Chng 3:Thit b thng qua dng

sinh hc
Dng in sinh hc v thit b thng qua dng sinh hc My in tim My n no

I. C ch ch dng dng n sinh h hc c v thi thi t b nghin cu d dng ng d dng ng sinh hc

T bo v dng sinh hc in tim v My n tim

I.1 I.1. T bo bo v dng dng sinh hc

Dng sinh hc l dng sinh ra do s hot ng ca cc t bo sng. Dng sinh ho l dng gy nn bi s thay i nng in trong v ngoi t bo. Sc in ng ca cc in cc ca mt dung dch n phn

repolarisation

depolarisation

E=EK + ENa + E0 ???

Thi Thi t b nghin c cu d dng ng sinh hc

o tc truyn ca tn hiu kch thch (trn dy thn kinh t bo n) Pht mt xung nhn ln u dy thn kinh: t=L/v o ngng kch thch Pht xung vung bin thay i. Xung t l vi thi gian Xt=X0.t o thi gian t khi pht xung n khi nhn c tn hiu phn ng xy ra -> thu c ngng. Khong cch L nh coi kch thch l tc thi Xc nh s bin dng ca xung khi truyn qua t bo, pht xung vung. Ghi li dng xung cc thi im khc nhau

Tc truyn dy thn kinh ngoi bin

Mt s in cc quan st t bo

I.2. i i n tim v My My n tim Cu to tim v dng in tim, h tun hon My in tim:

Cc chuyn o

I. I.2 2.1. Cu to to tim v dng dng i in tim, tim, h tu tu n hon

Vng tun hon Gm tiu tun hon: Qu trnh mu i t tm tht tri ln phi thi CO2 v nhn O2, mu tr v tm nh phi i tun hon: Qu trnh a mu i nui t bo. Mu t tm tht phi i ng mch n cc t bo, y xy ra hin tng trao i O2, mu quay v tm nh tri mang theo CO2

Qu trnh hnh thnh tn hiu in tim

Dng tn hiu n tim chun

Nh : Sng hng t trn xung di v t phi sang tri (sng P) tng ng vi kh cc ca nh khong 0.08s(P-R khong 0.12 n 0.22 s). Khi nh ti cc n pht ra mt sng T Tht : QRS l mt phc . Kh cc tm nh tht, cng 1mV ( 0.07 0.1s) ;
Q- sng kh u tin hng t phi sang tri R- Sng hng t phi sang tri S- sng m nh hn hng t tri sang phi

Ti cc l thi gian cc chm: ch l mt on thng (ST)-> sau n thi im ti cc ti T: hng xuyn qua c tim (tin hnh ng lc tim bp nhanh nht -> lm cho lp c tim di ni tm mch b p mnh -> ti cc chm gy ra ti cc chm u. Thi gian truyn t nh tht PQ. Sau sng u on thng ng in khong 0.28s, thi gian trng tm ton th.

I.2 I.2.3 My in tim Cc loi chuyn o Cc in cc My in tim

T ghi Kiu ghi trn my tnh

Cc chuyn oo-chuyn o mu v cc chi

Cn gi l cc chuyn o lng cc cc chi hay lng cc ngoi bin. Chuyn o I : in cc m c tay phi in cc dng c tay tri Chuyn o II: Trc chuyn o i t vai phi xung chn tri v chiu dng l chiu R n F (in cc m c tay phi, dng c tay tri) Chuyn o III: in cc m tay tri in cc dng chn tri.

Chuyn o n cc cc chi
nghin cu hiu in th ring bit ca mt im th ta phi bin mt cc thnh trung tnh. Khi in cc thm d t chi th gi l chuyn o n cc chi, thng hay t in cc thm d 3 vi tr sau:
C tay phi : Ta c chuyn o VR (Voltage right) thu c in p m bn phi v y tim. Trc chuyn o l ng thng ni tm im (O) ra vai phi (R). C tay tri: ta c chuyn o VL (voltage left) n nghin cu in th v pha tht tri. Trc chuyn o y l ng thng OL. C chn tri: ta c chuyn o VF (voltage food) y l chuyn o c nht c th nhn thy c thnh sau di y tim. Trc chuyn o l ng thng OF.

K hiu: AVL, AVR , AVF

Chuyn o trc tim

Thng ghi ng lot cho bnh nhn 6 chuyn o trc tim thng dng nht k hiu l V1V6 l cc chuyn o n cc c mt in cc trung tnh ni vo cc trung tm (CT) v mt in cc thm d t ln lt trn 6 im vng trc tim.

