)

to

0W (t o )
- -

EF

(3-1)(3-8) , (3-6)
VPM (t ) EC cos2f C t Vm (t )

V FM (t ) E C cos 2f C t f

( ) d

W
(3-9)
(3-10)

(3-10) , (3-9)

W(3-5)(3-6)

i ( PM ) (t ) C

dV m (t )
dt

(3-11)

W(3-5)(3-7)

i ( FM ) (t ) C f V m (t )
(3-12)
(3-12) , (3-11)

J J

Theoretical Generation of PM and FM waves

K J(FM)

J J

VmKVm
KVm

- -

EF

K (FM) J

V (t ) 10 cos( 200t )
3

( t ) 200 t

d (t )
200
dt
2 f i 200 f i 100 Hz

i (t )

- -

EF

Modulation Index

J J
K

W
m Vm
(3-13)

(rad) Wm

LWKp

KWVm

K??
J

FmEKp= 2.5 rad / VF

WE

V ( t ) 2 cos( 2 2000 t )
m V m 2 . 5 2 5

W
rad

WK

fVm

(3-14)

fm
f
m
fm

(3-15)

KW f

f Vm

Wfm

KWkf

- -

EF

KHz
V

V ( t ) 2 cos( 2 2000 t )

FM
KHz
f Vm 5
2V 10 KHz
V

f
10 KHz

fm
2 KHz

FM
5

J J

Frequency Analysis of Angle Modulated Waves

KE

f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m
K

(3-1)

V (t ) E C cos 2 f C t

(t)

(3-16)

(3-16)(3-6)

V (t ) E C cos 2 f C t Vm(t)

(3-17)

Vm (t ) V cos m t

- -

(3-18)

EF

W(3-17)(3-18)

V (t ) E C cos 2 f C t
V cos m t

V (t ) E C cos 2 f C t + m cos
m t
(3-19)

WE3-13Fm KpV

cos( m cos ) J n ( m ) cos( n cos

n
)
2

(3-20)

KmnJn(m)

(3-19)(3-20)

V (t ) E C J n ( m ) cos( C t n m t

n
)
2

(3-21)

(5-21)

J o (m) cosC t J1 (m)cos(C m )t 2

V (t ) EC J1 (m)cos(C m )t J 2(m)cos(C m )t
2
2

2
(
)
cos(
)
...

J
m
t

C
m

(3-22)

(3-22)

(fc)

f c f m , f c 2 f m ,..., f c nf m W

KJ2(m), J1(m)

K J

KEJ1, J2,, J3, J4,,.. F

EJn(m) (Ec)unmodulatedF

- -

EF

n[m]

Jo

J1

J2

J3

J4

J5

J6

J7

J8

J9

J10

J11

J12

J13

J14

0.00

1.00

0.25

0.98

0.12

0.5

0.94

0.24

0.03

1.0

0.77

0.44

0.11

0.02

1.5

0.51

0.56

0.23

0.06

0.01

2.0

0.22

0.58

0.35

0.13

0.03

2.4

0.00

0.52

0.43

0.20

0.06

0.02

2.5

- 0.05

0.5

0.45

0.22

0.07

0.02

0.01

3.0

- 0.26

0.34

0.49

0.31

0.13

0.04

0.01

4.0

- 0.04

- 0.07

0.36

0.43

0.28

0.13

0.05

0.02

5.0

- 0.18

- 0.33

0.05

0.36

0.39

0.26

0.13

0.05

0.02

6.0

0.15

- 0.28

- 0.24

0.11

0.36

0.36

0.25

0.13

0.06

0.02

7.0

0.30

0.00

- 0.30

- 0.17

0.16

0.35

0.34

0.23

0.13

0.06

0.02

8.0

0.17

0.23

- 0.11

- 0.29

- 0.10

0.19

0.34

0.32

0.22

0.13

0.06

0.03

9.0

- 0.09

0.25

0.14

- 0.18

- 0.27

- 0.06

0.20

0.33

0.31

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

10.0

- 0.25

0.05

0.25

0.06

- 0.22

- 0.23

- 0.01

0.22

0.32

0.29

0.21

0.12

0.06

0.03

0.01

(m) J

JKJn[m]

K10m

KmJn[m] J

J
- -

EF

m=1FM
Vm(t)=Vm sin (2 1000t)

Vc(t)=10 sin (2 5x104t)

W
.
.
.

K3m=1 J
J0 = 0.77 (10)
J1 = 0.44 (10)
J2 = 0.11 (10)
J3 = 0.02 (10)

= 7.7 V
= 4.4 V
= 1.1 V
= 0.2 V

7.7
4.4

4.4
1.1

1.1
0.2

0.2
7

10

11

12

13

F KHz

J J

Bandwidth requirement for Angle Modulated

J

WK

W(AM)
B 2. f m

(3-24)
- -

EF

WW
B 2f
(3-25)
W

B 2( n f m )

(3-26)

Wn

KEFWfm

(Carson)193928W

B 2 f

f m (max)

Hz E3-27F

WF

EFWfm(max)

(3-24)Ffm(max)

Fm(max)F

K(3-25)

98%K
EFK

F =10kHzFM

Kfc= 500kHzEc=10vfm=10kHz
W

- -

EF

K
K

.
.

J

B = 2 ( n x fm)
mn
f
fm
m=10k / 10k =1 , m = 1

n=3Wm=1 J
W

B = 2 ( 3 x 10 K ) = 60 KHz.

