Variable Primary chilled water systems

2003 American Standard Inc.

variable primary chilled water systems

Todays Topics
Hyatt Singapore Hotel From Primary Secondary to Variable Primary Variable Primary advantages Chiller selection for Variable Primary
2003 American Standard Inc.

More System efficiency Reference Answers to your questions

Hyatt Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

chilled water systems

2003 American Standard Inc.

From Primary Secondary

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Primary Secondary
design

12. 0 C

650 tons 2

7.0C

12. 0 C

650 tons 3

7.0C

12.0C 98 lps (each) 12.0C primary pumps

2003 American Standard Inc.

650 tons 4 650 tons

7.0C

7.0C

12.0C 12.0C 392 lps bypass (decoupler) secondary pumps

7.0C 392 lps

Primary Secondary
part load

11.1C

650 tons 2

7.0C

11.1C

650 tons 3

7.0C

11.1C 98 lps (each) 11.1C primary pumps 12.0C 12.0C 320 lps bypass (decoupler)

650 tons 4 650 tons

7.0C

7.0C

7.0C 72 lps secondary pumps

2003 American Standard Inc.

7.0C 392 lps

Variable Primary
design
12.0C

1 800 tons 2 12.0C 83 lps (each) 12.0C 700 tons 3 700 tons P
(typical)

7.0C

7.0C

7.0C

12.0C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C 331 lps

7.0C 331 lps

Variable Primary
part load

12.0C

100 lps 2

7.0C

12.0C 75 lps (each) 12.0C

100 lps 3 100 lps P

(typical)

7.0C

7.0C

300 lps 12.0C

2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C 300 lps

0 lps

7.0C 300 lps

Variable Primary
system flow < minimum chiller flow rate

11.1 C

24 lps 2 off 3 off P

(typical)

7.0C

11.1C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C 20 lps

4 lps

7.0C 20 lps

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary production pumps (primary) 1 per chiller variable primary None, so Occupies less space Requires fewer connections

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary production pumps (primary) 1 per chiller variable primary None, so Occupies less space Requires fewer connections

distribution pumps (secondary)

Selected for distribution pressure drop (piping,coil, valve) Controlled from system P sensor

Selected for system pressure drop (coil, piping, valve, plus chiller) Controlled from system P sensor

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary Bypass line No obstructions Sized for 120% largest chiller flow Open most often variable primary Control valve Sized for largest minimum chiller flow Closed most often

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary Bypass line No obstructions Sized for 120% largest chiller flow Open most often variable primary Control valve Sized for largest minimum chiller flow Closed most often

Load determinant

Temperature difference

Flow through evaporator

2003 American Standard Inc.

From primarysecondary to variable primary

Comparative Summary
primarysecondary Bypass line No obstructions Sized for 120% largest chiller flow Open most often variable primary Control valve Sized for largest minimum chiller flow Closed most often

Load determinant

Temperature difference

Flow through evaporator

Flow-monitoring

Temperature sensors or flow meter

Flow meter or differential pressure sensors

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary chilled water systems

Advantages
2003 American Standard Inc.

variable primary chilled water systems

Advantages
Reduces capital investment Saves mechanical-room space Simplifies control Improves system reliability Improved chiller performance Saves energy
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Variable Primary advantages

Lower Capital Cost

Fewer Pumps Motors Pump bases Starters and wiring Fittings and piping Controls
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Less labor

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Variable Primary advantages

More Available Space

Opportunity to Add other equipment Select larger, more efficient chillers Improve service access

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Variable Primary advantages

Simplified Control
Unfetters chillers from flow-based control Operates distribution pumps to transport water not to start/stop chillers

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Variable Primary advantages

Improved Reliability
Provides system with Fewer pumps and accessories Fewer chiller recovery options Fewer pump recovery options Better balance between pumps and chillers online
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Improved Chiller Performance

Part Load
% Load vs. kW/ton -- using ARI Relief Method
0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 0.50
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[ARI Relief]

CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1

kW/ton

0.45

10

20

30

50 60 % Load Version 24.08, REVL 55066

40

70

80

90

100

Improved Chiller Performance

Part Load
0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 kW/ton 0.75

[no ARI Relief]

CenTraVac Part Load Performance CTV-1

% Load vs. kW/ton -- using Constant Condenser Method

primary/secondary
0.70 0.65

variable primary
0.60 0.55
2003 American Standard Inc.