Cc loi in cc

in tr ca in cc

ECG trn da kh c tr khng vi gi tr in tr khong 100k v n dung t khong 0.01mF. khc phc khi tin hnh o, mt dung dch hn hp gm mt dung dch n phn c gn gia da v cc in cc. Theo cch ny thnh phn in tng c gim xung khong 10k v thnh phn in dung C c gim xung 0.01mF

Yu cu k thut ca mt thit b in tim in tr u vo ln RV> Rtrong. 1/yu cu H s chng nhiu CMMR<60dB (1000:1) Dng cc bin php chng nhiu cho cc cp

My in tim kiu t ghi

Tn s lm vic c 50Hz/hoc thp hn mt cht so vi sng QRS

My in tim kiu s dng my hin sng

thng thng Dc1MHz, tn hiu 10mV/div n 10V/div; nhy in p 0.1-0.001cm/div vi tn s 550kHz, H s khuch i chng nhiu cao CMRR (100,000:1); tri DC 10mV/h

My in tim ghp ni vi my tnh Thng thit b s dng l a knh

Mt s loi nhiu trong my in tim Nhiu do cc trng in Nhiu do bn thn bnh nhn Nhiu do mi trng

Nhiu do cc trng in

Nhiu do bn thn bnh nhn i khi do tm l bnh nhn cha quen, bnh nhn thn kinh yu, khi o bnh nhn ln gn, run s gy ra nhiu do hot ng ca c. khc phc nhiu ny, yu cu bnh nhn nm th th gin. Ngai ra cn phi dng mch lc c.

Nhiu do mi trng
Cc tham s ca transitor ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit . Khi nhit thay i cc tham s ca transistor thay i s lm tri im lm vic. Tri im lm vic ca tng khuch i c th dn n bo ha lm mt tn hiu hoc tn hiu b cht t vng no . Tri im lm vic tng khuch i sau RC lm tri im khng ca my t ghi in tim. khc phc hin tng tri im lm vic ca transistor trng hoc transistor lng cc, ngi ta dng hi tip m

Phng php chng nhiu Kh thnh phn in dung k sinh

To in th ca v dy cp o bng in th ca tn hiu

Loi b thnh phn nhiu mt chiu

n gin nht l s dng b lc thng cao RC ni vi u vo ca b khuych i. Nhng khi tr khng vo gim s dn n dng r qua t v h s CMRR b gim do c s mt i xng ca b lc. Trong cc trng hp c s thay i ca mc DC ln, khi nn t b phn kh DC tng th nht ca b khuych i. Xu hng thit k lun b lc DC tch cc bng cch s dng mt khi tch phn v lc tng t .

Mch iu khin chn phi

Mch iu khin chn phi

Mch tng ng

C th to ra vc nh khi chn V d Ro khong (5 M), nu Rf = 5 M, Ra = 25 K , V id = 0.2 mA, th vc = 2.5 mV (nh).

Nu ngi bnh chm vo dy nng, OP Amp dao ng , vo = vRAIL = +/-14.7V, nhn:

Mch iu khin chn phi ( (2 2)

Mch iu khin chn phi c ni vi phn t chung ca b khuch i v phn hi m v chn phi ca ngi. Bin i in p ch chung c gim bng mt b bin i t p thnh dng -> hi tip v pha ngi bnh. So vi ni t thng thng, nh hng ca tr khng gia da v in cc c gim rt ln. Do c tr khng rt ln: R0 ln vi Mv in dung hi tip nh Cfb< 1nF:
in tr R0 tng tr khng cch in gia ngi v t i vi in p hi tip mt chiu. Khi thnh phn Cfb khng gy ra nh hng g. Thnh phn in dung Cfb chng tn hiu hi tip tn s cao, v khi tr khng s l Zfb = 1/2fCfb rt ln (do Cfb rt nh).

Mt s vn v chun on bnh c bn
Trc in ca tim Theo di tc ca tim lon nhp tim
Supraventricular arrhythmias Ventricular arrhythmias

Disorders in the activation sequence ( ri lon chu trnh lm vic)

Atrioventricular conduction defects (blocks) Bundle-branch block Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Increase in wall thickness or size of the atria and ventricles

Atrial enlargement (hypertrophy) Ventricular enlargement (hypertrophy)

Pacemaker monitoring

Mt s vn v chun on bnh c bn (2 (2)

Myocardial ischemia and infarction
Ischemia Infarction

Drug effect ( hiu ng ca thuc)

Digitalis Quinidine

Electrolyte imbalance
Potassium Calcium

Carditis
Pericarditis Myocarditis

Vect d dng ng n tim

y l k thut phn tch tnh cht in ca tim bng cch nhn c ECG dc theo 3 trc ti gc bn phi ti nhng im khc nhau v hn th mt trong 2 vect ECG trn my hn sng X-Y. N th hin s phn b in th trn tim.

