,

: (Cu,
Fe)
: (n-) )(p-)
(Si, TiO2, GaAs)
: (,
) (Cl, NaCl, H3PO4)
: (LixTiS2)
:
(AgI, ZrO2)

. H
(, ) ,
,
,
.
,
,
, .
,
.



.

, , ,
(, )

. ,

,

. ,
,

.

.

.
,

.



.

,
,

(.. ),

.
.

CH3COOH + H2O

CH3COO- + H3O+

o
, .


,
, ,
.
.



, ,
.

Ohm

(
)

Ohm

V RI
1 l

RA
, (Ohm-1 cm-1)

l
R
A

Ohm

1000

Cz

: (Ohm-1cm2grequiv-1)

-T Onsager

( A ) C

( ) C

,

.

-


,
(.. .)

.

, ,
C

fi ,
0 1.
,
.

ai f i Ci

1
2
I Ci zi
2 i 1

k .
ferricytochrome c Ferrocytochrome bs

Arrhenius
:
(+)
:
(-)
Bronsted-Lowry
:
:

A
B
Lewis
: ()
:

Ostwald

pK=-logK

. pH

.
pH. pH
. .. -

. pH
. pH
,
, pH=7. pH
,
.

Henderson-Haselbach

(
pH)
5.9-7.9.
pH
6.9 7.4.

,
pH,
.

.

.

.

Faraday .

() ,
.

.

, ,

( 2.8 ).

()
()

/
.


,
.

N Faraday
1 Faraday: m
,
,
Q=It
.

1
m ItA
F

2 Faraday:


. ,
.
Faraday,
F 96493 C.
6.023 1023 () .
1 Faraday (F)=Na e = 96493 Cmol-1

Daniel

Peter-Nerst

Peter Nerst

H

,
,

.

1 2
.

-
( )

Ag/AgCl
( )

Donnan