ABBREVIATIONS tp ap a sbu NM NRC Ste sr erp! ld denis fever eye a ‘ee Eons! Proton Agency (USA) EgierngSsence Dats Unit (UK) loners per hour Gu “Morr ny Resch Asin (UK ks pe oar ‘aoa Ades Commitee oo Aeronass (USA) ‘Nira Martine aut (UK). atonal Rear Cea Ca) ous et que inh “Fhe Royal Aromat Soy (UK) ‘he one root af be me of he ars Sts of Avomate Engineer (USA). sound peur evel NOMENCLATURE se (onal projec fal) font of dior ere sr fre te a pean isiity ten geet seficene ‘ching moment cic {olin ment cox peed Song ment atic ner ag relay esstance frets corte ferbalenc esy tein ral ye) sino eine cutie ‘oling resins en Prone be tice rice Frou lo orginal re) sp cot eben ‘eco dows ce ace power stile Reynolds mime ‘na! waking secon ar Sepa! Time (back wit) Insamancons sale of oii vel sine ean ve rial componet oeslevee seed rote Tinga ince on gn ner dewas) cnc fom in ‘seta dati fom oi Index in the lacy pe power lw nd ncaton of cain Bow tet pee Boroct ‘Shiels dificil, ninco of cing How cate pee yer paps ‘ek fre Sen Shope age) wari ls angle of incon om) slope tale beer er oon bck of bot eat op {Sey ky cece nd sing ton neti dent fr ange been cut nd rete wind dren Kerry deerme msn sa PREFACE “The aad af end vehi aod sg dient ht of sia scronamics The subject dvs not kd ial tana mth | ‘thot esi ad te ae no eu ofthe spl orale wn {Ser day foe ering the a eof a ae om sme. The ‘dsc ered designe hs very fen mathoatal ol few Se Suton ave ben ned here, pris te cers be {svadamic an ptrmanc bet he bn capcentwes mano extons [ne phys pip snd on the metho experimental maureen hat {in end A dvr ae gn of seo he ay experi Ses ‘freer onde, mt he sw dees Ard ih ‘nr, he ede hl ese me rena sape a sow dag Ign rot Seale b he tae eo oie elec nm ig tape Mon mse tor laure ow pes eg nna ong sneer retina sido. Thre erely 4 cman view soe ‘Sepa where es sped log: hey a ep of he ng prone rte cern Septet or ve ner nit Vi setoynamis ever ut he peer of cals anyone coed ‘1h Stic sing otek deen sul hares bse wndesanding roduc pene 0 at heap me an ere a the Asien prs and at jst nae ater "Thar mw nende a try fhe le and Nuria sly ese tenes ner the eneloop the paces nore, ‘acing er sredyuais bens particular camp The oak ended aly fn ned, bt umeros references re en hat wl ake the reer pe Ine speci ep RM, Barat PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION ‘We ne ken he oportuny in his dion w rere the pauper tht somehow alpped et te eon, md w ep n appepne ne aon ches bon cng of pbaACKNOWLEDGEMENTS “The author wer hank the fling fr thi lp in proving guns hota at mats te prepara otis bok Me K Ager, LAT Photog Pa Beno, Bung Resch Fetches; Dr Bane Vola, rH. Cal, Aon Maro {Lagoa Lids Me G Ctr Dr, Gust and Mr KRea MIRA; Dr ‘Gary, Conte! Univers; DJ. Howe, Land Rover; Pro Ka, Sin Dio ‘Soe Unverns ME, Lan, Porshe Cas Gres Beinn Me Nan, Ripa Acnmmatl Sey ery Newman, De Nae sed Dr S. Wakes, Unis a Herre; Dr MI Raat, Volvo Das ADs P:R, Fn! Dyna Intcratonslcad Pro Dg Zing, Fatale Hint. A number of dts the Unite of Herds he provided wl dat, inclaig: Hc, J. Come, Evins, RFs, Gear, F- Monaghan, IML Nafe ML Solan. Vaugan Paris ze dew De C Bak, Bingham Universi fr is elo oxen dese he pi of sind le and Wo Sue Ano (oi oe ng ey dig afr "The polishers ae ere othe loving or emis o repaducecopyeidt over Gro Limited is L638 & TMG R. Das Pi 225 oll AG an Desks Forctungemstat fir Lat-und Rau fr gy 4.2, 4544.16 fel Ht or Fa 4125 Terry Newman fer Fig 4.29; Dek. Gary for Fips.37-4 RG, Doro fr Fig 825 the Motor In) Reseach Anactin fr Fige 8, 84 & 125; Po.) Ka igs 23 882 [LAT Photo Fig 25 Aston Mt Laon i fr Pig 8.6 Porshe [AG oe ig 97 De C Baler fr Fe 10.11 the Bag Research Pisin fur Fe 110 (© Gown opr Vo Dts AB for gs 126 & 1285, DS. Wales ig 125 De Kline 12.10 UG UNDERSTANDING AIR FLOWS [AERODYNAMIC ANALYSIS AND AERODYNAMIC DESION Tiron at pape rs te on ace erly ot Kd rey ema ay ee treo svahreard meting si wl ow arn seh ‘hie shay. Ti suring ew af thespian dry of. eto of nabs srr cai. The mle aces Fi est Bi rt syed hint cr-dined then does oo the ars body ery ed te nly sia nna wake The poo nyse dace or oa the bx diaper, shore a apne why ice srodyani presen ‘sre ining co th pet emptor fied mere tae ae “This ba spot mach cmcred with the ana offlows, bt rer ith he problema hm to deopn shi hoe hn proce debe ow “arses. Apne, re eros dene for ed vei et fn cnt of eprint rea exerted 9 pyres Shiestundng othe wo tht at flwsbhave. Mack seadyanic developmen inves il a ree eprint ng nn nel mn (P11) Pe hes mt man wer tn te sb ray fee of mabe ei ner) to ave manic aso he metho ae eo et he Spenco pede peceemuc, sd reas win-anl ol o fase teva Ae sme tht mo dr i ey ve et se eye Aebvcie oid mechan, tr beso he input o fag eps Sidending othe pyc a ws eo eb pnp ered Assi coyr, nd th leas ow spams sho: Fr ci ft een don ae hes, Tsay 2 ater al ay nat a abe tereing js be chat ta2 Ree Uikitie Apatima Dees [AB OENSITY AND VISCOSITY VALUES FOR ROAD VEHICLE ‘AERODYNAMICS “hae dey (s/n vole) concn ded ye yal 9 ad tesa sven serlod ts 226 yn? cee tendency tn at sep ety ent ry ey mach Ent bf br hats ue wg ra pen sooner prem deny neo proper th ake) pete eda lint Kate 00 he ce ume WE Kahin "0 mie Say Teeny a vai wit hop on 108 (DOOM) gs mx om te dal bon proto var ae Aa es Sila ted Wag rd) operon hc ey, aon mor diy can be ge a sa wc prec tons ‘echomoe ony ud hss pone ae Apts of iGeti woLn/s tn) ha omy doer ay il nd he taht bly suit xe and ny sa ar eed beg “Vaconty snl ams silico Sil igi ag). The oc ced uses te Bs eae ahs er ak aca hen te. (The mathematic dfnisn wil be ound i ny seventy ek Bed ee) Ais wil 4 ele or et tn The aids ofthe sy ofthe mec a Bs, wa the nub a The sane of te oul eves nel eto he nay tt owe tae et Th es en od mb ety mir ey It Son duce ons Sw bhai and ito voy crewed ener tow rig forces. The andre evel eae en (a) ical een 1.78 10h MOVING VEHICLES AND MOVING AIR Augean oct legs pee hk nem of what happen wn i ows pst stirs thi, rather tan ther stadom where he veh five thoweh these The bea general much er west fod ecb wt happens interme cue, Patna, tre of the frst fers es we ates winter es te fa indo he bjt moved tte sae spe Beh SW rts ocd inc mec: A mri eve llc a pega epee idl tiopeltenitorty Cecelia hen-on 2 rnfs win For od eile thre one sgh cmp inh have ah relive moto Between te td and he ei, fim the rmtnary vice ce, ener to ite at Bh ea ad the rnd are moving pt the veh Inthe ct chile oeing eng 8 Fed min sndstng the elie a lc an he relate rnd vel) ae ott ne, an! hi es one expr a ial poles frit be dese er, FREE STREAM Speco te eke placa ins ind-uthe elae pce of he a eem {aay fm oa eangs cul ts the pace ote whi) fared he ieee. bf cme edn int dregaig ned n vio ann, th orrpnding rive specs simply the diving spe ote veh. THE CONNECTION BETWEEN AIR SPEED AND PRESSURE - THE BERNOULLI RELATIONSHIP When a vs om exon high pest ne a oer pres the Desire fleece proves +r ihe econ flo, an! he Herre Accra: Comer flow frm 3 opus ts hig oe rn{The ar acne wben ing ah pes wow oe, a abs wen ‘Rn perc hate Fig ta erase in psd Ae tate in ig 12; rei fh prs ae aie Sita ln pny nl aslo pee yaad th gh sped ne shee fe bo tea al eh odpm ay mt seer en isl single ctcat nis ie Bove eon ic ste fda Ch yo ows sn i Bom oan For ow sped ows, ‘Seaton pes ltsap Drexel an restr cn be nex ‘See cere was breyani nema porn he form Ben Ars) +4 ns ped? eens nhs ays fp)? conta ‘where pete pcre, p i th deity and 1 he sed. Tem been tat eit ft the betavourof te ia deed boven aan nee a preset be aecompuid ya demain ed, Tears ho he akendy enced Berga uation i id mechanic sy ene ha the sexo seston wich Bg Toten nouns in erm ar sly nea in aoe tow change wth pss Ti ot rly ali, btmthe pad at hich ven isng xs Ue he egtion wil ive very wate es. Onl ate ea ‘esting shies tl a speds nhc righ enough nak te eon Tail ue cone ec ‘Been tion dv ing he sgt ht he si erst don it eT: P STATIC AND DYNAMIC PRESSURE “The st wm in she