Vect d dng ng n tim

S-A thng

Bradycardia

Tachycardia

Junctional rhythm

Chnh l nhp ca AV: 40-45/min

Premature Ventulia contraction

Tachy.

Fibrillation

Pacer rhythm

Lon chu k tim

A-V block bc 1

A-V block, bc 2

Lon chu k tim

A-V block bc 3

Block nhnh (phi)

Block nhnh (Tri)

Tiu chun kim tra thit b in tim

I.3 My in no Cu to ca nron thn kinh, mt s hot ng c bn ca nron thn kinh My o in tim

in cc v v tr t in cc in no

Cu to ca nron thn kinh, mt s hot ng c bn ca nron thn kinh

Nhn t bo thng c 10-100mm, cn axon c th di ti 1m, thng tin c truyn qua axon bi cc xung (ging nh cc dng flip-flop). Synap nh mt it. Tn hiu i theo mt chiu tch ly n khi vt ngng th pht ra mt chm xung. Chm xung ny ph thuc vo cc dng kch thch khc nhau

Trng thi in th ti kh cc ca nron

Dng in no

in cc

V tr t in cc

My o

Thc cht my o l nhn dng cc sng ( cc tn s khc nhau) v xc nh s ln xut hin cc sng trong thi gian kho st (ch khng phi l o bin hay tn s ca cc sng) H s a = thi gian xut hin sng/thi gian kho st T = NTa.Ta /Tkho st NTa s chu k sng a xut hin, ta cn xc nh Ta

My o

Thng thng RC =10k -> khuch i vi sai, b lc tch cc (cc b lc thng thp khc nhau). Ngy nay th ngi ta c th s dng b lc s. Bt ghi th c th s dng bt vi tn s 120Hz. Tc chy giy ghi =50mm/s, thng c ghi trong 1 mt

Chng 4. Cc Cc thi t b o v thm d n i t ng

1. my X quang 2. My siu m 3. My chp ct lp cng hng t

I. My X quang
X quang v c im Lng t c pht ra khi cc n t c nng lng cao p vo vt cht. V d: Khi c chuyn mc nng lng s pht ra cc foton nh sau: EK=EK-EL; EK=EK-EM; EL =EL-EM; EM =EL-EN n v lng pht x tia X theo t chc ICRISM (International Commisson on Radiologital and Measurements) n v lng pht tia X l R 1R l lng bc x tia X to ra 2,08 cp ion trong khng kh iu kin tiu chun 00C, 1atm

Tc dng sinh l ca tia X

Tc dng ca tia X ln c th con ngi ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, trong ch yu l: liu lng tia; cng sut cua liu lng ; Tnh trng ca c th.
Tc dng vi t bo: Di tc dng ca phng x th nc phn tch thnh:phn t nc trong nguyn sinh cht cu to ra cc i ion v sau l cc hot ng tnh -> bin i khc nhau trong t bo lm bin i cc phn t protit kh hot tnh ca cc men, vitamin v cc hcmn, ph hy s pht trin v s phn chia t bo cng nh s h hp ca chng. To nn nhng phn t c nh nc oxi gi (H2O3) v cc cht c khc. o Tc dng i nhn t bo: sau khi chiu tia th s phn chia ca t bo tr nn khng bnh thng (Chng hn nh mt s nhim sc th b thiu, b t, gy hoc mt s b dnh li vi nhau, cc t bo li c bit nhy cm vi tia trong thi k c kh nng phn chia, do vic chiu tia X s lm tng tn s t bin.

Tc dng sinh l ca tia X ( (2 2)

Tc dng i cc m khc nhau: Cc m c nhng phn ng khc nhau khi b chiu tia , cc phn d tn thng l: cc h bch huyt v ty sng; cc biu m thn kinh, tia X c th gy ra tn thng cc mch mu ca no v ty sng, do c th gy nn cc hoi t rt nh v gy nn nhng thay i lan dng ca cu to cc b phn Tc dng ln mu v cc m mu: Sau khi chiu tia X khong 20-30 pht s thy s thay i thnh phn hnh thi hc ca mu ngoi bin, s bch cu trung tnh gim bch cu trung tnh s c phc hi mt cch nhanh chng, cn s bch cu lim ph vn tip tc suy gim. Trong s cc b phn to mu th l lch, nhng b phm lim ph v ty c nhy cm tia cao.

