KY HIEU

Gia tr tai tnh iem Q (quiescent-point): IEQ, VCEQ Gia tr mot chieu (DC): IE, VCE Tong gia tr tc thi: iE, vCE Gia tr tc thi cua thanh phan thay oi theo thi gian: ie, vce

iE = I E + ie

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CHNG 1: DIODE BAN DAN

1.1 Gii thieu 1.2 Vat lieu ban dan 1.3 Diode ban dan thong thng 1.4 Chnh lu 1.5 Phan tch mach Diode 1.6 Mach xen (Clippers) va mach ghim ien ap (Clampers) 1.7 Diode Zener 1.8 Cac loai Diode khac 1.9 Anh hng cua nhiet o va cac thong so ky thuat

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1.1 GII THIEU Diode la mot linh kien ien t phi tuyen n gian nhat. Cac loai diode: Diode chan khong, Diode kh, Diode chnh lu kim loai, Diode ban dan, vv. Diode ban dan: Cau tao va tnh chat. Phng phap phan tch mach. ng dung.

1.2 VAT LIEU BAN DAN Cac vat lieu ban dan thng dung: Silicon (Si) Germanium (Ge) Gallium Arsenide (GaAs)

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1.2.1 Cau truc nguyen t va cau truc tinh the

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1.2.2 S dan ien Cac mc nang lng

S dan ien trong chat ban dan

Dong khuech tan (diffusion current): Khi co s thay oi mat o electron (hole) Dong chay (drift current): Khi co ien trng ngoai

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1.2.3 Ban dan loai p va ban dan loai n Doping: La qua trnh a vao chat ban dan cac chat khac can thiet. Ban dan loai p
9 Chat a vao: Chat nhan (acceptor material). V du: Boron (III) 9 Cau truc tinh the va s o mc nang lng

9 Phan t mang ien chu yeu: Lo trong (positive): p-type material

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 Ban dan loai n

9 Chat a vao: Chat cho (donor material). V du: Phosphorus (V) 9 Cau truc tinh the va s o mc nang lng

9 Phan t mang ien chu yeu: Electron (negative): n-type material

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1.3 DIODE BAN DAN THONG THNG 1.3.1 Cau truc cua Diode ban dan Cau truc va ky hieu

Lp tiep xuc pn (pn junction)

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 S phan cc cua Diode (bias)

1.3.2 Quan he gia dong ien va ien ap cua Diode Diode ly tng
vi ri + vD _ iD

9 vi > 0: iD > 0 va vD = 0 (Diode ngan mach: short circuit) 9 vi < 0: vD < 0 va iD = 0 (Diode h mach: open circuit)
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 ac tuyen Volt-Ampere (VA) cua Diode

iD = I o

qv D (e mkT

1) = I o (e

vD mVT

1)

Io: Dong phan cc nghch bao hoa

vD mVT

(reverse saturation current), A q = 1,6E-19 C k = 1,38E-23 J/ oK: Hang so Boltzmann T: Nhiet o tuyet oi, oK m: 1 m 2: Hang so thc nghiem

Ioe

VT =

kT 25 mV, tai nhiet o phong q

vD mVT

(27 oC) 9 Phan cc thuan (vD > 0): Khi v D >> mVT : iD I o e
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9 Phan cc nghch (vD < 0): Khi v D >> mVT : iD I o

10

 Diode thc te va Xap x tuyen tnh hoa tng oan (piecewiselinear approximation)

1.3.3 Mach ien tng ng cua Diode <Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]> 1.3.4 Cac phng phap phan tch mach dung Diode <Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>
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1.4 CHNH LU (Rectification) Chnh lu la qua trnh chuyen oi t tn hieu xoay chieu (ac) thanh tn hieu mot chieu (dc). Lu y: Cac v du trong phan nay s dung ac tuyen Diode ly tng. 1.4.1 Chnh lu ban song (Half-wave rectification)
ri
1

+ vD _ Ideal diode

iD RL + vL _

vi = Vimcos(ot)

