Chng 7: MACH KHUECH AI HOI TIEP

7.1 Gii thieu 7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep 7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap 7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra 7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep 7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay 7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep 7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep

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7.1 Gii thieu

Mach khuech ai ly thuyet Mach khuech ai thc te Ky thuat hoi tiep

7.2 Khai niem c ban ve mach hoi tiep

4 cau hnh mach hoi tiep c ban: Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien (voltage feedback and current error)

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Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap (voltage feedback and voltage error)

Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech dong ien (current feedback and current error)

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Hoi tiep dong ien, sai lech ien ap (current feedback and voltage error)

Thanh phan chung: 1. Bo khuech ai: Ri, ro, Ai (hoac Av) 2. Mach hoi tiep : R, Rf, nguon dong (ap) phu thuoc 3. Mach cong hay tr ien ap (hoac dong ien) nh ngha: 1. o li toan bo (overall) hay ngoai (external) cua mach khuech ai co hoi tiep: o li dong: Aif = iL / ii (hnh a va c) o li ap: Avf = vL / vi (hnh b va d) 2. o li thuan (forward) hay trong (internal) cua mach khuech ai khong hoi tiep: o li dong:

Ai = Aif

Gi = 0 or

Ki = 0

(hnh a va c)

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o li ap:

Av = Avf

K v = 0 or

K = 0

(hnh b va d)

7.3 o li cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ien ap

7.3.1 Hoi tep ien ap, sai lech dong ien Mach hoi tiep: R >> RL

Mach tng ng: (Vi mach hoi tiep, thay vL bang vL )

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Gia s tr khang nhn t mach hoi tiep vao mach tr rat nho so vi Rf, suy ra: if = GivL Dong sai lech (Gia s Rf >> Ri): ie = ii if = ii GivL Dong tai (Gia s RL << ro): iL = Aiie = Ai(ii GivL) e tnh o li toan bo, thay vL bang vL, suy ra: vL = iLRL = RLAi(ii GivL) o li dong toan bo: Aif = iL / ii =

Nhan xet: Ai u ln: Aif 1 / (GiRL) khong phu thuoc vao mach khuech ai (Ai). Theo nh ngha, o li dong thuan cua mach khuech ai khong co hoi tiep:

Ai ' 1 + Ai ' Gi R L

Ai = Aif

Gi = 0

= Ai '
' i =0 vL i

v o li vong T (loop gain): T = L

Theo nh ngha tren, khi ii = 0 va gia s Rf rat ln: ie = -if = -GivL ngo ra: vL = iLRL = AiieRL = -AiGiRLvL T = -AiGiRL 9 T<0: Hoi tiep am (negative feedback) 9 T>0: Hoi tiep dng (positive feedback) Overall gain: Aif =

Ai 1T

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V du 1: Xac nh Aif cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep ap sai lech dong sau:

a ien tr Rf ve ngo vao va ra, mach tng ng (Chu y: Thay vL bang vL ngo vao)

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Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:

Thong thng: Ai >> Ri / Rf va Rf >> RL Ngo ra: Rf xem nh khong anh hng o li dong thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (vL = 0):

Ai =

( ri // R f ) iL ' = A i ' =0 + ii v L r R R ( // ) f i i

o li vong T:

T=

vL
' i =0 vL i

Ai'

RL ( ri // R f ) + Ri R f

( ri // R f )

o li toan mach:

Aif =

Nhan xet: Neu T >> 1 Aif Ai / (-T) = - Rf / RL Neu T u ln: 9 Aif ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (Rf) va ien tr tai (RL) 9 Avr ch phu thuoc vao ty so cua ien tr mach hoi tiep (Rf) va ien tr nguon (RL) [2]
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Ai (Kiem chng: Xem TLTK [2]) 1T

V du 2: Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep va o li vong cua mach khuech ai sau.

Tnh o li dong thuan khong co hoi tiep Ai: Mach tng ng (vL = 0):

( ri // R f ) Rc iL ' = ( Ai ) h fe Ai = ' ( r // R ) + 2h + R =0 + R R ii v L c L i f ie T
Tnh o li vong T: Mach tng ng (ii = 0):
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Nhan xet: -T >> 1, Aif Ai / (-T) = - Rf / RL :khong phu thuoc hfe va Ai 7.3.2 Hoi tiep ien ap, sai lech ien ap Mach hoi tiep:

( ri // R f ) Rc ( Ai' ) h fe ( r // R ) + 2h + R + R R c i i f ie T Ai o li toan mach: Aif = 1T vL

RL = T= ' v L ii = 0 Rf

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10

Mach tng ng: (Gia s mach hoi tiep khong anh hng en ngo ra) Chu y: Thay vL bang vL

Gia s Rf khong anh hng mach tr vf = KvvL Ap sai lech: ve = vi vf = vi - KvvL ien ap ngo ra: (gia s ro << RL): vL = Avve = Av(vi - KvvL) e tnh o li ap toan bo, thay vL bang vL Avf
' Av vL = = ' v i 1 + K v Av

Neu tnh theo o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep (Av) va o li vong T: o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep Av = Avf

Kv = 0

' = Av

v o li vong: T = L
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' v =0 vL i

' = K v Av

11

 Overall gain: Avf =

Av 1T

V du 3: Tnh Avf cua mach khuech ai hoi tiep sau. Gia s ro << R2.