sore eto ius he spre at anoint nd sao noun athe tate prowure The cod term |p ical the dynamic premure Alou th the sae ia peor, dae pear actly pe Kner ener of unt ame no) oa, Aeon Fass sch it ad drag are dy dependent om he duns pes. three frm op op quent Aysamic presse = J! ‘Sic the i ow ped ric and thw a ihe mid Jacl ie nd yam reer nll al ary with ptn, Tiles convent ele te dyad sabe roses he ee ‘eran ay fo he ene af th cic, and the rere eseream {ymin fce=tream wai restr und requnty For vhs Cpl slong xl the ese wat prereset cb age resorted pes Fe ae nit “STAGNATION PRessuRE Fe Beals qin be en at ny pot fw whee he Sect eo pone ir) te pnt xh ani fee Soo mate pe nouns nth mgt cs 0 ove oon the egmtin prereset feng sit oem The snr of be ror sacs sao sme uso. Sac <5 de! prensa peo Te pee Teche sun rb sts pt th ow sped Eo ew tn produces on tia pe {SSURE COEFFICIENT diene ween he Wl ec premare aay poi in fw te wie "ie fe Stam depends decom the dans prea fh ee6 Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Design lene Met PD ‘het fees sta poms isthe resem sp he evn sped in ii) ‘Noe the sbi 2 ue med en dena este cond, ‘When deco How the reser ru wei ts mich oe comers oe the tere ofc rae tan He acti] presse, oe thence nil so ser ih he bie sed: Knowing th ae the rre entice at pit ees sapl mater tcl te pew here at {hy eestor ding ped, sg he sbve rains. “fig 12 Seemine mers ard the coaesecon a ee THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SOLID PARTICLE MOVEMENT ANO FLUID, ate “STREAMLINED SHAPES AND ATTACHED FLOW em swum ology appli rater ert to any vei with ae ba ers eth res w reece abs ened a one where the ai flow allows the coms. ise, Mw id be avtached. Note hat he daa of «seine shape univers acted oe, Bt mercy eee fr Pee Tn Fis, 4 to shes ae shay "eearne! one oer the Sow ache, ada ne ne thew prt rom eerie ee ‘A inprtt pin undenteing lws 9 aprest th and er hls do nba inten ws sli bjt w even stem of ld Peil atlses de ouput om the me wh, hey fw ov [Rtn irs enmose af td msec, hey ou behave ‘Macys chng the posure ay poi me ete ach [psu and ene speed everywhere be. The influence o 2 ing ‘ener the sped af sat hich ic aound 40m te eve, Sine all itsord Seng eas tvel mech swe hn he ped of sound, 6h ‘esd of propepton mean tt pressure dita can ke be anid {orem io the encang low The ead propeion esis sy cising he reacend ape of «ee not oly Ss he oa pe pre, bar he eHow fl aod te vei, een atte Vy STREAMUINES igure 1 shows te semlns of tedaw and become ea ei Steumlns a ned gary es crn wbich thee ow te dow ie tey so inte he tunes dct of he lm ath hs ‘ar prc woul lw, Fort per fae vec te are sal ‘coo ns The tne ow en en sme vy era [ten sey nd the ape ofthe rls Gung apy hin, bt il pss oboe the eae diction by frm o Sealine wich {eva ine scat hic he erg fe ee, 46 in ee on ns te to ft lt hie gh wpe op dom feet$8 Road Vehicle Aeradyamic Design “he coe of amine nnd of thee spe whee sci eg hed ah te end ero SEEING St the pres and ped rnd vb y ongoing eamie pater ad earing the ance betwen thes STAGNATION REGIONS ‘a ering ect the ow dum 13 he evi of theo se aneine treme the reine vies he ow ha ex ne op ‘tise twice ue Arte pit whe ei es sarNie cmemanty some dhe pnt whe ons cal recep, sean, ree wil have tne: he ‘mou tt can tain engmbre he om Teasley athe pate omer two-dimensional views of ows ace ny ee fo crea eel we Tor ies dine ow Tox ems hve we bere Sh eet erm ot on PO SSP Sea crue hry, Aero ei ef pater COE oc and wend beeen yma THE BOUNDARY LAYER pre eur oft ow psa bie ht ap wk he SEITE penta these fre Ss marble rane mtn You ap Be ee ne pel emt own of cre ve ih “Pi cites he toners tere em pate penanentianietitid 1b, The vara of veloc ina andes her ri ho tf sta Yanda er sere sot a owing bm Uf =i Inds kes do at cal pysaly ichhey mone and ly ut aera ec cpanel a he ace er. TRE ely fhe a ow incesies pl ith anc away rm acted in Fg. 16a oly hin he ed don by the ofthe ce Thi er Ana tbe ound er in fhe um er ow dt ee the sens Dest thon his ert hehe by to desig lon sid chi, nd wth i an recs eee, IINAR AND TURBULENT BOUNDARY LAYERS. 1 shows tow the tous er grows on he sure of rei. Tere sieve ps of boundary ier om. Near Be tee te ai Howe iho wit pertarbion, and apes baer He a sick10 Red Vehicle Aerodymamic Design a shee oie ling ovr ech ter wits Gen, he ae nes ng fortes the nce oes. Th pe of Gow herefreclmina How Forse in Fig 1, he i ud chang or ran 0 turkey which nom mic 8 supeinpael one rage Rw itis mort dsinguhbtwen trues ound row and sep fw Ins net bony Se, the Hw is temo in be ‘Set flows de corte te tds. Theale mons ae of vey ‘Sele A seprd fl rs ot ow he comms othe od "The wo pera bere hve porn fences le ret those beeps a eda deg. bcp terms he ‘ain pasta fl set the aire rogue ks dg ton Wie ure but in nt uray ae, tw mare Hey low The como tba, nich sey sls in over preare d t tiered a Chapter? Touran why thes two er of body er bk dents sce lnk sre le me etal HOW THE BOUNDARY LAYERS FORM nar aes moe tn he ow-oving si near he aici ad ‘Sake wide rer om ering sow dour mare of he fw he ing ‘fet pone by the sire ts spread ora sd he ein alee, the Sondre becomes progr ier alg the ection of How. A {founce son he dy nai etl nd thee x ariton 8 ten sin, dvb resins. Teta aay hr cic rm hare eaters compared wih lc and he swing down roses pl mig ot and l= ving me a ey The oi xe einen er tale {om hrc, tant, he wary yer hens, Vry cu the sort int bundy igre a cin sl of ia fo. "The part ieee ete the Hw mechani in theo pr tt ‘in the mia pe tenets of theme wanted outa many WY 8 Foto ricer mpc nace a the ree pe te nen spe {parle msg Te cle ing ch nore rap poss SURFACE FRICTION DRAG. Justa he sf sons dn the elie motion fei ow he i 10 Ae tevrce dang with he Bo, The roe pens sla the tom ‘ence el suey med chun nou tn Irth oes By Surface tion drag produce. “The src on eg fre depend th ata which sees ihe nen whe sre a ying se rela eh In he cm cheetah B beth he nen enh dah lies Tae In the ire er, weer, rn heater gi lite in with he lower mong so hat he rage sped doe avis teil wth mance rds, tho ring reer dg fra en hme of ne aes Th rt cre rnd eb eli the mau el sped the oundary hyer drs or extend or mache dan aout 3m (1.0) reed era «rae egestas to retort ftom cf iar toundary er. Aa deve attr cap, howe, inde can hve nrc exer propentin af mies bose SEPARATION. 18 tows the dw oe he op af mo webs The ow ped wil be ies he tp fhe nt een tA a the prestre carson ow sss tes raul vi gain he fp cen‘ hr ht woe! ap a2 hgh pre, which stan do by dawn alsa sa of is Ket eer. The station can be Hevea of st casing op il which posible a nga acing fat the tor. Ce the sera, the unary eer, some he tery i disputed i fio, the si cane ten gid ing cmdasns of speed nd preire,ut 2 eton al event 212 Road Vehicle Aeraymumie Deven foi iaae ee eee ‘pete ae aaa oes nse 2 pe appear eto hire inane eae Foes eae eee ae eee pees eens eee tener ere ee pce cin Scene Sorin eener segs mats etna Sree So geri sine seen ec ener a ae crates See eeseer o- occ tavounai mvp verona conorions —__ eee ill aaae rebate a een fetes vee rar cocci sepia fb ro Pen ieee neat ren eee Ee re tee leet eaters oe ee eee ee os Se tir eons enw Se ae toa es ener pence a aay cere er cee a seal ssn at ea stare dhrsee ine heel aa sr ei cesta aii perme = REATTACHMENT, Semen pd oy ad tad a 19 Bae See ee ot, ns afsoparton a eather st aon 2% enh dl eo ‘epuration tile fre Inan ape arate the we meng nen ne i ey ied ne ‘ipetmen imme na age earn buble ants e ace14 Road Webi Aeradymamic Desc saseinanes natnionellinedl snc om he et ifaw athe ame pe here wl Be 8 wh -tuinkace# hrs by eo svt ableton f dene sn a moe wry ed eee Serene mt eee nie et pet aoe ae eer hESOO ec ace Ne nt Teta are ‘bi, where most the boundary yer rent sc nace he ebro son vehi sn the A i ey, tye gh Co gent Reps her tn fr el Te i ee sn an 585 in mathe yale us rote simple cso Boundary lee em yong dey nett fae fet win tc fs wich ben sn