W J

B = 2 (F + fm(max))

B = 2 (10 K + 10 K ) = 40 kHz

- -

EF

J J

Average Power of an Angle Modulated Wave

AM
K

EF
PC

E C2

2R

(3-28)

(3-29)

Pt P0 P1 P2 P3 .... Pn

Pt

V
E
V
V
V
2

....

2R
2R
2R 2R 2R
2
0

2
1

2
2

2
3

2
n

(3-30)

WPt

WP0

WP1

WP2

WP3

nWPn

WE0 = J0 Ec
WV1= J1 Ec
KnWVn = Jn Ec

JJ0, J1 , Jn

(5-30)2K

Kfcfc

- -

EF

F JFM J
KERL = 50 Ohms

K J
W

Ec =10V , m=1, n=3

(3-28) J
PC

10 2

1 W

2(50)

W(3-30)

K JJo E0 = J0 Ec= 7.7V J

V1= J1 Ec=0.2 V J

V2= J2 Ec = 1.1 V
V3= J3 Ec=4.4V

JEJ1=0.44 , J2=0.11, J3=0.02F

W(3-30) J
Pt = 1.0051 W

- -

EF

Angle Modulated Transmitters

FMK

KFM J

fc

(3-31)

Lc

W
f

1
L (c c )

(3-32)

Cf

EHF L K

KFM J

KPMK

KPM J

- -

EF

PM J
J

Angle Modulated Receivers

W
J

Slop detection circuit

J
J
foK
K

- -

EF

J
f
K JV

K
J
Peak-Differential detection circuit

K J
EF J

- -

EF

J
f1 C1, C2, L1Q2
K Jf2Q1
fc
Q2, Q1
KEF
Q4, Q3
KC4C3 Q4Q3
Q6, Q5
Q6 EFEF
KEF

- -

EF

K
J

Ratio detection circuit

J
K(C) L1
K J
K
C3 J
K

- -

EF

K10v5kHzFM
W

2V

.
.

K5V2 radPM
W

K2v

.
.

KKKKKKKKKFM
Vm(t) =10 sin 2 2000t

K

.
.

Kp= 1.5 PM

Vm(t) = 2 sin (2 2000t)

.
.

W
- -

EF

Vm(t) = Vm sin 22000tFMm=2

Vc(t) = 8 sin (2 800Kt)

K
K

K
K

-
-
-
-

K2.5 J

- -

- -

EF

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

KK

KK

KK
KK

KK

W

K -

KFDM J

K J

- -

EF

Introduction-

F
WKE

KFDM J

TDM J
K

K
K

FDM J

EfgF

E JF

K JK

- -

EF

KEF

JK

J

- -

EF

Kfc1= 100KHz fm1=1 KHz J

Kfc2= 200KHz fm2=2 KHz J

Kfc3= 300KHz fm3=3 KHz J

J
W
K

K J

(fg1) J
(fg2)

KBWT J

- -

EF

W J

BW1=(101-99) K= 2 KHz
W
BW2=(202-198) K= 4 KHz

BW1=(303-297) K= 6 KHz

W(fg1) J
fg1=(198-101) K=97 KHz
W(fg2)
fg2=(297-202) K=95 KHz

W J

BWT=(303-99) K = 204 KHz

BWT =BW1+BW2+BW3+ fg1+ fg2

= (2+4+6+97+95) K = 204 KHz

Telephone-Channel Multiplexing J

JK

- -

EF

K J

Basic Group

K J

K J

K J

Super Group

K
K J

- -

EF

K J

Master Group

KEF

K JU600 L600

K J

TH L3 KE F

KL4K










- -

EF

EfgF

W J

Kfc1= 150KHz fm1=5 KHz J

Kfc2= 400KHz fm2=20 KHz J

Kfc3= 500KHz fm3=30 KHz J

- -

EF

Wayane Tomasi `` Electronic communication systems fundamental through advanced `` .
Schaums outlines `` Analog and digital communications`` McGraw Hill (1993).
Horld B. Killen `` Communication techniques`` Macmilan publishing company New
York (1985).
Louis E. Frenzel `` Communication electronics principles and applications`` McGraw
Hill 3 rd edition (2000).
Gary M. Miller`` Modern electronic communications`` Prentice Hall International Inc
(1996).
Dornhofer G. and Nies A. ``STE 6.1.6 High frequency circuits using plug in system
electrical engineering and electronics`` Lybold Didactic GMBH (1990).
Lathi B.P. `` Modern digital communication systems`` second edition, Rinehart and
Winston Inc., Orlando 32887 (1989). The translated copy by. Dr. Ibrahim El khadi, Dr.
Abdelaziz El rouisi amd Dr. Adel Ali `` King Saoud University``.
Saad Ali El Haj Bakri and Mohamad abderhman El harbi`` Intoduction to
communication`` King Saoud university (1988).

- -

EF

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
...................................................................................................... -
................................................................................. -
................................................................................ -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK( CB ) J
........................................................................-
......................................................................................... -
........................................................................................-

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK -
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J
...

.............................................................. J

......................................................................................................

KKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
.................................................................................................. -
..................................................................................... -
............................................................ -
............................................................ -
.................................................................................. AM-
......................................................................... -
......................................................................... -

EF

..................................................................... -
.................................................................................... -
.................................................................................... -
............................................................. -
....................................................................................... -
............................................................................... -
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK -
......................................................................................................

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
................................................................................................ J
.......................................................................................... -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK( Narrow Band FM ) -

.................................................................................. 4-
................................................................................-
92.

.......... ............................... FM AM -

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKW
............................................................................................... J
................................................................................... -
................................................................................ -
....................................................................................................

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK