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Program PD Analysis
This program covers the following functions:
- Evaluation of the captured PD pulses in compliance to the relevant national and international standards
(IEC, VDE, AEIC, IPCEA, ASTM, ANSI, VDE), where the following main PD quantities are evaluated:
apparent charge q average discharge current I
pulse repetition rate n discharge power P
pulse repetition frequency N quadratic rate D
phase angle !
i
and time t
i
inception / extinction voltage V
i
/ V
e
- Replay of the above listed PD quantities using an operation panel similar to an audio or video player.
The following display modes are selectable:
1. Conventional phase resolved presentation of the PD pulses like an oscilloscope, where either a
linear time scale (Fig. 10a) or the elliptical scale (Fig. 10b) can be selected. Besides continuous
replay mode, which shows again the PD events appearing during the real-time PD measurement,
individual snapshots can be made at different cursor positions.
2. Conventional time and voltage dependent presentations of standardized PD quantities, such as
q, D and P. Example for this are shown in Fig. 10d and 10e. Changing the start and stop position
of the cursor, the interesting time intervals can be selected accordingly.
3. Sophisticated presentation of the phase-resolved PD pattern according to Fig. 10c, where an
impression on the PD activity is obtained by classification of the pulse number using a colour
code.
4. Phase resolved three-dimensional presentation, where different PD parameters can be
combined, such as the PD magnitude, pulse number and testing time (Fig. 11).
Fig. 10a Snapshot of phase-resolved PD Fig.10b Snapshot of phase-resolved PD
pulses using the linear time scale pulses using the elliptical time scale
10c Record of the phase-resolved PD pattern
10d) Record of the PD level versus the testing time
10e) Record of the PD level versus the test voltage
11a) PD pulse number vs. phase angle and pulse charge
11b) PD charge magnitude vs. phase angle and test time
3c) PD charge magnitude vs. phase angle and test voltage
11c) PD charge magnitude vs. phase angle and test voltage
Fig 11 Typical PC screen shots of three-dimensional presentations obtained by the program
Program PD Statistics
This program covers the following functions:
- Evaluation of fundamental statistical parameters of the stored phase and polarity resolved PD data,
which supports the identification and classification of PD faults.
- Presentation of the following graphs:
1. Distribution function of the peak, average and mean values of the PD pulse magnitude versus the
phase angle of the applied test voltage (Fig. 12a).
2. Distribution function Hn (q), which represents the total number of PD pulses versus the PD pulse
magnitude (Fig. 12b). Here the positive and negative pulse numbers are displayed separately.
3. Distribution functions Hn (q) for interesting time intervals, displayed like waterfall diagrams (Fig. 12c).
The time intervals can be chosen by setting the cursors accordingly.
4. Summary of the fundamental statistical parameters standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis
and cross correlation separated for the positive and negative half cycle (Fig. 12d). This parameters can
be considered as a Fingerprint of the detected PD failure.
12a) Statistical distribution functions of phase-resolved PD quantities
12a) Statistical distribution functions of phase resolved PD quantities
12b) Statistical distribution of the total PD pulse number Hn (q)
12c) Statistical distribution functions Hn (q) for five measuring intervals
12d) Calculated fundamental statistical parameters
Fig. 12: Typical PC screen shots obtained by the program window PD Statistics
Program PD Diagnosis
As well known, a common mathematical modelling of all PD failures is not available up to now. Only for
exceptional cases a mathematical model exists, which is suitable to describe a subclass of PD problems.
Therefore, an automatized diagnosis system for the identification and classification of PD failures is limited to the
recognition of specific symptoms in PD data records.
In this context it must be noted that the characteristic feature extraction of the PD data record is cut out for the
key position in the quality of the diagnosis result [30]. In the scientific field of the PD fault recognition exits a wide
range of formulations about the suitability of different features to be extracted. In the software program PD
Diagnosis of the LDWD-6 a combination of two independent feature detectors is realized. The Fourier
correlation coefficient of the phase resolved PD pulses is normalized to the number of the test voltage periods.
In order to describe the phase resolved PD pulse distribution, only a limited number of coefficients of the Fourier
series is necessary [30], which is used for the feature extraction array. Additionally, the variation of the
coefficients versus the test periods is inserted to the feature pool. Furthermore, the classical statistical operators
[31] of the derived histogram functions of the PD frequency distribution are included into the feature extraction
matrix.
After the extraction, the two resulting feature arrays are subjected by a classification schedule. The classification
is effected by means of comparison of feature extraction arrays of the actual measured PD data with feature
objects of all existing PD failure records, stored in a reference database. As the classification result, the qualified
probability of the class membership of the classified object array related to already identified PD faults is
evaluated and, after a mutual coincidence check, displayed on the computer screen of the device LDWD-6. As a
result the following two graphs are displayed:
1. PD failure classification (Fig. 15). Here the results of the actual PD measurement are compared with
PD failure types, already stored in the reference databank of the LDWD-6. If desired, the results of
the actual PD measurement can be added to the existing reference databank.
Fig. 15: PC screen shot of the panel Classification obtained by the program window PD Diagnosis
3.3. Complex Discharge Analysis System for on-site PD on cables
Fig. 16: Voltage shape of the CDA test voltage (a) and recorded signals at a test shot (b)
Lemke; Schmiegel; Elze; Ruwurm 1995 [26]
The new developed diagnostic tool ensures not only the measurement of the standardized PD
quantity "apparent charge" but also the location of the PD site in power cables. Because the
procedure bases on the complex analysis of PD events during the tail time t
2
, i. e. when the cable
capacitance is discharged, the test method is named: Complex Discharge Analyzing (CDA).
This procedure is characterized by the following benefits:
1. Low voltage stress, because a test level of 2 * U
0
seems sufficient for PD recognition.
2. Time saving, because in general already 5 shots at each voltage level are sufficient, with
respect to the statistics of PD events.
3. Low power demand, because of the comparatively long charging time of several seconds.
4. Low weight, because of the low power demand. Hence, non transportation problems.
5. Mains-independent power supply is possible, because of the low power demand.
6. PD fault location, because the wideband PD measurement is capable for the reflectometry
method.
Concept of a CDA PD analysis system
Fig 17 Impulse reflectogram of a single PD-Impulse Fig 18 PD-Faults on XLPE-Cables
3.2. Traveling Wave sensor technique for HV cable accessories
As already reported in [27], in case of PD diagnostics on extruded EHV cables there is only one
chance for sensitive PD recognition in the accessories, if they are equipped with PD couplers. For this
purpose besides conventional capacitive and inductive sensors, so-called travelling wave sensors
(TWS) are used. The latter ensure an ultra-wideband PD detection. Due to this, the detection of PD
pulses as low as 1 pC can be realized, even if the noise level exceeds several thousands of pC. The
in practice well proved principles for PD detecting using TW Sensors is schematically shown in Fig. 19
and Fig. 11; for more details see the references [28] and [29].
Fig. 19: TWS-technique for PD recognition and location in cable joints.
Upper: Test arrangement Lower: Characteristic records at
1- cable joint 5 ns/DIV resolution
2- cables to be connected
3- TW sensors Left- PD inside the joint
4- Casing of the joint Middle- PD outside the joint, left
5- VHF/UHF PD probe cable end
Right- PD outside the joint, right
cable end
Pommerenke; Krage; Lemke; Schmiegel 1975 [28]
Fig. 20: Set-up for PD detection using Directional Coupler Sensors (DCS)
Pommerenke; Strehl; Kalkner 1997 [29]
4. SUMMARY
It was the intent of this contribution to the PD Seminar, to give a chronological review of the historical
development in the very complex subject of electrical PD detection. Considering future trends it is
noticed, that increased demands on the reliability of HV equipment require advanced diagnostic tools.
Economic aspects and the reliability of diagnostic tools have to be taken into account. Practical
examples, especially in the field of after laying tests of power cables, should underline that the
development is going on, but much more work has yet to be done in the future.
Both Lemke Diagnostics GmbH and HV Technologies, Inc. are committed to continued research and
development in the field of partial discharge testing.
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