aay ee r org ina oar camper ef ty mh rie ey nmi nant Rn nd the ae wile he si feb nh cnely snp he rman sn a ne eT ce eras uit ae ese me Ie je One pun tay rember a nd eer en Fenn tad itd nd yey he Reyes umber sens eh hee desl I's npr os sp ‘ide epee onthe ces one pe on lng leatepeeereps eeebe ery ae SF keer ene yinening De pnd of he eich amin net id comarca spon acs 0 ee te msl enka me er tana way er eg eect ef emi (reese hehe ft Reid mtr portatia ne re piensa Acme the te ow round he vehi Dee ctv adegeerning, = Saha pace peur aire lence ‘Anotierimpnant aor cooing Bundy le i (a ee are To arund erie) te tree proper fe co SET Soe ele eeling og rude wa day, hore wl be ity eee arnt ad una rcs nd ee ee Fe is tw it ae oni verns he ito ow anymore bendy Ine nea Seaicarc meee chive Tcty rics tem ac Wares mn cumin er tan pin Spm (evoke te eo tt nen) nd sect bres sw hsp ad oh anpeieateelhel renee a ah strates The mos ion Bleep ef yrs eng ted end Secs at eer (Ee ope ewe mes of he eal ore tn a ae a. Scans which mene he a he sade eng FR ares, yet cars wih dice gm he cae The eee Dua the meat vel. na Ate hee incre en hy sve he men ve Te ae Some me wae e thea spd wa ah ify pce “A tne ln semen ow isin re nl ear abr the esd» hh us ane nna ergy etl cong cd de has nae png sen ren SE ment and fy amo he en ta16 Road Vee Aerie Deen Bag Mae iment he pny the i a ice, ec the pce nigh nth centr of evr pes and a ergy The wings ig ah TE wc Span on mp dy ne ne ee cry i rangi ch otra (eg 625) Verte a ear tonne ea vrs ei ei ‘ber nen, aan seat Ty ti tat 2 i Te oe ap bhi eis et ih Sein ree yorTex STREETS eer notices erent ee are fochoeecgimeetacrcrl as il Seater carne Hier anateeattiooe Seg a ie WE Cr = Arman ote ret ‘hed amy oan ete oy aa tne ch ewe fon pn sn eee a he aS tex shld eal he Soba eens, nd ita be Tien ie Sree cer ich pen by super = Hoty tay depth ‘ow ped elaine, she Sua umber rnd 02 Foe at rude the ow sound O15. ner vari wth he rset pn ofthe generating body, iw O08" Sethe sen fhe bd ruc he sein esos ena el-dlel sei ot be nd. Asher spe 4 wien il ws geet welding vote srs, Tarbskne senerau il tnd sw Bacon voce Stal Fee JRAL ATMOSPHERIC WIND Ita oe ovat plein pene ie ‘in, At end level the nnd ensisment orerpods 2 they ners hho oS 100m denn he and meter condone Hermann the exe rere oto ths ler, Freud we mpeg arp he tebcty wih gio bergen marcy emt Tow oh lm ane in ty hh Ta nthe mem iy ho eh Sen 1m, hs and ht epi on te ges othe al tena res on ht sf wth craton Do mere for cy ene Noe pla th ae of and ob sto 128 oe 7 Tis1S Rond Vehicle Aerodyaamic Design curv pla i the bar yer pale shown in Fig 1.6 Pre ai “Sect te propre af the amor wu be fund nth FSDU date Sens? whh pre el iodo the ep he auonpere nnd pads mer af rob in ems of orale ana nd eng hy une te wing envionment orespnds ta Tarun ound per he ney ofthe tne bie an noma ‘tional Equal emporio cos ees a ae lrg rion these of he whi pd vial pone one ich Inge trl grace wine "Kote pole shat he nd wl nots see be Ung diay oo 0 snc ttnt fhe eid vo the wil be como ponent oe leks, {Shore ig 11, This tt we need 9 beacon fb te Sg nd oer aeoistami Fare change wt be rave nnd deton The age ‘eevee he lenge of he aan the ling flow dmction eed fhe yen age halon w the bow tte ele dw econ varies wit he gt above he ad Thc ees st ecm the speed fe os wind a wh Trig nd cn be sen om F116 he ela welcy vor ensetemly ‘hye decton na gh Thee ical late ey a ‘inne fee the no sng mounted at yan ne 1 he Bom, The tom dco wl ory wh ht The nls ww we moving (oe ening acs he on ck a eerie Cape “Thema dialect ope nthe dealing ni te saperc wind is thr es tahun and npedic which mane at neha et ‘hing st pot ater hin elie vac For hi eon xp ‘Then deaing nha aa and prtrmnceelclns eile roles ead tore he fet i th atu wid, rd desi pia {el sr conde g-L18| Componenti ret td Pig 118. Skving sai win chek sec wha Ulir tS ney off tone Re Coup ad REFERENCES 1, Bed, Non ig di tir Sri: 2, FDU ser Te neta ed ie en he 4 ESSE, ether Na 70% Chara cf apes uence rs the ound Ft iets ee loro, apg Seance De Unt Lana 4 ESDL ates Nas), Chet mehr te Ph Fert a es ters Es el Te en iti on Rie 0 ln ind {cain ned Mid Epi Sty Gf Wa 1ne DRAG AND LIFT FORCES AERODYNAMIC DRAG or the desig of poma al -ng wehice,he mon importa sercdgmaic Thcwe sth gas, he tol foc essing te frord ron 2 oat ‘Shi cones yom he lig reset whee pr) rm rodeamic dg A lb show the nec, the serum ‘Toman pe seat 6 SUm/ (0-£0mgh, and there a sl mb nd prormance anaes 0 be gine Sam ng Fedacon Ini phe vrs eso sera dg ate describ {sine a den icp oe eg miniiaton we Be. THE IMPORTANCE OF AERODYNAMIC LIFT Road yhie adie recrch manly concen on he problem of {cng et som Bese appre ht ies wee al ane Ipornce Ti tainly aes dag ti ea a but ore ‘ny cma qoremens he radi sd iy on be ‘ind y vlc io even ering down fe fev the fouled mponeien wf pric portance mh Se fe "There, he alan fetes of i pocactn om fadvebidswil be inetd inh cope. DRAG COEFFICIENT ‘ese fe come single mene of cpg he way dag police by iferen ei sips repre of tr eo te ing se ‘Tis coment proved ctr cle the drag eoeBelet (Cp) whch istmalsdopeeat on he shane ofthe vt ean vo thistapereael out the soa gal depends on he tal re of he ei, » Saat Lan Reem the dency, nd he sg f thee aise The reanchip Btw Ebspal de Scirvces be pene by Drs =$0¥?4Co pa) Bee Aten ot she deity of the st The rom ares eer above the rote otal ae wich ‘aad Fig 21 Forder car the poe rl se ety aye ad 30% of he prec af oval ght od nal TE wile see tht the dum presare(9)descbd in he revs hap curs inthe above exon, and we cul ily wie rag = Dynanic pense (rojeced fatal ars) Gy pay esata et, the deg cece depen milo the sag fhe cil, sd om te rena abs a be oe tha oer a ale Got 8 ‘lig a thee ped evel with be igh rg coicent wil Phe the nt rag The dg atic thn povies ond nin he ve mens of daferent shi pes ‘Kiwing the dng eect nd epee ns ae expen [2.1] cm ‘ued work ot he dag any ped, Unfortu the dae ‘een malt depends on he shape ote vehi, al dependent en Siero beocy el tis other teh ry Ryle namber 1 1/u eyoks arte as dl i te previo chapter) The depen oa Reyolds umer means ht da neice vari Bipot bet rset oer rel ge el i ee iy the chang ar ly ncn, and ca bet ii ete a ns Teint when eng snl mdch in wind wna! ht the arin of Cy ih Rey namerbeomes porta “uel ere of Cp eta rs gun wh unis dimensions ike tio) wich mans hat hn these ae regu of wher me oF esr nite re nd “Athoush he de cece i ented by i in wos Beis and Anson eure semaine Cy tndtings dg tc the oan ais i. 21, Pree onal ceec i cn angela pied oh me dng cnn ee on and ine erly ch ger hse frat DRAG OR SHAPE FACTOR Trem be sna erpesons 2.1] nd 22] abe tt he dag depend ene Mn in rate nde do cen and att eat ra ere ent econ ten nv dog, For camp sears of B88 Ui 22) cepts ha alow dg pf on Met enor, tebe mci pe P23). The Mia, a eee ce nd we weaned oe dg Ge, Tale 21 aa ee Tic kinda nami of Merial ee, acta sane nearer afouces Ich bsome cmon a lam bw Cp lacs 1x ling pols, bt Table 21 ss that Drag end Lift Fors 23 Bis Dot or ast Pe 28 he pe aur it her a xe Co [EONTEIRUTIONS To AERODYNAMIC DRAG. Picci ce paced pry rt he dition of sre sun th vehi nd pry by the onal or hein tm be Bow Bt ert Figure Sst te ar and pear rcs on «al Pits t thet. tpt the ste cepa of seo I the gon the are eee. Adiga tt hee en of he rcs on ate cent fhe wl uae etl.2 Road Vehicle Aeradywamic Deion tent 1.25. The foc of wasn (fica Sow pane cn wen ei of ye pt) pa Fig. 24 ‘Shera pe ran ei {hap ors a tw enn Fg, 25, prodong «wine pare shown nF, 25). To [rere doiburon mold ao be symmetry nol href pode | jn and ppt Fee om creping rar and rerwancn par ‘heer thre nal us be oe dg Tres i predicted y the al Incompree patil flow thes, hich amen an inary “Tid wih ao von (Poet hry ay Se nd tt fda Tess on fi mens or serodyamics Hog nd Caren? or exam) tc the pret aw hear ede th the prea dts wo ek Fst cne tre ny st dp, water renter. Nx reliy, bone a teow, he renner he ape