Nguon (Source)

Tai (Load)

nh luat Kirchhoff ve ien ap (KVL): iD =

vi > 0: vD = 0 (Diode ngan mach), iD =

vi v D ri + RL

vi vR , v L = RL i D = i L ri + RL ri + RL

vi < 0: Diode h mach: iD = 0 , v L = RL iD = 0

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 ien ap tren tai vL (Chnh lu ban song):

Phan tch tn hieu chnh lu ban song: VLm 1 Gia tr trung bnh: VL , dc = v L (t )dt = TT
Khai trien Fourier: v L (t ) =VLm

2 2 1 1 cos 2o t cos 4o t + ... + cos o t + 3 15 2

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13

 Loc (filter) tn hieu chnh lu ban song:

9 Mach loc dung e loc bo cac hai xoay chieu (harmonics) nham gi lai thanh phan mot chieu cua tn hieu vL(t): Loc thong thap (lowpass filter LPF). 9 Cac dang mach loc c ban:
R R L R L

(a)

(b)
VLn VLn 100n

(c)

9 Gia s dung mach loc (a) vi RC = 100/o va R >> RL. Bien o ien ap ngo ra cua mach loc tai tan so no (n1) la:

Von =

1 + (no RC )2

vi VLn la bien o ien ap ngo vao cua mach loc tai tan so no. S dung nguyen ly chong chap, ien ap ngo ra:
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1 1 1 1 vo (t ) VLm + sin 2o t sin 4o t + ... sin o t + 300 3000 200

9 o gn song (Ripple factor): Thanh phan DC: Thanh phan gn song:

VL , dc =

VLm

1 1 vr = VLm sin o t + sin 2o t ... 300 200

1/ 2

Gia tr hieu dung (rms) cua thanh phan gn song:

(vr ) rms

1 [vr (t )]2 dt T T

VLm 1 1 V ... = Lm + + 280 2 ( 200) 2 (300 ) 2

(vr ) rms o gn song = 0.011 VL , dc 280

Nothing is difficult to those who have the will. - Dutch Poet's Society
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1.4.2 Chnh lu toan song (Full-wave rectification)

Ri 5 1 1 6 4 Ri 8 1 D2 D1

vi

RL

+ vL _

D4 vi
4 -

D1
+ 2

_ RL vL +

D3
3

D2

Hoat ong va ien ap ra tren tai vL (Chnh lu toan song)

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16

 Phan tch tn hieu chnh lu toan song 2V Gia tr trung bnh: VL , dc = Lm

Khai trien Fourier: v L (t ) = VLm

4 2 4 cos 2o t + cos 4o t + ... 15 3

Loc tn hieu chnh lu toan song

Gia s dung mach loc nh phan chnh lu ban song, ien ap ngo ra:

2 1 2 vo (t ) = VLm + sin 2o t sin 4o t + ... 1500 300 V Gia tr hieu dung cua thanh phan gn song: (vr ) rms Lm 210 1 = 0.0024 o gn song 420

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17

1.4.3 Mach loc (Filtering)

D1 5 1

vi
4

C
D2

RL

+ vo
_

Hoat ong
Tu C c nap nhanh en gia tr Vmax cua ien ap vo(t). Khi vo(t) giam, tu C phong ien qua RL vi quy luat: vo (t ) = Vmax e Qua trnh tuan hoan vi tan so cua ien ap chnh lu fp:
t RLC

f p = 2 fo f p = fo

: Chnh lu toan song : Chnh lu ban song

vi fo: Tan so cua nguon vi.