Tc dng sinh l ca tia X ( (3 3)

Tc dng i vi c quan tiu ha: Trong cc c quan tiu ha th rut non l b phn mng rt nhy cm i vi tia. Vi nhng liu lng cao th biu m ca rut non d b ph hy, cc t bo b trc vy, cc nhung mao b bc trn, sau chy mu v mt chc nng sinh l. Tc dng ln h thng tim mch: Hu qu trc tip v thng xuyn ln h thng tim mch do s chiu tia tan b, gy ra hin tng mch nhanh v s tt huyt p. Sau khi chiu tia mt tun l th thm thu v bn vng ca thnh mao mch b gim, n tun th hai cc mao mch c th b t, gy v do ng thi xy ra s thay i trng thi tiu cu, gim tc ng mu v trong cc b phn khc nhau xut hin hi chng xut huyt.

Tc dng sinh l ca tia X (4)

Tc dng i vi c quan sinh dc: Biu bo phi ca tinh trng rt nhy vi tia X. Liu lng tia nh ch lm xut hin t bin nhn ca biu b phi ca tin trng cn vi liu lng tia ln s gy nn s gim sn, lm eo hp v teo ng sinh tinh, do c th lm mt tinh trng tm thi hoc vnh vin. i vi ph n nu chiu tia tan b vi liu lng tia ln c th l chm dt tm thi hoc vnh vin s rng trng ty theo liu lng tia v cng sut Tc dng ln c quan h hp: Nim mc ming v hng hay b vim v to thun li cho u pht sinh, c th gy ra vim phi, u phi. Tc dng gy ung th: Ung th da do liu chiu qu cao; Ung th xng do liu chiu ti ch ln hn 100ral (liu x hp th); Ung th mu Tc dng thn kinh: gy ra ph no, tn thng cc mch mu no, chy mu v hoi t no, c th gy ra u no.

Cc hiu ng Hiu ng Thomson (Lamber-Bler) Ix = I0e-mx

X- khong cch m=f(s)-h s suy gim, h s hp th s- h s hiu ng Thomson s/r=0.4Z/A; Z- nguyn t s

A nguyn t gam r - trng lng ring ca vt liu

Cc hiu ng ( (2 2)
Hiu ng Compton: Chm tia X bn vo electron bn ra cc bc sng ngn i. V d in p 10kV-> electron i c 0.5mm. To ra hin tng nhit dng cha bnh. Hiu ng quang in: Khi c bc sng tng dng eto thnh dng n chy trong t bo Hiu ng ion ha:Khi nng lng chm tia X ln hn 1.0022 MeV foton t ion ho thnh poritron+ v megatron-. Khi nhp li thnh 2 tia X, mi tia c cng nng lng 4-511KeV dng bn ph nghin cu ht c bnng pht tia:Ua P= [KW]

ng phng tia X Nguyn tc: s dng i m cc pht x th cp 2 loi

i m cc quay i m cc c nh

Nguyn l my

Ngun cung cp: Thng thng ngi ta phi to ra in p cao p- thng ly t ngun 3 pha, s dng bin th t ngu- s dng mt ko chi than ca bin p Dng it chnh lu 100kV, do cn ni nhiu it vi nhau. T c n p ngc phn phi khng u trn cc it gy ra mt mt nng lng.

Ngun cung cp (2 (2)

Ngun cung cp (3 (3)

Dng bin p chnh lu 1/2 chu k -> 3 pha, bin p chnh lu 2 na chu k thnh 6 pha, c th lm bin p 12 pha (>100kV) bng cch t hp cc pha lch nhau. gim nguy him ngi ta s dng mt s bin php sau: Dng o bo v , dy ph thuc vo vt liu Khong cch: Tng khong cch gia ngun v ngi lm vic. Thi gian: Hn ch s dng v lng phng x tch li trong ngi sau thi gian mi thi ra ht.