oak ok men Fig. 25 Ths Bae as has previ een ld, vont ces the cryin es a ln the Sie (he Be re) nic rs om wach x poco te peel the ener or praca pars oe cmseguene of Te cry in he a an ere tle wpste vas ped snd nse woke a sont ming ai forme The boundary ager may spre (sitflbw he osu fhe bie), depicted F251). ths elf, he tcl arn ad peste dibtion we wo bngee The peste ve tera ptf he spe on age orer oe he fant and there wl eri ese rear de Flow as desl in Caer 1 ‘ntBaron oral drag rising in his wa commons known a oe ‘tthe more males tr boundary layer normal presure drag bs eatin snk Gl. The sent ny bs ng-id, tos coveniely os tsp oda a betes wih be buona boundary ler ee Fret, een fe prestre deg. A one in his peo dr presented he se th om ede deg acon oly a ne hi. ‘ow sraton aks pe, the mnt of omy ye erm ag proce depend gly on wheee Sow separation seers A SURFACE FRICTION DIAG ‘or cmv vn weiss the dag et clei ley smal Cerone of 30 per ctf fe overall dag ara yi moder CPR cnn ta the ction f sre inn dat he vel Cp Sans thor of 0 fr arith ey pole ig O11 Aen dese eg bichon resi) Cars aes woe SST tom cota of the trer on coon Gt pte of eae eee eetst tree pc only ay approximate ue The ae of 10 Tepahtes kph eet cr dln sme ain nw paid 0 derby ease ds, PRESSURE OR FORM DRAG. es canes om i “Te rour pt ft async dogo od eis cares oe eee earardng prt h eso eee ver en ed Bree : Ta pct dn asin whi red by 2 mar sn RE face one te mnt mora ng the at ye aearaee cae bho ne uns presare deren come Teese duns So rel sot seme hp Moone Pi 23 Aron he nether spend + ot 95 To whe irs eting i ee pn ce iy ‘it pan then sos do re apr he tw Frm he Heol Tei, gen in Caper en bomen three ie Hh Seema ipa he non wc ely, na ee re tpecponof te sida: pt Wit he nuns of vei rsa crse, seme wos cle up sen Wid the sepe26 Road Vaile Aesop Dee “teat plat fld aoa he So wil pradac separation au he periphery ofthe eating ce Seti Avie abe eee aa a og coca rok fr Sone es gue BY sae wc te py pe shape does a ie he len deg Myr sare ln empha shape ml ‘Sipe paw rnin ou oe i in seid be bear ew pene shrug Ce, TH TEcomep went de oe sce ewe ape Toe sivas a srped ings hat en SNE ia trad Se ce gy rl pds es dg med See SENSITIVITY OF ORAG COEFFICIENT TO SPEED AND SCALE (REYNOLDS NUMBER) sen wide we with sgh de op shape ith omg a eit i's connect ow cocci. Tae 22 eyelids number (91))) at died in Chap I, and efetvey exis Sa cs ot sack UF) mt vir Oh Per Seishin el fous e pontine of fw searatin depends atroney om the Rey Suite. tow Reyoe umes (ow speeds and/or seal Ss) the ray ae 6 eee nie sl vl mores tt Sard ‘Chaper 1), pracng a high drag cnet” At higher Reyne nbs the boundary ner become url befoce sparen, nd tht ele pasion. Moting the separation poston af paces arower wale wih “Visrespending drop i dap entice. "The Grp lg ara Be 28 fram Fi 26 Wery seein shapes sch ote teartep shown ia Tae 22 re let ‘emi Reynolds number change Benue the fo do aot eparte.a Shape sacha he dsc shown inTabe 22 se ao tpt haere 2 Reyolls munber. the separation positon exe tthe Sep edges, ‘Unrnaely moder cr, which maybe described as bing von-ramlined, fpr sualysenve wo Reyokls number vation, beceae ot ithe lal od the epurion postion no Bed y sary comers Se, The pote ‘Many etre Jace tol cm log tthe to suing is bene So ened poten ora, ad Bate ate Cok tei Sect van Raye numer. The wanes are ep or SGeinobon tenn WI > Oo as we dae Sypaich oe ‘Bein om the tape cpio al Fiat cna montero xaple of bOw St atone were one by meal ral ‘Gemma tyr. ran ao ope cued int xy 10 en he ton ee rare vu ere kw es en cathe or Size 41) ths Co orn 034 ate ee Oe eres kl eu reat om veh te Fah nl ene fc we woo etx eugene 19 ss coed mainly of cig Jah wo al hte of et econ of 10 ens he shape of Jox VEHICLE SHAPE {He FLW AROUND A SIMPLE THRE coed shes ae ram be rab tt iA Teepe toy din dow pas aml ae ors, 127 Ub cere ow ear of a eee = perm om be eine esr ner pr of Fig 421 show the ow ae Te Ris fm pf he ma er itor 8) AS Sinn ay ko ec nh fi TS A Te ae winarent Ater rstacing oe si aes tcp (9 floned al (eek ere ne er ft nf (2) Pal nd tent rane me Tex hs a2) tain sear Te eco os (9). The fo spr ae cacy soa Gadi rentencaane ry ne deci of for) From the pe Fett, try rica hrf pnon pun eaTtpend wih Seon atone ee gral par ennehat ain pt ea aad en ee a sc ne och aa wns ae and tthe eres Cope 3. Remonng sch sndesee fmm km ons ble describ te IMPROVING THE FRONT END = ‘ pei fr improneen of the tne the-bx shape en [Rost Bt rn and sx coac ane the rasta (pion 0) a 120, hind ng mein nlrb I estes geen hore ected abt mh isan oh ivcentdicinmnnekN erty nt80 Road Vehicle Aeredymanic Deion an / 4 eS Fg 422 The lf owt ein gue 422, which ished em ts pret by Btn a! Saws bw 1 decom is eng dace bythe hho be aon cy which ‘tea tego nai, Al oti ay i {ec mh oo eal ae a oy Fo etn (EEF ihe atte oso eee hei athe fone 1 ad pis escriedhe l Tame he echigue of moun “pues tis ple to desig rote role i provides tal See tem ena hyer pom, od prov the ess of essa nit ro wb iar Puny bye. THE EFFECT OF SCREEN RAKE ANGIE ‘With he ene re and o-bx shps an ae f igh ese oss est Asem of he fant ren asl is pon Wabi of eing a Erection fig tend tn wae To nd Tien othe peste ren depend o the ot 9 : (eS ted enh ole the pene tthe uf ee an dee a cho te dag elacton vcned nh ncteing the en ec, dc he hus igh ae angles te Th ted oti i of i corner brwsen the serena th rie Ye en they ging {Sle that might have heen eansderedurucepubly “dumpy” afew years previous Theres praca onsite rere aol sa cn ee, bee Tisha pace problems of lar hesing an sera este om the {Be Sper sch m he ur showm a Fig 24 fe ave ry ish ae ig toprol pra2 Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Deven “There hve ben many nde dic of simple vei apes, ed at vamning he efter pina gometricparmeres sch rot a at SShtnate anges Sobor ye sh ow eprom ad each pois ‘Sette y soem rake ng fr single oc sighs) ode 1s irae yo wos fle nh ny fr vente vehi soe "FI tw ont ech prt of he by infers tbe ow over very ther pt Tome ete nd freon the ow en be eee! by hee SRSSESE dtc or cap caving te windzren plan vie modifies she ‘tne onc cone sl rm, which rls he xe density hi presare. Tn ance the sot rao hgh presen fot ft seen wei senders pd neton fr feta Rentnent fe foal ‘Sku perwcen ans gure ania isl fhe wa up he ten oon ‘apn, hie gpaly hover soso toon 5-4 nd sian Wirt ee on & Tr the sngle-ox dsp ote Renal pace (Fi. 4.18) and Twingo Fg 5I5 Ad od zed ye eran ar of (Gig 1p the ender pt of cain creo th ceteoe Siren nt Bw dg hw how ye lo id Saft the ont and he igh presen a thee the incre st “hint Wahi form af ie heal be posse wo prove fourle Ue Siay wntrowste pesere get pt te pl of msn ee SR ema te eee ht se Box pe can realy eine on Sing pst fw a ere wih eat “THE EFFECT OF THREE DIMENSIONAL FLOWS i ti cs “The discussion above has concentrated om the flaw aloag the cenme-fine profil. / at Ta enc te ene lah nid Sa Slates error cneee Doped se ee taiscar nan rh hone ab mee Se soa ce gly ea eel pee va Sema Paar far ne he eS ae a trices ac roser shh ne ay Ae oe pe tensa eT lg ie aay eecie padare Pts ian feats oes eos inp cmt nde ees ey tot in fe C ry te poe Asien uted eos a ocr tv he ls of ae SELES refer rte rio cand py Sena Joe rs era bot rg nde, To mb == semen nsuey w ene ssmonh creo th fat cone ih an ‘Socata even at Fg 126 shone he mao a ine Li “Sachets deal on 41RD ein compared with ht ofa ot ee sn nas pnd ne et eo me ere. Ls: Caan tea hr mang bo mle 0 ee ree ttt een34 ad Velie dedpnoic Des The Aereimasis Dein of Family Con 5 arch tm, Deaf he sion deve oth Ap ofthe VW STI ste th dng cect 7 a fund he it re aterm Ths Sur cet denna ie ia a he Ape Si spoons cn ee oy SD see cnc senna and vere are [THE REAR ENO: “There we es on eur forme praca ust i i. 427 Ta toon he uhh te haha (bc ed he a rN lick aks bee mt promising rm he dae Re nce Sc Be he ea sre ce a ape re cn ae ig of eng aia orcs The ie 42 Th em teen een wag, fat ich wc ine