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 Phan tch va tnh toan mach

Xap x tn hieu ngo ra bang dang song rang ca (sawtooth wave) Tu C: C =

Vmax Vf p RL
Vmax Vmin = 2 3

ien ap gn song hieu dung: (vr ) rms

Chng minh: <Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]>

1.4.4 Mach nhan oi ien ap (Voltage-doubling circuit)

V du 1: (Nhan oi ien ap mot ban chu ky)

C1 1 5 D2

vS
4 8

+
D1

C2

9 Ban ky am cua vS: C1 nap ien qua D1 en ien ap VSmax 9 Ban ky dng cua vS: ien ap chong chap cua C1 va vS nap ien cho C2 qua D2 en ien ap 2VSmax
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 V du 2: (Nhan oi ien ap hai ban chu ky)

D1 1 5 D2

RL

+ _

vS
4 8

C2

C1

9 Ban ky dng cua vS:

C2 nap ien qua D1 en ien ap VSmax Tong ien ap vS va VSmax tren C1 (c nap t ban ky trc) at len tai RL thong qua D1

9 Ban ky am cua vS:

C1 nap ien qua D2 en ien ap VSmax Tong ien ap vS va VSmax tren C2 (c nap t ban ky trc) at len tai RL thong qua D2

1.4.5 Nhan tan so (Frequency multiplication)

9 Mach chnh lu tao ra tn hieu (hai harmonics) tai cac tan so: no. 9 S dung mach loc thch hp e tach lay thanh phan hai can thiet.

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1.5 PHAN TCH MACH DIODE Lu y: Cac v du trong phan nay s dung ac tuyen Diode thc 1.5.1 Mach Diode n gian ng tai mot chieu (DC Load Line)
ri + vD vi
_

iD RL + vL
_

iD RT vT + vD
_

Diode hoac cac phan t phi tuyen

Mach tng ng Thevenin cua phan tuyen tnh

Phng phap o th
9 Phan t phi tuyen c the hien bang ac tuyen VA: iD = f (v D ) 9 Phan con lai (tuyen tnh) c thay the bang mach tng ng Thevenin: v D = vT iD RT hay: iD =

1 v v D + T (DCLL) RT RT
21

Tm iem hoat ong (tnh iem Q quiescent point)

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 ien ap tng ng Thevenin vT thay oi (V du: vT = VTmsint)

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1.5.2 Phan tch tn hieu nho ien tr ong (Dynamic resistance)

Tn hieu nho
Thanh phan thay oi (ac) cua tn hieu la rat nho so vi thanh phan dc.

vT = Vdc + vi = Vdc + Vim sin t

vi Vim << Vdc

Phng phap ket hp o th phan tch (graphical-analytical)

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Phan tch tn hieu nho: Chuyen truc toa o ve Q:

id = iD I DQ vd = v D VDQ

Tn hieu nho: Xem ab la oan thang i qua Q va co phng trnh: id =

vd rd

v D ien tr ong (dynamic resistance): rd = iD

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 Tnh gia tr ien tr ong

T phng trnh: iD I o e
vD mVT

, gia tr ien tr ong:

v D rd = iD
vi:

v D iD

mVT m 25( mV ) = = I DQ I DQ

IDQ: Dong ien tnh iem qua Diode

Mach tng ng
RT Vdc + VDQ
_

RT vi

rd id

IDQ

(a)

(b)

9 Mach (a): Tm tnh iem Q (IDQ va VDQ), s dung phng phap o th 9 Mach (b): Tm ap ng tn hieu nho (id va vd), s dung ien tr ong va cac nh luat Kirchhoff 9 Dung nguyen ly xep chong e tm tong ap ng
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 Mach ien co thanh phan ien khang - reactive elements (LC)

V du: vi = Vimsint Vdc Mach tng ng: ri Vdc +V _
DQ

ri

+ vD _ R1

C RL Gia s: 1/C << RL va Vim << Vdc ri R1 vi rd R1 RL

IDQ

(a)

(b)

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26

1.5.3 ng tai xoay chieu (AC Load Line - ACLL) Xet v du tren
vi = Vimsint Vdc ri + vD _ R1 C RL Gia s: 1/C << RL va Vim << Vdc

Tn hieu dc
ien tr mach tng ng Thevenin nhn t Diode: RTdc = ri + R1 o doc cua DCLL: slopedc =

1 1 = RTdc ri + R1

Tn hieu nho (ac)

ien tr mach tng ng Thevenin nhn t Diode: RTac = ri + R1//RL o doc cua ACLL: slopeac =