Ant c nh
Bng c hi t n thng c s dng cho cc my Xquang na sng. Dng si t cc my ny ln nht I=40mA B mt ca Ant c ph mt lp Vonfram chu c nhit cao v c bn tia in t c ng nng ln p vo, thn ca mt khi ng c tc dng ta nhit nhanh, ant c b tr mt gc nghing 700 so vi phng thng ng. u im: my gn nh, d lp t, di chuyn d dng ti ging bnh nhn Nhc im: my c cng sut v chm tia in t t catt bay v ant lun p vo mt v tr nht nh lm cho b mt ca ant ti c mt nhit rt cao v lm gim tui th ca bng pht tia.

Ant quay.
Khi bng pht tia lm vic ant ca bng pht tia s quay tha mn c hai yu cu t ra l tng c in tch ca ant, b mt ca ant ln hn so vi loi ant c nh. Trong qu trnh quay bng s t lm mt ngai du cch in c trong bng kim loi. u im: Dng cho my pht X quang c cng sut trung bnh v cng sut ln. C dng pht tia t vi trm dn vi nghn mA, dng pht tia ny c to ra trong thi gian ngn m bo cho bng pht tia lm vic c lu di. Nhc im: my pht lp t c nh ti phng chuyn mn v phi c ch bo m an ton chng tia Rngen cao.

Cu to ca phn thu nhn nh sng

Phng php bo v trnh tc hi ca tia X

i vi ni t my X quang: bo m khng c tia X bc x ra ngoi, c bit ra ca s. Ca phng my phi c lp bo v quang tuyn tng ng trn 1,5 mm Pb. Tng t phng my phi dy v tng ng vi 2 mm Pb; C n bo ca khi pht tia X; t iu khin t ngoi phng chiu, chp X quang c ca s knh ch quan st phng chiu, chp; phng i ca bnh nhn phi ngoi khu vc nhiu x. Khi chp v chiu: Thu nh din pht tia ti mc ti thiu. Gim liu bc x theo khng gian v thi gian. Ch pht tia X khi cn thit; s dng cc phng tin bo v (ch, cao su ch) cho cc phn c th khng chiu tia X. Lng ca ngi vn hnh my phi cch tng 2 m, gim cc tia X phn x vo; Thng xuyn o liu nhiu x cho nhn vin vn hnh my; Ch nh chiu, chp X quang cht ch chnh xc.

My ch chiu (soi) Dng in qua bng rt nh t 1-4mA v bng lm vic ch im bo ha, iu chnh c dng qua bng pht tia c th thay i in p si t khi soi, ngoi ra thu c hnh nh r nt gip chn an chnh xc cn ty thuc vo c th bnh nhn, dy mng khc nhau ca i tng soi. Thi gian pht tia m bo tnh bn ca bng thng 1giy n 10 pht.

i vi ch chiu chp Cng sut ca mch chp cng ln gp 10-100 ln dng soi, tuy nhin thi gian chp xy ra rt ngn t 0,001s 8s chnh v vy i vi ch chp cc hng s phi c t trc khi qu trnh chp nh kV, mA, cc tham s ny phi c iu chnh lin tc. Phn loi bng X quang:

Chp

nhy ca film

Soi

My My X quang chp c ct lp (CT Scaner)

Tomorgaphy: Trong mt hnh nh tia X thng thng tt c cc lp m gii ngang bi chm tia X c th nhn thy c. C s ca phng php ny l to mt s chuyn ng nh trc lm m tt c cc mt phng tr mt mt phng c th nhn thy. iu ny c thc hin bng cch dch chuyn ng tia X v phim trong thi gian ri theo mt trc nhn thy r mt phng ny.

S nguyn l ca phng php chp ct lp

Phng php xc nh cc lp Tomography Subtraction Dodging

Phng php b tr
Thng tin c th c chn la bng cch ct b i thng tin khng mong mun t nh tia X chun. thc hin iu ny ta phi c 2 nh -> s khc nhau gia chng to nn thng tin mong mun

Phng php Dodging

Php ri tia X thng a ra hnh nh khng ng b m phn ln hnh nh c th hin hoc khng. iu ny ch yu to s khc nhau trong vic suy hao bc x trong vng khc nhau (cht c bn ca cc lp). C hai kiu dodging c s dng: kiu c bn v kiu 2 Kiu c bn: B lc c t trong chm tia gia ng tia X v bnh nhn b nhng tiu hao Kiu 2: Vic x l thng tin bc x i qua ngi bnh (v d : phng php ng phng tia in t tivi )

Nguyn tc phn tch.