Brn rae ve riesgo 37 The pos tht ann dere the a pal dows ese te rt. The ee foment he pods fs ac dag ernment The a at rong ng worn: arse rue dal ing res a il ae engl chown nig 429 wo ind es 6 Fe new sper Semel appearance. The How soci cl the or en ese er ab nee on cnet af Cyan Ci, het en rae 1 So rth on Az ery al ae ery shock bt ar of pre ac se ly awison ibe eben To ee he mun taper and the nora pres em) tek oe decree, A aot 0 howee the day a0 le het conical vero. The experimen rue al take ego cond 9 Aan reer 3 Piety tect ig wal eh ge mtn ens Sing ce et oe ee ree fg 27 Ree bck cic enka es. a ra Ts, a bgh mike apples he hang wre eg il hr 0 ei ted The pa 3 Aca ch bgt mee wp aout 7, where he ine, poucing valor sen fa-lh sors amt oem 8 te os hd tein bebe st sacock Een cual yest dg. The seme sete ‘Seo tor ut hi dt liferencs he nds a nd “Te incense fu then cpr athe nf he al Laaiintireneiadatiniedictuighs atti bingo) mp pl sie ow ng. Te gue em Seek yw rs al pp ni Thigh eel f resent beeen the sata’ dts tha | Hays et be gly sat of chance, the ode ed wee ae Air. Hamel sa ingle shape similar ta of Ame ce Casper 12), niente eth dom wer ned rs nib ode ofan el Rania 10 "Te high dag accede snl rnd 30" eet te ter Be i rl tate wert cates Gtr) en af ‘eb hs ten und pecs es et the appty ore sealed Thc Ti ear ss els wy sate ete at be ear ios the Vaal Ce (Fig 425) ater tha cove down the 8 Tre cane of the VW Beste The more rest VW apres apd the Plo ie Shs in Fig 43th frm sna tha of gue nate Tse ely Speen des ithe an pep of the Kameack, ed bow od Spo ard raring a er THE NOTCHACK REAR BE ee chk ehcsHn seteseydand es ode corps arangeent standing eee ort (ce in joining the rear end ofthe ron othe ip of he Wout rank). As shown in88 Road Velicle Aerodynamic Desiga Dede See ta Ge Fig 432, the yon of dr wt his angle ows ts be deve Inga shape, the upper ees dite and Ekin the ing ve. ‘En'eth Yer sreen Sop ng rehab. The impor of he mle the jared cnfsuon, the to Toes ae pea noth eu he Train wit he ing that ing mor ening te fot (ro) iienave been them ong a weak aon any ting vores. perl redacs the ng. Clef he ine cet and Br SERIE Te nce inthe but eight onthe ried Rover 80 seri proce Sst rg edt, tmp we dea yng ad gen the AOOFUNE CURVATURE Thott te An 1 ae doce by Bact a "The Hw a the prof enr-ne plane general stows pif works “The gnc pence of manag sure mi anton pce tg pn ee fae Pig, 4.3. On ing Artes by Ua tot emus pls othe supe of he ma Yon ae otc a ho hat erning the erate of erie rede se ag, Sc. Rorere 0 alicia svc, tain ets ep rode by bale te rane up, ben he olga pred rf Be es may mere ta ete gee ore ey ens hrcl of gig eomi snd rari susan by be eames of deer ihe AN-VIEW SHAPING. ae Bain cr cathe densa objec, ener ink nt feof fw, ere srs rather thn sreamnes This howerercanepaly Alle an tir tsar by coming te Faw rund the rene oles pan view separ. Rounding tent ees n plan wil doubly ese dg, nd opuercns te 19s ave eed et pet om al evs Reandng shoul be aplittalfrmard-iing ements ach he Ao Tseng he parton curves il da evan ree deg cet, ‘ut Bue al” show hat with fine caer, the dag tot Cot wl he the ncrene ner bined by wenn he veh “Tapers therein pin vw (bo lng can proce sic relucton .— a Jn dep proves the raped repo pres ener ie ml tt repose eta Sve peer pant Hach at show a drag enc ection aa om 0329.7 bbe by mode baling ft he ear Wel Pig 42 Tene of the fle espe ago Cp x ak Nee ee ee enn ‘peng, whch nas curving the En down the rea ied bythe WW Tee Unt th epi peri hae, lr oper en at Brace ing eres Sp Many cs ach he VW Pa (ig 431) 90 ipl a nce amt of dpe UNDERSODY PROFILING. =D Seater a en Sree rane a en esata cee a came0 Rtn tee bert nde ws coven pico eis of tei ‘Tice ney eel ge seman otal ey ties rice afd yee 0% arc Th cei eons {Be prance fund dein “Tota apr ow teow ports the vr ple fhe neha ano a nto eed er, or ttc psiy he food the sep nal ate sone oe (tbe ulerde Figure 484 which bud om dam Bue and Titian te edemae a rong» coed einer ie ‘esl eye) anne he The ewe of he nde ones ‘Sd err edi eu thr gs tr eo coat lng vr ey ing ot te comes te ee Beefeater Te wren ter potcs reded premre She the wei, dented noes dtl Capra i “Scere earn sain ore vA sma SIRS rate wo ponies mre reas inte The do Tm 34 may bese ha he ari of i Wi ier nth sng reo nd ts psec pw a ice dg Howell ‘TE soothe ue acest iy bree is Moher gma on ahachuc Te wperand le es cot ‘howe fe md adagedy, ne cre br wd 2 Se Sia tape Chay cage fee he pr eo ene Spent eines tn ne cberna be eee nade he Fig 4 Theil eat a poe ge TESS ated ton aa ne Trtedn tien Th nthe ps, vig sath underside wa ot aera be may | ‘he esense incubus now recone that he esi of th mdse eprom oe af thes Ful are oe rg rls ae Ca), Light i ings are commonly ned in he ne ps the engine yr ce Pincers are ted produce Boor pay haart eta chs the east ster canal ins ecoss aa wee a minus ‘ces sha the engine sump wih rie + lng fon ast sk sith he trace in el ring extote Once fran of tht se a en Sesigntitacome rave sahrvard ater ap ke fare mi DRAG CHARACTERISTICS OF BASIC DESIGN FEATURES ‘A esi inthe atc fw ying rs fhe prea erica wat rove by Whee of MIRA, wh mace env wind: ton «ge Fara of vices From hiss be wal to nign mn ep rg aia (ale w te Sign rer of tin endl ane acho tout pln, an pet nx srt, Po comer fret rb ets sew eee ‘ing oT, wheres a quae stn Cot ered 6 By ing phe ‘aig wl fr each fhe ine oes in re wavered a at gave 3 Conespunding Co wae The meted pods supiny ood rsa Te ine bait ely edondsa ne, 5 ay of he sling eres ave append a thre ia rea clo silty between the Bsc hd saps, Inprovment inthe dag ofement eras now may eel by eel sect to el denigrate than by proecng new Shapes AR DAMS Aide weal rode Bolom exe whch was sd to improve te lit and da earaceisis of a exsing eso ei The ai net | The dam mast relac he reste onthe ues af the whi, her) Fedcing the ind the ate eigen dg 8s hse nF 435, he er af the vehi bat cele pres. Ty resting te xp bev the a and tec the Eat by an da he Bw sed eres lol ae ich gay sows dwn pin sth es inns trade he ‘a. Fallowite the Beco siesip times ta te peste under de Hon art oh ek mt be oer than the ea (here en lee ‘han abe) The mw prware on he unre eso eve cmtuton Toi rll at he oc ed. Tovah rea Doing om he es Nene rela he tine Adame re here ed cote bth the gan the it duteton. The tent of reduc fet end it ae hey eee ee eee ‘mr mores a ected Chae92 Road Vekice Aeradymanie Desi {Teo tr tc cs and ne eae lig vr emit be hug that adding arg lf eens whem he ar wh se he restate deg nga soa tached fl ‘rine, this nnd math, the Gam meres ones he postion he on Sewn ne wich at shown preva, general aang. Sms lia presure dap the ee ce of he dam expe dhe ow prone suis fete conprt the am ell in the at esi, with The undies ctl te ton et panel “Aku dans do wrt opel signed om he sof wind-ul vein, th poplar emer af bin, bl propitay ons ‘ferent aap ate (ot MeCarthe Nowa, the some ti acheved ‘mes a ppepie sheofren, cred wa oe fon to ‘poco spain Sie gener beter sign 4 wet wl ‘Eure unerde with an otra ie sap ht produ 0 it Down fice on povenger ears i dnp pls with ie advange in em of roking a eal permed spots. REAREND SPoiLees Rearend apis te normal ote frm of a ptr at he nl of he bo (ean Ther pupa iro rdbling recing rand The ‘er sn hat fag the oot ght dered prev The ie Tecween he end the nde ipa the spol ens the eeive re ‘Span ek he rises reduction nage emt ric he Ur Reding the wl ive he aig vortex dag bone ay i tte by on nce a mel pene dra. Thereadholinginprvenen Seni ly ws be mie he stra Rend tats srl in Ca hoe the pies tea ae cm be fein aren both it and eg, theyre bade expen snd ao jt un. soe ghee ehh eas © rele cy ngs palette he er ere ne Covel tee are ah bar of strewn sd or se move ean, The ee LOW.DRAG CAR DESIGNS uth 198s seven ow cmp as mere develope, herby private “vet he US, is german ing France an Garay ‘Tair the ale ue no them. Apr or th robe 1 apd Bap ected hice att Inde OF parr eet wa he