20

30

60 70 % Load Version 24.08, REVL 55066

40

50

80

90

100

Variable Primary advantages

Greater Flexibility

any flow rate any T

2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary chilled water systems

Chiller selection considerations

2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection

Considerations
Evaporator flow limits

Rate-of-change tolerance Flow range-ability Difference between design flow rate and evaporators minimum flow limit
2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection considerations

Evaporator Flow Limits

Flooded or falling-film evaporators

Refrigerant circulates around tubes Water flows through tubes

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Water velocity delimits acceptable flow rates

chiller selection considerations

Evaporator Flow Limits

flooded or falling-film evaporators traditional limits revised limits: standard tubes
2003 American Standard Inc.

water velocity, m/s (fps) minimum 0.92(3.0) 0.46(1.5) maximum 3.4 3.6 (1112)

high0.61(2.0) performance tubes

chiller selection considerations

Rate-of-Change Tolerance
chiller (compressor) type centrifugal allowable flow-rate change* (% of design flow per minute) 10% for process cooling 30% for comfort cooling * Tolerances pertain specifically
to Trane chillers

2003 American Standard Inc.

chiller selection considerations

Rate-of-Change Tolerance
New chiller control technology: Centrifugal Control feed forward flow compensation 50% per minute, all applications
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Minimum Flow Rate

Evaporator design flow minimum flow Condenser minimum flow= 1 meter per second
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= greater than 2

unsuited for

Variable Primary
Inadequate control capability Reciprocating chillers Return-water thermostats Insufficient chiller unloading Vintage chiller controls Poor financial return
2003 American Standard Inc.

(Consider chilled water reset instead)

Variable Primary Chilled Water System in Hyatt Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

Saving 30% Kwhr

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Reduce 25% KW Demand

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Variable Primary Chilled Water System in Another Singapore Hotel

2003 American Standard Inc.

xxxxx

Summary variable primary chilled water systems

Advantages
Reduces capital investment Saves mechanical-room space Simplifies control Improves system reliability Improved chiller performance Saves energy
2003 American Standard Inc.

System Efficiency in Hotel

More
Increase chilled water supply temperature difference to 7C (5C/12C) Increase range of cooling tower to 7C (30C/37C) Side stream heat recovery Stepless FCU
2003 American Standard Inc.

Chilled Water Range

(5.0C / 12.0C )
12.0C 1 800 tons 2 12.0C 60 lps (each) 12.0C 700 tons 3 700 tons P
(typical)

5.0C

5.0C

5.0C

12.0C
2003 American Standard Inc.

12.0C 240 lps

5.0C 240 lps

Chilled Water Range

(from 414 l/s ,30C/ 35C) (to 300 l/s ,30C / 37C)
30.0C 1 800 tons 2 30.0C 700 tons 3 30.0C 700 tons P
(typical)

37.0C

37.0C

37.0C

37.0C 300 lps

2003 American Standard Inc.

30.0C 300 lps

cooling tower

cooling tower

cooling tower

Side stream
Heat recovery design
12.0C

1 800 tons 2 12.0C 700 tons 3 12.0C 700 tons P

(typical)

5.0C

5.0C

5.0C

12.0C 240 lps

2003 American Standard Inc.

heat-recovery chiller
12.0C

5.0C 240 lps

Reference
VARIABLE

PRIMARY FLOW CHILLED WATER SYSTEMS: POTENTIAL BENEFITS AND APPLICATION ISSUES Final Report Volume 1, March 2004, ARI CR21

Variable Primary Flow Systems by Mick Schwedler, P.41-44, HPAC April 2000 Primary-Only vs. Primary-Secondary Variable Flow Systems by Steven T. Taylor, P.E. , vol. 44, no. 2, p. 25-29 ,ASHRAE Journal, February 2002
2003 American Standard Inc.

Variable Primary chilled water systems

Answers to your questions

2003 American Standard Inc.