V d mt vi hnh nh

IV. Siu m v my siu m

K thut siu m c s dng rng ri trong php phn tch , chun on ph khoa, bng, tim hn na l phng php ny hiu qu cho vic chun on di da. Mc d chun on siu m l mt lnh vc pht trin nhanh cng c hn ch. Mt phn l t s sai s hnh hc ca vic hin th, mt vi khong rng ca nh b b qua khi hin th nh qut, s phn x mnh ca chm tia siu m t mt phn cch gia m v khng kh, hc gia m xng ngn cn s qut bnh thng ca phi v mt phn rut ( 2-20 MHz)

Nguyn tc vt l
Trong bt k mt thit b siu m chun on y hc, phn quan trng nht l b pht/thu siu m. Xung in t my pht in trong thit b cung cp ti h truyn v bin i thnh p sut c hc trong thi gian ngn. Sng siu m l nh hng bi vy truyn ti m thnh mt chm. Tuy nhin khi n di ti b mt gia 2 kiu ca m c thng s m khc nhau th mt phn nng lng s b phn x v khc x khc nhau

Nguyn l lm vic
Nu b mt vung gc vi chm siu m th nng lng phn x s tr li b bin i. B bin i s c a ti mch b suy hao su v mch khuch i, sau s c hin th trn mn hnh hay ghi ra giy vv.. u truyn hay u do siu m l mt b phn pht siu m v thu tn hiu phn hi trong thit b siu m. Mt u truyn c th s dng nh mt u thu hoc mt u pht tu thuc vo cch mc chng nh th no.

Cc loi u d
u d n: ch c mt tia -> c dng nhiu trong cng nghip o su hoc iu tr u d phng (linear array): pht ra mt trm tia song song u d r qut ( sector): Dng mt ko gng chuyn ng, hnh 5b) th hin u d kiu ny , u im ca loi ny l im t b m gc quan st rng. u d quay (rotator) u d kiu in t: dng nhiu chn t v dng n ng ct cc chn t

S nguyn l chnh ca my siu m

Hi Hin th mode A
vic pht hin v hin th ca ting vng thc hin trn vch ngang sut mn hnh hin th bt u ti thi im xung siu m pht ra. Mn hnh hin th xc nh khong cch bng v tr trc ngang ph hp vi su ca m v pht hin ting vng phn hi trong mt dc t l vi bin phn hi.

Hi Hin th mode A (2 (2)

nh cu trc vt cht mode A l cc bin xung phn x ca sng siu m ca cc im nm trn mt ng tia siu m i qua ( nh mt chiu)

Hi Hin th mode A (3 (3)

Kiu hin th ny c s dng chnh trong chun an tim, no, .. N cng quan trng khi dng pht hin s khc nhau v bin gia cc phn phn x trong mt vi dng phc tp. u im chnh ca mode hin th ny l tnh n gin, hin th thi gian thc. Tuy nhin n khng th hin th nhng ting vang khc nhng ting vang xy ra trn trc truyn. N khng a ra thng tin 2 chiu, v bin ca ting vang quyt nh bi gc tc ng, u truyn kh nh hng ngoi tr khi s dng cho phn tch tim v cc thng s chuyn ng cu mt phn no ca tim c th s dng cho cc phn tch mt phn no cc thng s ca tim, mt v nng phn cu trc d ghi nh no gia.

Hi Hin th mode B
Mode-B l hin th hai chiu c m. Trong hin th "GrayScale" cng sng bin i vi bin ting vang. Trong cc kiu c nh "Bistable" tt c ting vang c hin th vi cng mt sng Hin th mode B tnh: Bi vic bin i s lm lch hng chiu thng ng trong mode A thnh im sng dc theo chm truyn, mt nh mode B 2 chiu c th thc hin nu ng c bn c lm nghing v nh v ph hp vi v tr v hng ca u truyn. N c th t c nu u truyn c t trn 1 tay qut v cc im phn x t trn mn hnh nh u truyn di chuyn trn b mt da.