Mach tng ng:

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12

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho:

o li ap thuan khi khong co hoi tiep:

o li vong T:

vL ' RL 1 [ ] = Av Av = ' h fe ( Rc // Ri ) r + 2h + R =0 + R r vi v L i L o ie f R1 ' RL 1 [ ] = h R R A ( // ) fe c i ' v =0 v R +r + + + R R r h R 2 vL 1 i L o 2 i ie f vL

T=

o li ap toan bo:

Avf =

Av 1T

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13

7.4 Tr khang ngo vao va ngo ra

7.4.1 Tr khang ngo vao (input impedance) i) Sai lech dong Xet mach sau:

v Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Z if = 1

Gia s Rf >> RL , t mach tng ng : v1 = ieRi

ii

Mat khac: vL = -AiieRL Z if =

v L ri // R f Vi i e = ii + Rf Ri + ri // R f

' Ai

Ri // ri // R f 1T

vi o li vong T =

Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep (vL = 0): Zi = Ri // ri // Rf

RL Rf

ri // R f R + r // R f i i

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14

 Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Z if = Vi

Zi: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep T: o li vong Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp ri mac song song. Trong trng hp ri mac noi tiep nh hnh ve di, tr khang ngo vao c tnh theo cac bc sau:

Zi 1T

a) Bien oi tng ng Thevenin Norton, khi nay ri se mac song song b) Tnh Zif theo cong thc hoi tiep tren c) Zif gom ri mac song song vi Zif d) Vi mach ban au: Zifv = ri + Zif

1 1 1 = + ' Tnh Zif Z if ri Z if

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15

ii) Sai lech ap Xet mach trong v du 3:

v Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo vao: Z ifv = i , t mach tng ng tn hieu nho:
ib1

ri + R f + 2hie v i [ R1 /( R1 + R2 )]v L . Do Avf = vL/vi Z ifv = = 1 [ R1 /( R1 + R2 )] Avf ri + R f + 2hie Av [( R1 + R2 ) / R1 ]T R1 A vi T = = A vf v 1T 1T R1 + R2 ri + R f + 2hie = (1 T )( ri + R f + 2hie ) = 1 + [T /(1 T )]

i b1

Mat khac: Avf = Z ifv

Khi khong co hoi tiep (vL = 0) : Zi = ri + Rf + 2hie Tong quat: Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Zifv = (1-T)Zi Vi: Zi: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep
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T: o li vong Chu y: Cong thc tren ch ung trong trng hp ri mac noi tiep. 7.4.2 Tr khang ngo ra (output impedance) i) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong Xet mach hoi tiep ap Sai lech dong sau:

v Theo nh ngha, tr khang ngo ra: Z of = L

io v i = 0

Gia s Rf khong anh hng en ngo ra io = iL + Aiie Tren tai: iL = vL / RL ngo vao: i e = L R R + r // R f f i i Dan nap ngo ra (output admittance): Yof

ri // R f

Ai' ri // R f 1 1 = = + Z of R L R f Ri + ri // R f

1T = RL
17

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 Tr khang ngo ra: Z of =

Khi khong co hoi tiep: Zo = RL

RL 1T Zo 1T

Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra: Z of = Vi:

Zo: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep T: o li vong

ii) Hoi tiep ap Sai lech ap Xet mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap sau:

Tr khang ngo ra: Z of

' ve v L v L Av vL vi io = + = RL ro io v i = 0

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18

 h fe R1 1 (Rc // Ri ) ngo vao: v e = vL R1 + R2 R f + ri + 2hie ' R L h fe R1 1 (Rc // Ri ) Av Mat khac, o li vong T: T = r + R R + R R + r + 2 h i ie L 2 f 1 o T ve = v L ' Av [ R L /( ro + R L )] 1 T 1 1 1 1 = + = + (1 T ) Yof = Z of R L ro ro R L /( ro + R L ) R L ro
Khi khong co hoi tiep: Zo = RL // ro Tong quat: Tr khang ngo ra: Z of = Vi:

Zo: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep T: o li vong

Zo 1T

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7.5 V du ve phan tch mach khuech ai hoi tiep

V du 4: Xac nh Avf, Aif, T, Zif, Zof cua mach K hoi tiep sau, gia s cac TST giong nhau co hre = hoe = 0.