robe whch as devel By Ferd a pean bens cose rcmbinc the Ford Siw dg “ai Smee dg an fn 1 ep a mee & Caen Fea SA) Tbe 79) 025 Symssont may te nde bert 9) ay nm edo ee pce my bet 8) (22 Siar in pence See Fr 84) bel 9%) 182g mh anne se ater “hal ech ese Fe U4) Tbe VS) 17 Anaterprcanr UNTER oH {128 nt Gm poverty rie ast or ee an auc, 025 Arar ct ie YW Aw 20 98) (125A pe ee bing th ‘eit Pb ope VERAOI (540) 6 Ba on Pest 5, wich in i ind Pee VERA PLUS) 22 Ama dome Wim SpSIN re omen ew VESTA 02 by pal vite9M Road Wehiche Aeredymansic Design otic of (122 compared ith 34 fare Sera wan spins exten Serbwubl to ndestdy a ning refiners. Tul be remembeted th th ag of eral engined eid wi ep only onthe Sete Figure 120 shows how rom sooth enous CR nk on sandal peda veh by ing soch fears xb ‘Shame ung nd ty wel deep yoda 5 ats brn dri tot oi pace Baste ih TIS. yt veil ta a be eben as pede. Thin Ig mere the de rn rb Typily he a cote wil dosti ‘Tis un ding "The whe ins lane c change the da otic by (ho, Wits new pact eis sd etl aren deta cui sid fw shuld be publ hive Cy ves found 2-025, TINSEL eteme fms Ti an cn be moved Hwee, ibe saree east uge ers it penalty in asa em at Td ih the ropement of roduc. Breaking trogh the Ci of D2 ric cehtenge fs es abdrond in he op ers, at for pat ‘Teen pty represents an rf ciminhig yur. Heir 0 make Fel vings ter eas a OF CARAVAN TOWING ‘Perec hell aber fle ade of th th ren ‘erent ow acarvin sme ca, the meer olay ney may s ainpee remearl porreen pr tare eg ‘cubital on the pare! oma ae fe ran) ne ede 0098 forecm yw angle Since the crea pil bi ety we he ol mes of fhe car, te Cn va asd on the ea ronan ep tL. Te crs fled iy Gary we Seep ea of tree! 42501489 kt A Cp {ae af 3 gut hy Ge fe x mre cra cbt ag at rial bay cred bes loves O33 ry bite ot wal ‘ening wana mda (Ge 1981) Merced ving simaatin pstires the sve Cw era Asda ng 437 Dow Teng the tage in sg he nt fh can ney oc ced by (he ot andl oe fal fe renee. The af he obo ‘rcs theo gy tosh mre ‘Secon Modem ca tnd we wore x heey an lr vi wich tien proce awe puted wae in wih the un wand. Thurs we obvious mck oapronting ti tiem The et sein he rain by oanding ts ocr. Guys es show 17 pet ‘and The eed me to mount dct te ang on he ot OF Seca. The purpose the dels gue th sh hye rm te po he (art rats onthe topo tear, a shown fs Fg. 4K Te ot ‘a fhe cron he en the energy Sw peste wk of hc "The eetvencs fo moe devices wm este by Gay" beth ne ‘ove hemor fictive tan spe pa ede, pratt when th a ax er ica nines ae a shi ner ae Hw ah fou ht he hepsi fi th iting 8 feral pmile Ae acomequnc, he sqasack ete a produced the lone dog ence Fre $29, chi stat en Gans te rt of Cm the gid png fs ed tap dle fr none Sith stndud vi, dao witha mole corn ih arene ‘ing fs, wil cen athe dletor pues it deg ection, nh seaming be ding fc ether reac eda. Full le Wek ftom peat ful vig of 166 ert fa combat af an eat wih {led ot ing ands bdr Spee crv i ln "Aliogh nme eves paca sigan provements A 20 ig 438 Pin pte ca itn eo they ales ctr aap a sng Cary ne (P40 sw dae eamehiomar fe aT piste defer mere hs reaps tha he mou dec an ht The devs boomeinfive shigh yor ace. The els of oe show tht ‘eos ca poe + ge oes rt igh nm a tee ae ened hong alotingtreanined ean pe Car can CSrbinuons sve a wide arty f crusts an is nl posible daw ate ger conch nent pbc dt Shc fl ses ci roel be rade by Sing defsr, ut ome ft bn ca be ot afer paring and wich the ean, he ai ‘hnen er ar fe sx of oe ly with he elton ple "The se ‘deci int, thogh ow flv thn the se, parc svi, ee slangs dae cn fide ft whe ttre. 96 Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Design Th i inn wi an ev (Ge mg en ing af he gid oni ne io ello Ee Ae ese cman wah pend ng (ihe Gor)98 Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Devs ‘Onc a med mpoving the dg of x-aavancombinson 1 a ea svcd sxregee fringe te ro fe ving eke Siglbox eisai Remi ape pe eal sparta Be el ot pupae DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR LOW DRAG. {nis caper the ts ee sm tintin of dese era in olin, but 1h Going veg vehi spartan oar psi et an FRSC hole The eel nue fr low drag dein oe lows. 1. Sema ken coms ith fur pesre rans 5 ach 8 petal shu Be ed 2, Seen untounble pes ric a there shoul be aoe taper and een rounding sul De wl. 4, ‘The frm Slt pode eile in round pony {eect coer eee, he act ne hold nt be in Ubcrepan of and fa tsk i be use the lve slope ane Pasha ot be ths ein 5 ‘Hc undrily sld be s snth al eamdnuns posl,snd sot Sepa sigh he ee 6. The uh be ww sar ang (cet where tii eer 0 ved coe ‘Ra ins: ee Cape 10. 2. Theft ed shu sat at hi stato ng, and curse smu ie 8, The fon waren shold be aed as much prs 4 Alby pana ines how have ini ap. 10; Gling shud bef nih theres 2 uch x pos 1 Atdensy su rdor Dan shuld be oth ita within he 12, Excess be aie a fa pos; winds wipes shal fook ot of the ao. 13, Minor ems sch esis an wig minors shold be pied sine ‘saan sting 1. The eling gi neds ob design ir ow da (ae Cher 7 ene or of hen ters and it ‘etry tine ee how muy can be pte on inital mode orn tees wo singl el shape esp ln degen be heed SSeS vray of ren, so tare edge of sic ts dpa Ite tapes Tht caer hn de rin wt he robles: of ding domes st faces Se ac char eine thx Inport specs fhe een ‘eg, such as being cing, Ynttion an noe Mary contrary shies show Th tei d i oe REFERENCES. vies aia ae tieceeeiR pase ee oii Lee nd La J, Dt aie Feu Acne Roun Ee A BO, 2, 4 Gir @ Wy Sedma fcr of unty isan spe modern et es Mik i 1 Gey, Mima nnn ein ig rn dn tee sig Can ma Nn a Ea pl ini peo ree de, te Re lon: ey a Ros 1: Mlnts ft rh, Dg ain eg pm ming sat es a eR 10 {ier Ou Shir mtg Al, 3 Gi Hd, eh rd Op, a ‘in tlre Sito oe R18 Corns mF cei Teubner 3 : His WH foe od mca To pas Ines ning Ses a del SAE paper 5, Deon, ppt cle 09 Rts Els dtd Verte Se ESS IF, Socuincd cm Eup crin con fem ne D8 Ro Ee on or, 16 Kener W- Laie an tml, Zend an (ee ot rete, a 92 0-8 sg ‘re Canon rans Bd Ve tea EWE pm path ot ee! SAE jor, 1. Larges KB The oe el og, Sat rer, Deo 3 Mec tn slop i or, nig 617, too Tele af meer ern yo tsi span,100 Road Weticle Aerodymamic Desion COMMERCIAL VEHICLES | 4 Sea) Stone here sm ob polo ining rece he sami comer chides Campured ih pie a ot mack, bres a ees ‘unwell, ith gh feral estan, ad hs oD + Taye on wes dsl oe app b edly area fo sean Novalis however hk prep har ung cmmctcl yl on more fr feeay rl fl tthe e pea ( sereis ey eich pare the werd a men pel of wp 301m (130K fe ex dig ge bs rere cn eed thr sige recs it tx on be icy he empl expect found er coer a he ton For singe ded ban rep nx parla di chive dag Fence in erp ef OSS nese tw pal ci Fee S1102 Road Vehicle Aerodynarnic Design stones ge aid wk nih mute of rsmining etee which 2 “dacod rn hs Chops, nd be expel eee he eg by mor tan ECONOMIC FACTORS “The ps cnc adage of oan the dof lr to ben ho o be conn Inte he 170 Bee oa! ete tha ain ‘Spe dagen devi to al nhl ace tear chs in the USA woud ‘ent in decreed fo consumption fille gals per Sea pr cent ote {eed bys eile, Grew ee fee ar ean when sing the pot rl stings Foc exam lc th wind esses meray ‘Shon thesehi ove ser, he ma elite mo Ylucin i cd “Srmpoe, Ths tay he ne or ig al Tne ack, here th ‘Seed oay ine by the nga the over sud raer an yep eis Ths pet doco nore tl th ed fhe ape ie debe in Chap yk pe rater esi the fing uct a wis-tmel sic he ae of saree wi te Ton ade wins wl ony fhe Jag Tin pray a of ced truer chi hae fhe pp Between hw is rds igh ‘Say ang Theis fa ange on gtr one wth iveing vice opi aye er or Fig. 216, mas es ‘Teomca sic lwo be more ee ie wide Sms ‘uch exis fel srg vere oa very deta i which ‘got seu ofthe ele a sendy, bt ince ta ie, searing the ‘tig fac devices ere webis a ecome wien. i tome, poi on Senn farther relations fel consump. "Tet sons dng scien as for same bse pes fw pe singe compre ws caret pi atm, and pote potential as ‘hod by rr ough aprons a he es Cement ite THE BASIC FORMS OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES ‘Secon ur opesSgpelon ong raa a tute no hs ns spe eee omens of blir pate igo eee Sco an es ee ae eee epemtpermmtpe nin Speen nhac Sater Tionetenee anh ‘Bese ett om as psc on 91+ Rowd Vebicle Aerodynamic Design ge si at ig esi formating (Ota). Nowa many pandas ass eee ng Ok he rm wer spn ere raed ro Fi 53 (Goma) Tage mks Joo yetcafr 0 turin tah eet (enume end wvards mone same and pn shapes as rel DRAG REDUCTION 8 TREATMENT OF THE FRONT END ear cp pein hounded rnd tps f dome is ea Fla ry date tnd sto te nt suas On adel Tecoma bowers er tle on ea OR Tun coral dng asa? guns ree dg cotie {Fon fl cao racer asin mF 54 bower Comte 900 gS, Do atm tery es og te Tiana actos) er Gee heb omic the sera erode cr Ric Tec he eros te Bat nd bu shed te, he nal dag ‘pends on cdr of ncn of the en pn igre bes hw gute Crowne edn i rg en be tine snp by ing that ccs Tels e moe thas pred ow: Th pe sk tere bo’ se {he dng the unde ik fm to Reps nme, «cr es Teil son fan ig. 55 the dy cen ial py with Ince he raw che ot eg bts oi reed where te dg eave {end fon et Ths old be der opium es sea eer Tare pro ei te nthe roy ange ce On the of a dy he pin rf cn ese depo om eet of eb the ine th br, the rater terete ii: Far ng ve ape the ina cre ns ofc ih sa 78 nd 105 orf erating ‘peat Ree ner, wher fr srr ck pe a pnd a ener Te ince in th op ead ut he tt or Inner aly, race xe» pea ropaton othe gh "The es of ipl pin as naman mt spree fr ea sohide uaeing angen, bce ane abe died er, the eee feels abet ying ners af cosine rl mest oir dap tsa ae fo wie rng of a an nt tbe Find et fe fund tat heyy splines lnger corer ais ‘edn eder tint ero The oll apna cee is Secon sore eon reer the sec ese of vei ving lms with I eal cane ca ee eres ie nl ete ‘Soot ual lg, mer ras eh wih at (8) of ound 018 ede ofr (2) ads are ek106 Read Webicle Aerodymawir Design & wnat Aes pi pe os ke sg nd iy 84 Ai (open dg ent vi ty) ia a ws TEL te prs eg yb tbe ved peas sngy se i Clits tec ria ng a ing of ae aM sing esto tore mpeg emed ‘Steen at wel Thee ne pte ng wh agen fr comm eg she eT Spon oes ogee ae anne Tas mt recieve 4 a. 88 hos ee cca Bey Ba Ga ido das fom Pao) Abough aking the rn Som acres eis young te corners ny em rey Sng design change, i equa ome mdi ‘Sipe mas an pre ore inary reid sy nd ‘Eom cme tr wth che ow oonded and exudes stapes The SIRT arson ene non gg bowed of waking dest one wir aodymamic dr. Seiow tempt a dg ruc eh Soe Ronen ote cet ral eramenation ro tig eres. “Ph enor ued nd ernest ed cn be ven oF mos moder commer ec digs rm be all very on Pi 53) te [ipearcuded ce tak i529, The od Vllowagen van shove Fie 32 ieaod camp well-ordered wns devel of ‘rcs stogh ola iiss ttl the ws a rahe an wel ‘Sve windeen pel Te rome rl tt might sem portant te ake an fhe ot sate oct imight be imang ta ing he nt would mab the ee nrnseinds were Car compared he dg entices ioe a iM ttn cone gt en Fi oe cn y ae. = ee eeWO Roved Vehicle Aerodymanic Desion che whe err ac ses he at hs ast om pe THE REAR END adng ad pring eee pcs spit dg ecto Fitch ges Cy econ of 8 pe cet or ting ond wp 1920 pet ce ean at tering, wi corinne en aning Sistog ents 2 percent retucon Rang tapering the ree : otto ony che pamee eh mere ot aes pan incr nc ein i ecg: aes + Webco, hee te sme spel aes ach bins whee asian gre ord sung or pen ple, Te ae Rema Gin wn "04 ing sos Sa wih mens of deg redutn on pray Lf Mat pants ow ave nef ner rms swe nF, 33, bute end ‘art the he ay sult! far oh mth cl espa Pip 53 (ope), £3 fri) wal $2 Tc dtr of nat ida sce bom, Podge toch rede he comely as feed nian change in podctn techniques fr mt acre Te St ey en ett ng tes ae now or mpovennt ner he bx ony epee ‘rr ty hae. yfrhr dag esi il ure ata td sich ‘ig tx most impr ad pny Hl ars ome. Cp vee Ae o wri. the end fr pnd ene pense ards sl tae nnd sg fr hated nF. (to alg tee Corea cermve orm sated i Fin (op end $3 two ee ‘os pope Inbthol toe ater ses, oe ftp he ring fe font ict wok be expected pence x cen ent ling vty reukg Berd ihe ery el pe id ii gn CoO Pm mana Gay Hei by Coma)1 ster ih Aen Dee ‘sth sap ding soars. Thi igre net order of th dg pais ‘hve wth spl ate spe Thea rag entice ves hte the “Sperinent wre ff the sr crn wh rounded onan ear cares, the {icone doped 0421 pn vne te st ade a smetines wth att oson or sidcloling.Rea-nning prec of sie rear-end per, aceon The unre bus enone out of runding pase or bse the bi frm hsm aloe winery ado sine the 17 Inman cc, thei moni a th raw lve he ing positon Bee tempers moyen wae pried, many Haron Sigs ten ou comply bat ome es wis He msn fhe ee This pron tess hg dag exelent of rand Io eA wh te he! aspires deg ct baie sop by rounding he Figur 1 vs te progenies of mnco fhe fan nd sae. swt the pnel unin the vat seen o mde nce prs m0 rama eter bt das ge se ope fr purely yi dsp vats. Wheres all! natrnke freq fr conga vention prs therunded es fem shown in Fig. 312 wil ge aera depp “the eget he bs the ded Wh wl aay ehh fr 8 mesa i the per egh a wih a pis, which prea ‘ree ours ison rg On aut ots weer tat tye ol ‘Commerciel Vehicles 101 esto roendng od ho eden iit Serr ha ec, Bich neath sme dere of eco ter ad ‘altuna elo Inthe es number of sean se wer deed Ison he ea Jars and Kav paced Fp 313 Te teh sb cose rend per and sounding eth in lin aie sews The mode angler bik sped bs ler san Saran re of muting ot, bt ch a he recat sl asm Jamm "i hg x dt he ed irae robe (etm dts Gad) anc rn pig ection. stl aman of exe ier nak! pay Be ‘Stee rela on he erie Winnelson ‘Sari lett f D3 my be bine with noted us pe Fie [S14 ich nel on fo Cluny shows ells of ris aerobic “dst imrovements srg fam he sie of hare bk spe The teereatrunas gas Cy of 0 whch press ae gtr lows or Natur he vy span povemen ovr er eis 8 oa ‘Rocmmssial Pokies 13 thot jar gen sing a eel init. Thi mde os wou hve wel rounded faa ma xn ith he tie all Te ian tse pte wou be ince ot the rr prada sont pe In esearch rate le nin are the most inpra ‘angry af eommeca eile They ae ao the tie dea wn Fates ttt goin bos ak pometspemrsey Em sumer af was Te aby of he car it tr eet th tl a {ta tereis mr «sep ween the wpe pro he ow Ie ton th ier rare mer, he at uy ck op wre hago er or may depots ora wi sod un tha pea Bat bed ttle Deseo bh th ceric ed chil teres, de yr berlin charncarar of thn eile ade nh sie ee ere ‘Soul be ote that mow ofthe dg edctan tebe ened ew are ety cptalie iso eke INTERACTION SETWEEN TRACTOR AND TRAILER The mat carn a Fs aiid rack ha snp ton Atrngennc vith rate tan ce bor ey en, sea Fhe 318 Une conectne etm ten te epped ah nse dea (nd Fig, pal asa a ih iam mt onit Road Peice Aerdyannie Desi ei i en vail do ee hg ew Beng eleanor eon Te ete wrest ne feet ys cin en ee ci The peo nor nc oy ihe Srp: ng om ttn amin oa bance smn re oho re nich tm mS) eo ew om pay i alr boxe fre med bya song seprtn heuer bg ofthe ar eet up eget eh a in S10) dlc te Sow smarts a relies Fig 6, ‘Th itn Btwn En A Fae ctr mnt per ces hf ining ne Se ce duno te rene he one en i ST pee ccs teow econ th ew (to fon asa pap Gow’) Commedia soai semachnen onthe tp sre fe ter The rl gece or {erunda xb model was ths 078 cope wih ny forte sped ‘poe. This came iste he dango geneaicn,Rosl cs ‘nem rec bt de De xpos The comps pe Inrscon mate he aed whi Yr dice tty REYNOLDS NUMBER PROBLEMS. ‘ne problem ih ying wo pia the shape oe eid by mean oF experimental ets ht hey reir xy geno, Ate da fle 21/4 sale moe! wl oy cca 9 1/8 110s tke At ‘hs se the mano Keyl numer obama ow eno ob the ‘epion where dare sil essere to Reyls uber Wendarels hepred fir fala cat wer fir to al el lg eve ‘rt incr prablens do high becap. sg omen het fo (ot lge sae (pal 172s) mode bf er une OPIMIZING THE SHAPE OF LARGE ARTICULATED VEHICLES Bec af the como inporance of ge res eevee many ‘sparmentl uso shar seracyeanic chu Uno ie ry ical ae ooled terest has ben he ean os at nd femevha config ara oft Rather thn pet begs down with he de of {uerent