Hin th mode B tnh

Hi Hin th mode B th thi gian th thc

Hin th modeB thi gian thc co chun on tim phi c th t c bng mt vi cch khc nhau. Nh dch xung ban u dc theo dy di ca u truyn v qut gm hng lot ng song song. Cch thc hai bi s qut dc theo mng ca u truyn tn s lp li cao. Hnh nh 2 chiu thi gian thc c th thc hin bi vic qut u truyn c kh hoc l bi m phng in s qut trn mt vng no vi s lp li nhanh chng. Vi mt tc qut cao m li mt nh thi gian thc ca m

To nh kiu B ng: (to nh bng phng php c iu khin)

Phng php to nh tnh B, do tc di chuyn (qut) ca u do bng tay l qu chm so vi tc di chuyn ca mt s b phn trong c th, nn hnh nh trn mn hnh khng th theo kp vi s thay i ca vt th. c th khc phc nhc im ny, thay v di chuyn u d bng tay by gi ngi ta di chuyn u d bng cc mch iu khin. Ty theo cch iu khin ngi ta phn bit ra lm hai loi:
Loi iu khin in t cho u d c nhiu phn t p in , thng c gi l u d tuyn tnh Loi iu khin in t cho u d c mt phn t p in , thng c gi l u d r qut hay u d in.

To nh kiu B ng tuyn tnh

u d trong trng hp ny c nhiu phn t p in c t lin tip nhau- khi ta s ln lt cho cc phn t p in pht v thu theo mt chng trnh c nh trc, ta s c nh siu m hai chiu. S phn t p in thay i ty theo thit k ca mi hng, t vi chc n vi trm phn t. Chng trnh pht thu sng siu m cho mi kiu u d l khc nhau. Chng trnh ny c lp sn vo trong b nh ROM. tp trung nng lng vo cc vng su nht, ta cn phi hi t chm tia, ngi ta dng thu knh in t thay cho vic s dng thu knh m. Thc cht thu knh in t l da trn nguyn l giao thoa ca cc chm tia vi lch pha khc nhau.

To nh kiu B ng di qut
Trong phng php ny u d ch gm mt phn t p in. S di chuyn ca u d c thc hin bng cc dao ng mt v tr c nh c gi l tm di qut. Bin dao ng c gi l gc m ca di qut. Gc m cng rng, tm nhn cng rng, tm nhn cng rng th phn gii km. Chng trnh thu pht sng siu m cho mi loi u d l c nh i vi mi loi my, mi chng loi u d v mi hng. Cc chng trnh ny c np vo b nh ROM. Vic iu khin s dao ng ca phn t p in thng bng ng c nn i khi ngi ta gi phng php ny l phng php qut c in.

Chuyn i ta nh siu m l nh ca mt ct theo phng thng ng trong khi nh ta quan st trn mn hnh l theo phng ngang. V vy phi chuyn ta khi thu nhp nh v ta hin th trn mn hnh. V th trong phng php to nh kiu B ng, cn phi c hai b chuyn i ta . B bin i trc giao F(X,Y), b bin i ta xoay mt phng gc 900

Phase Array transd ucer

Phase Array receive

Hi Hin th "Time "Time-motion" ch D

Nu mt i tng di chuyn, s hin th mode A s ch l s di chuyn tng ng ca ting vng dc theo trc dc. V vic bin i cc im sng v vic i ch chm ca chng tc khng i, nn mt s cc ng cong s ch ra s di chuyn ca cu trc. Nhng ng cong ny cho php o tc v bin ca ting vang gia cc ng cong khc nhau. Kiu hin th ny gi l "Time- motion" v s dng chnh trong chun on tim nh TM l hnh nh chuyn ng ca tt c cc im ca vt cht nm trn mt ng tia siu m i qua thay i theo thi gian . y ta quan tm n chuyn ng ca vt cht ch khng quan tm n cu trc ca vt cht.

III.My chp ct lp cng hng t NMR: Nuclear magnetic resonance MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Nguyn l

=2fB/(Ih)=B Chuyn ng quay xung quanh t trng cu proton Nu trong mt phng vung gc vi t trng B ta to mt t trng B c cng tn s quay vi mmen t dipol. Khi vect B quay ng b vi mment t dipol m th s gy ra s thay i t trng cao tn v s xut hin mment tc ng ln dipol m lm thay i gc jB v m

H s cng hng t ca mt s nguyn t

Nguyn l (2 (2)

Khi c s cn bng gia tn s quay ca mment t m xung quanh B v tn s quay ca vect B s sinh ra cng hng. chnh l hin tng cng hng t ht nhn. Nu s dng xung kch thch th =kT;
T thi gian kch thch ca xung

Nguyn l (4 (4)
nu ta biu din t trng proton bng cc vect v t trng bn ngoi bng vect Z ta c:
Cc vet i chiu nhau s trit tiu nhau Ch c cc vect o quanh trc Z. Trong cc vect i hng cng t trit tiu nhau, nh vy ch c t trng hng dc.