V Rf >> RL, chuyen Rf ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap

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 Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (vi = 0):

T=

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan Av (vL = 0):

h fe Rc 1 2 vi RA = (hfe +1)2RL + 2hie3 ( ) 1 = + h R fe L ' v =0 vL i Rc + R A R f + ri + 2hie1 vL

Av =

vL = T ' =0 vi v L

o li ap: Avf =

Av 1T ri o li dong: Aif = R Avf L

21

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 Tr khang ngo vao: Xet mach tng ng tn hieu nho, tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Ziv = ri + Rf + 2hie1 Hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Zifv = Ziv(1-T) Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Zifi = ri // (Zifv ri) Tr khang ngo ra:

Rc Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Z o = R L // 2hib 4 + 2 ( h fe + 1) Zo Tr khang ngo ra: Z of = 1T

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V du 5: Xac nh T, Aif, Zif, Zof cua mach sau.

Chuyen Rf ve ngo vao, mach tng ng: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap:

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 Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li vong T (vi = 0):

T=

vL
' v =0 vL i

= [ h fe ( h fe + 1)( Rc 2

Rc1 1 // R L )] h fe Rc1 + 2hie3 ri + 2hie1 + R f

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho e tnh o li ap thuan Av (vL =0):

Av =

vL = T ' =0 vi v L

Tr khang ngo vao: Tr khang ngo vao khi khong co hoi tiep nhn t nguon ap: Zi = ri + Rf + 2hie Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech ap Tr khang ngo vao: Zif = Zi (1-T)

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 Tr khang ngo ra:

Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Zo = Rc2 // RL Tr khang ngo ra: Z of =

V du 6: Xac nh o li ap Avf1 = vo1 / vi; Avf2 = vo2 / vi; tr khang ngo vao Zif va tr khang ngo ra Zof1 va Zof2 cua mach K hoi tiep sau:

Zo 1T

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25

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong

o li vong T: Khong phu thuoc ngo ra la vL1 hay vL2

T=

v L1
' vL 1

Rc // Rb = [ h fe ( Rc // R L )] h fe vi = 0 Rc // Rb + hie

ri // Rb // R f 1 r // R // R h + b f ie i Rf

o li ap: o li ap thuan:

RfT v L1 9 Ngo ra la vL1: Av1 = = ' = 0 vi v L ri 1

9 Ngo ra la vL2: Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (a nguon vL2 vao mach hoi tiep)

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Bien oi tng ng Norton Thevenin:

Av 2

ri // R f // Rb 1 v L2 = = [ h fe ( Rc // Rb // hie )] ' = 0 r R R h + vi v L // // 2 i f b ie ri Av1 A va Avf 2 = v 2 1T 1T

27

o li ap: Avf 1 =

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 Tr khang ngo vao: Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong Bien oi Thevenin Norton nguon ap vi ri Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong khi khong co hoi tiep: Zi = ri//Rb//Rf//hie Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon dong: Z if = Do Zif = ri // Zif
' Z if

Zi 1T

Z if ri ri Z if

Tr khang ngo vao nhn t nguon ap: Zifv = ri + Zif Tr khang ngo ra: 9 Nhn t vL1: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Zo1 = RL // RC Z of 1 =

9 Nhn t vL2: Tr khang ngo ra khi khong co hoi tiep: Zo2 = Rc // Rb // hie Z of 2 =

Z o1 1T

Z o2 1T

7.6 Mach khuech ai hoi tiep va cac ham o nhay

Thc te: Ai (Av) rat ln o li toan mach ch phu thuoc vao mach hoi tiep. o nhay cua s thay oi o li (sensitivity to gain variations):
Aif nh ngha: S A i

dAif / Aif dAi / Ai

28

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T cong thc:

Aif =

Giam nhieu noi (reduction of internal disturbances): Xet s o khoi cua mach hoi tiep vi nhieu noi id nh sau: Gia s mach hoi tiep co Rf ; R .

Ai 1 Aif SA = i 1T 1T

= RL A1 A2 (ii Gi v L ) + A2 RL id id A R + Vi Ai = A1A2 va T = - AiGiRL v L = i L i i A Mach tng ng 1 T 1

ien ap ngo ra: v L ien ap ngo ra gay ra do nhieu noi: v L

o ln cua nhieu noi ngo ra phu thuoc vao v tr cua id trong mach K (A2): 9 id xuat hien tang cuoi: A2 = 1 id b giam (1-T) ngo ra 9 id xuat hien ngo vao: A2 = Ai: Nhieu va tn hieu vao cung c khuech ai
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A R id A2 RL = i L = id ii = 0 1 T A1 1 T

V du 7: o dn song (ripple voltage) cua nguon la vcc, tnh o dn song ngo ra.

Mach tng ng tn hieu nho (Gia s ri >> Rf >> RL): Mach hoi tiep ap sai lech dong Khi khong co hoi tiep (vL = 0): Superposition: v L

= vcc h fe RL

Rf

h fe RL v vL o li vong: T = v L = cc = ii ' + T R h 1 1 T vL f ie v Gia s T >> 1 v L cc R f ii T v o dn song ngo ra do vcc: v L ripple = cc : B suy hao bi o li vong T. T
7.7 Ky thuat thiet ke mach khuech ai hoi tiep 7.8 Cac ng dung khac cua ky thuat hoi tiep
Xem TLTK [1], [2]
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R f + hie h fe RL R f /( R f + hie )

ii