1 1 = RTac ri + R1 // RL

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 Phan tch o th

1.5.4 Phan tch tn hieu ln S meo dang va dch chuyen tnh iem <Xem TLTK [2]> 1.5.5 Phan tch tuyen tnh hoa tng oan va mach tng ng <Xem TLTK [2]>
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1.6 MACH XEN VA MACH GHIM IEN AP <Xem TLTK [3]> 1.6.1 Mach xen (Clippers)
Mach xen dung e loai bo tn hieu nam di (hay tren) mot mc chuan (reference level)

V du 1: (Gia s Diode ly tng)

R vi VB vo

V du 2: (Gia s Diode ly tng)

R

vi VB
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vo

29

 V du 3: (Gia s Diode ly tng)

R vi vo VB1 VB2

1.6.2 Mach ghim ien ap (Clampers)

Mach ghim ien ap thc hien viec di chuyen tn hieu (shifting operation) theo truc Y vi o dch chuyen phu thuoc vao dang song ngo vao sao cho tn hieu ngo ra luon c ghim (clamped) tai mot gia tr co nh.

V du: Gia s Diode ly tng, RC >> T va Vm > VB

C VC = Vm -VB vi R

vo

VB

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1.7 DIODE ZENER

Diode Zener: Hoat ong chu yeu trong vung phan cc nghch Ky hieu va ac tuyen VA
9 Phan cc thuan: Nh Diode thong thng 9 Phan cc nghch: I Z max iZ I Z min , vZ = VZ = constant VZ: ien ap Zener toi a cua Diode Zener IZmin: Dong phan cc nghch toi thieu e vZ = VZ, thng IZmin = 0.1 IZmax PZmax = VZIZmax: Cong suat toi a tieu tan tren Diode Zener

IZmax: Dong phan cc nghch

ng dung: Thng dung e tao ien ap chuan (reference voltage)

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1.7.1 Mach on ap dung Diode Zener (Zener regulator)

iR vS Ri iZ iL + VZ _ RL vS va iL: Khong on nh

Muc ch: Thiet ke mach sao cho Diode Zener hoat ong trong vung on
ap (vung gay breakdown region): IZmax iZ IZmin , vZ = VZ

Phan tch: v VZ vS VZ v VZ Ri = S = iZ = S iL iR iZ + i L Ri
e IZmax iZ IZmin vi moi gia tr cua vS va iL: min(iZ) IZmin va max(iZ) IZmax

VS min VZ min(iZ ) = I L max I Z min Ri

va max(iZ ) =
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VS max VZ I L min I Z max Ri

32

VZ VS min VZ V Ri S max I L max + I Z min I L min + I Z max

Vi yeu cau ve nguon (vS) va tai (iL) cho trc, e chon c Ri can phai co

VS min VZ VS max VZ , thng chon IZmin = 0.1 IZmax I L max + I Z min I L min + I Z max
Chon Diode Zener sao cho: I Z max

I L max (VS max VZ ) I L min (VS min VZ ) VS min 0.9VZ 0.1VS max

va: I Z max I L max va: Ri V du 1: Thiet ke mach on ap dung Diode Zener: VZ = 10 V a) vS : 14 20 V va iL: 100 200 mA

I Z min = 0.1I Z max I L min I Z max 10 I L min

Thiet ke: Lam theo th t ngc lai e xac nh IZmax cua Diode Zener va

I Z max

I L max (VS max VZ ) I L min (VS min VZ ) = 0.533 A VS min 0.9VZ 0.1VS max

va I Z max I L max = 0.2 A

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va I Z max 10 I L min = 1A Chon IZmax = 0.533A Ri = 15.8 Can xet en cong suat tieu tan cc ai tren Ri va Diode Zener: Tren Ri: PRimax = (VSmax VZ)2 / Ri = 6.33 W PDiode = IZmaxVZ = 5.33 W Tren Diode Zener:

b) vS : 10.2 14 V va iL: 20 200 mA

I Z max

I L max (VS max VZ ) I L min (VS min VZ ) = 4 A VS min 0.9VZ 0.1VS max

Khong thiet ke c !!! V du 2: VZ = 7.2 V; vS = Vdc = 12 V; iL: 12 100 mA; Tm Ri VSmax = VSmin = Vdc = 12V