Nu ta ghi c tin hiu ny ta c th ghi c hin tng t ho dc ca mu. Nhng qu trnh t ho dc ny rt kh o v n trng hng vi t trng bn ngoi. Mun o c phi tm cch ta ng o hng cc vect ny.

Nguyn l to nh ct lp
Da trn c s c th con ngi cha 75% l nc v ng dng vic o nng lng cng hng t xc nh cu trc ca cc b phn trong c th, ngi ta ch to ra my chp nh bng ct lt cng hng t. Trong thit b ny m bo cc yu cu cn thit phi gii quyt cc vn sau:
iu khin to cng hng t o cng cng hng t Phc hi hnh nh ca cc b phn c chun ho

i i u khi khin to cng h hng ng t t

u tin cn phi to t trng mnh xuyn qua i tng cn nghin cu. C th l: Nam chm in- t trng ph thuc vo ngun n nn khng chnh xc Nam chm vnh cu kch thc to kh ch to Nam chm siu dn lm vic ch Heli bc hi (-2360C) do cng ngh ch to tng i phc tp v thit b ph tr phi hin i. Nam chm phi c hai cun dy.
C cng t trng 0.1- 0.2 Tesla. Ngoi t trng chnh trn phi c t trng ph chia ct i tng thnh cc vng to xc nh. T trng ph c to bi cun dy ph qun theo cc v tr vi s vng khc nhau to ra cc v tr cng hng khc nhau.

Cun dy to Gradient t

o cng cng hng t

to t trng xoay chiu c tn s quay ph hp vi tn s quay ca cc mment t ca cc ht nhn nguyn t khc nhau, ngi ta pht cc sng RF cc ngn, khng lin tc vo mu. Khng phi mi sng RF u kch thch c proton, m ch c sng cng vi tn s quay ca cc proton mu, v ch khi cc proton mi tip nhn c cc nng lng ca cc sng RF pht vo. chnh l hin tng cng hng t mong mun.

Hai trng thi

Mt s cc proton s t ti mc nng lng cao v cc vect ca chng tr thnh i song song vi t trng Z, s ny s li trit tiu bt mt s vect song song vi Z. S cn li o c tit nhn nng lng dng xung, bt u o ng nhp vi xung RF ch khng phn tn PHI-TRI, TRC- SAU nh trc, hay ni cch khc chng t c mc ng pha, chng c cng hng v mt pha ti mt thi im. Cc vect ca proton ny s cng li vi nhau v to thnh vect tng hp theo hng ngang vung gc vi t trng Z. Ngi ta gi hin tng ny l hin tng t ho ngang (Transversal Magnentisation)

Xung RF to nn cng hng cc proton. Vect t ho suy gim, ng thi xut hin vect t ho ngang do hin tng o dng pha o cc proton. Vect ny khng ng yn m chuyn ng cng chiu vi cc proton v cng tn s vi tn s o ca chng. Nh vy mt vect t i chiu lin tc s to ra 1 dng in c tn s chnh l tn s o ca vect t. y chnh l tn hiu h thng cng hng t mong mun to nh

Khi tt sng RF, cc prroton ang o theo hng ngang s dn dn tr li hng dc Z. Vect t ho ngang gim dn v ). Cng tn hiu thu c cng gim v 0. Tn hiu ny gi l tn hiu suy gim cm ng t do FID ( Free induction Decay Signal). y chnh l tn hiu cn ti to nh. nh v cc tn hiu ny c da trn tnh trng chnh lch t lc dc theo khung my. dy ca cac bc chnh t chnh l dy ca lp ct. chuyn tn hiu FID thnh cc thng tin trong khng gian, ngi ta dng php bin i Fourier. Cc bin ca ph trong trng hp nguyn t H2. S t l vi mt ca nguyn t nm trong vng ct.

Phc hi hnh nh ca my
phc hi hnh nh ngi ta quan tm n cc qu trnh xy ra khi pht sng v khi tt sng RF. Khi sng RF tt, ton b h thng tr li trng thi ban u, trng thi cha c sng RF kch thch. Ta gi hin tng ny l qu trnh th dui. Qu trnh ny gm hai qu trnh thnh phn: Qu trnh t ho ngang va mi hnh thnh nay s suy gim dn co n khi mt hn, qu trnh ny gi l th dui ngang. ( Transersal Relaxation) Qu trnh th dui dc ln dn cho n lc t c gi tr ban u (khi cha b kch thch) gi l th dui dc (Longitudinal Relaxation)

V d: mt vi hnh nh ca my

S khi chc nng ca thit b