I Z max

I L max (VS max VZ ) I L min (VS min VZ ) = 97.8mA VS min 0.9VZ 0.1VS max

va I Z max I L max = 100mA va I Z max 10 I L min = 120mA Chon IZmax = 100 mA

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 43.5 Ri 40: Chon Ri = 43.5 Cong suat tieu tan cc ai: Tren Ri: PRimax = (Vdc VZ)2/ Ri = 0.53W Tren Diode Zener: PDiode = IZmaxVZ = 0.72 W

1.7.2 Diode Zener thc te va o thay oi ien ap (percent regulation)

Diode Zener thc te: <Xem TLTK [2]>

9 ac tuyen VA

9 Dung phng phap o th e phan tch mach.

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 o thay oi ien ap:

9 V du: Xet V du 1a) trong phan trc. Gia s IZmin = 0.1IZmax = 0.053A Diode Zener thc te co gia tr ien tr ong: rd = 2 Mach tng ng: Ri Diode Zener ly tng rd ien ap ra: Vomax = 10 + 0.532 = 11.1V Vomin = 10 + 0.0532 = 10.1V 9 o thay oi ien ap: %Reg = (Vomax Vomin) / Vo danh nh (nominal) %Reg = (11.1 10.1) / 10 = 10% Never, never, never give up. - Winston Churchill, Sir (1874-1965)
Chng 1 36

iL VZ iZ + vo _

1.8 CAC LOAI DIODE KHAC <Xem Giao trnh va TLTK [3]> 1.9 ANH HNG CUA NHIET O VA CAC THONG SO KY THUAT 1.9.1 Anh hng cua nhiet o

Anh hng len ac tuyen VA

9 ien ap ngng V (turn-on voltage)

V = V (T1 ) V (To ) = k (T1 To )

k = 2.5 mV/ oC 9 Dong phan cc ngc bao hoa Io

I o (T2 ) = I o (T1 )e K (T2 T1 )

K = 0.07 / oC

Quan he gia cong suat va nhiet o cua Diode <Xem TLTK [2]>
9 nh luat Ohm

T2 T1 = 21 P
21: ien tr nhiet (thermal resistance) gia 2 va 1 (oC / W) P: Cong suat tieu tan (power dissipation) tai 2 (W)
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Tj jc Pj Tc c

T j Tc = jc Pj Tc Ta = ca Pj

Ta Tj Tjmax: Cho trc bi nha san xuat jc: Hang so, cho trc bi nha san xuat ca: Co the thay oi c, s dung tan nhiet (heat sink) e giam ca Giam Tj vi cung cong suat Pj (Ta = constant)

9 ng suy giam cong suat (Derating Curve)

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1.9.2 Thong so ky thuat <Xem TLTK [2], [3]>

Diode thong thng

1. ien ap ngc cc ai (PIV Peak Inverse Voltage) 2. Dong phan cc nghch cc ai tai PIV 3. ien ap phan cc thuan cc ai 4. Gia tr trung bnh cua chnh lu ban song 5. Nhiet o cc ai cho tiep giap pn Tjmax 6. ng suy giam cong suat 6. Dong ien tai iem goi IZk 7. ien tr ong tai iem goi RZk 8. Nhiet o cc ai cho tiep giap pn Tjmax 9. He so nhiet o (temperature coefficient) TC, the hien s thay oi cua VZ theo nhiet o

Diode Zener
1. ien ap danh nh (nominal reference voltage) VZT 2. o thay oi (tolerance) gia cac Diode 3. Cong suat tieu tan cc ai Pmax 4. Dong ien th (test current) IZT 5. ien tr ong tai dong th RZT

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