djpns which wl son te ote, wl Be more pal ook at wit islet the dena ora ei The enon fo deo ure ole esis wl ten Become pret, Eigen S17 sores rend oti tren rs 7b lb ‘ogre wea #shanredgl roca ox cnn Te bt tn Be o 5c i S17 Deve etre of nether act ac ein ue cmd O49 dl ep th rl emi et oe116 Road bide Aerodynamic Ds ne itr he ete uiint a remlielFatnd fng. The bs Se onde gis tine ih a arene oe ch TEENY cp aero, OF thi about 015d he ow premureo e sr oe, about O05 toric tin. ora rca wei, he ea nice il be aera reser fn hi, The ro sic il erp tec alt Se, ths, ad under wrt il tbe bes ‘Bouts dd te whe cong aw te wall make mao dr combos, aan hc pe Fig 1 teal the sara for he und ont Tare blade ocr of 35 rey ee For ape ek se (cal bags tena amon est woul at be ps ative ie ace Ai ene conse to se sured tox TEAR ln cman thn theo posi of ecg dbs eunding or per thereat {THe INFLUENCE OF THE TRACTOR-TRAILER GAP “The fs psa suc w ow dragon a bed vei the cern oP Fer pinged eee nce ol sae. thea wee Yo ral be ae toch exper tbe much lt bth se erwin sur of a ye wary sure fhe wallet wool sex ough the a vate en produced wold cane Ache eer xen ih 77 Fae cosines ean eo seated, with ony ‘a hcl sung oly Penh, woud be expected St he dia of Sr Mes chide weed re wth increasing pp sie. To mera eee SRST ny thes danger neue thre of rel prc PEE te attr ite cope; never, pind td sow ETE riety wih ap ith Far oe cbse ei BeAr al! show an nee dag ecco ro ye np of O15 fr ‘pict fm emt 15cm Pe ga uy hs an even peer ingurcane wen he eile Yoned sche ike vind econ, Ae a sce om Fg, 51 atl eis ecm nnd doccton tan er es, do he ence se Fe path in Fee 318 9th ned nf iain ai aoe ia he ep fw na ce-nind. The gp ere oto aed rile Peale uence lags pray on Amt eke (F519 tay ent he ap a+b coed, i sl» ev Ae a imine orcs he te ais ams a ee SORRY ellie pepo bart snp cod 0 end he ie TS racer un brad or abn nig, $20 Tis ees to Tree esl be as eu the rer onto be ede exes na TA Oe cuca gs thea cn trowe th the ri, ut er eSNG wend words ir Wik id il xesons ad the ot Bt oc eu in cho ralr fice wi 90° sarees perms wouter fang on teers, Wh Guematiiete UE Fie S19 The han a a EAI Pte ed ei i pre US ec eee eh te ee the ie pen fare rv, if rer nun ng nee, the ‘terse wl nd be ing rai, Gaping o dpe he Yon Shona epi drax weit ruc of nd D5 a 0 ith ponncsao spot 02) 307s Te el ape of eno of ane See bree emer n wrmeciee ciee 4TS Road Vehicle Aerodymamic Desiow ig 520 Gaping enn fh ie pce a orm ph. Xs Asan arin smplet up ing, Bley eat! bd tthe ft sep w op ean the een (Fi 52] The pe preven es [ws theo the pti ose alas the by eet ‘recep bev Aight te pits seed one, ne egret od be sin, big aan a de ‘lo of 005 ra pan renga ange. Gop 8 ‘etic cern mn Ss igs) ode cone the sea ‘moment ofthe ele, Vato pads fpr ps are alo ashe “Theyre ho ve ss este yen pa ‘vt sry hse erated y he se gp sa ac sted Pi 8 owiehe a fru he ppb sth combi tot work and wale unit Seng dhe pp bee repre a mach eer Ble, int ere wn obou npc ni tly rail ssn. UNDERSTANDING AND IMPROVING EXISTING DESIGNS. ving comiered ne cipro, naw oy oe the ds in cer cw of ial oc: Te ee sais he ree ‘Cantal ike TN yr nthe ‘convention eid sangeet shown F519, wich tl popu ite Unie Sue ete despe bie te purine ‘erodunis waged af ad very high ccc, th wos fang ewe 07 a 9 ne oS Go, Rea sol eal ‘enn he ont nd ofthe acer uncon Winged, bt een Fe 5.16 rounding he fut af te eb can sms cally ke mas worse ‘by ncn the expire ui nbd ons Se Fe es of he ke ‘ot maybe expe the wn wh cy ile ne rd, bch ayn anas bes praia rein. For oda sey tage the om srt so at he lw jes he eds fe ae, an cn es ‘edoneon the sf ry il leon ltd nine itp atten tron ote ey pedo apptag rend DEAG-REDUCING DEVICES: 1 -CABROOF DEFLECTORS AND Considerable reductions in dag i be eed i he ete ow rm ea ‘ol dec tach more Kang corner he rea Te hog ow fda pale tn appa oh fe al am in Fe 5.17 “The singles method stad in Fig 2 (consis odor plate Sie oe ck shaun a ea at Awe GE Nake tae a orp inl evi wich a guy id and a ae es Ig) sth ope acs 0 bee pin ese enya ee secon tea aT eat perer bretarsaitos120 Row Vehicle Aerodymanis Desien (ak), The fogs geerly more ftv than a dese Deca tn Tee tow scr ns an plan is al ess he extent ‘recreating fo i he 9 en. In he ee ofthe pe Hon ratte tc he abo arg can etd he up the ee Bo, ad Sn cae the vel spe thn sppesintes 0 she teal onde ot gle bx ot. "Sec tena atvanage afte fst eat itis pose ods aie carb overel henthe aco nt ru wi er, o we coun ‘eft kang the wir in open ate rm fr the rear ney, Te nts por pertemance of does owns, howe, signa Thor af may forms ofan dec and iting, sme of which se © uth eed en the a on xe hn erst of ‘Senn ay eve euing sonar ees pray lis caer ede thar you can soap upper pps iii, Inport inary br aes cmv frm. Fe mow pop fom o oso img shorn in Fig. $2 (eh). The plonicn ape nat tn th ota shall pode ata How ne {FSi ane ela wd fw decoy.‘ fy etd alg he op {azine or dng minnie, bt ts he eprops, bling Sea uty. An aati frm, nh Bens sol oe ermal ‘hope ofthe cho in Pi 523, igre 524 shows how the dlc pedaces a nga (eve unmarsc presre oe he upper pon of tee rot an cosas ‘Wnuk rag prodcing) pee othe eae without «defector. Drag ‘deseo up 3 percent ve oe measured sing sch ings (ee Hic and Guy at res uc 6s ned wo be eed with ation, RES te apne ofthe scion ged hw a the rng mas in he ear pe, i523 ith sig Mente he cent ae oh Cammnercat Veter jo meats eget ig 324 reward on he nt of ler whan wi li ashore-nge corti nl wipe! dn. thetic wilaprsec hse sane S17 Bue hac conbinon te fring a rp eal can pode ag {etn lw per em sing mal arming ei. iy eve dea reduction ct only be atte by id cel ein, BRAG KEDUCING DEVICES: 2- TRAILER MOUNTED UNITS = ia‘T22 Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Design Comerwercial Vehicles (23. i. 528- “Tw rem con Urccing deve: pli unel e sous st propritary sortie pn hase een marketed in he farm bola __ Sa ier 5 Pres whch can be tac 0 the Ent eof the ear bx. Soe fee, mee = ee ich she ptr he deve swe og 525 (eax wo have een based irae) nthe clus es thi wil lp the vei eve through the. ‘ochre slat he bolton roled-dge dsice shown n Vig. 525 eh “This ington deve morally rele wo hy i commer mame tc isckiea aauaeatannn tear! “rads The dag reduction pes i consi, Pc the sa | Serene lore fectnpapiet rire ar; {over wi dpend oe ow wel he ler unit sik bythe water One ‘snes of rac dpénds on the tract wi ak eras ith he age oft tinder et somal produ ne dg reduction ter ox Dusle oa epoed a Co redaction of 003 at eo saan fo ‘Rows ofthe sap othe tr Gary hes Jas exeinental ice i et redo rie ee eens [avers af och deviees 0250015 90 "The map of be dog ros cn be beined with hese popu er sec Keumten a loin be a auton dences tends prey on the rig eee modi vehi terug Cary nr upp tt thee ode rot ee of Rescechrrepet ert fire a ah the bt ing ad the wince? deve ae more alive: Dept the eperimeal tous qt ‘inher ove etal sem ets ck, prny ee nt 524 taning anes have nsw ch sony svanage when sped inl ondons eee. "Addon dvs sh tthe derbi the preceding pgs ae caren in somone, tn the lng er oe igh expt ht ck Ianusctrers would evel produce more arodynamieyeficent BOLT-ON TURNING VANES Asin. Although theres» clear wend i this Greton, here lhe re oblem shat set anit can have 4 vary of tes Bd Tet ‘One hts ames pido exiting desis i caming vane atch posse design univer efecsveserodramialy opin taco Picuntsotc These nes havea smd etal the gre "Th saan oc led bythe fot tht wee and taco un ely dare weal nen the ase ei bas mal as corer. Howe reports ‘Broce by dierent specialized cmpane. Menlcturcrs cn rie We ‘fag cofie rut fm 071 Sov oD. fr tring ane appli he 3b haps fra ange fsundard walr shapes, talon devs wil ton eof Mune-sind boy tan, anda reduction fom 058 027 {Sena ob eoqured or ae ith or-stnard ter cgi ot ttn plo ue esa aed ig. 5:26 Such vanes te ‘ben he oper ry wih owes rt afters id the se War Tome se on he ang cr of ge anal ws enya clear deve ar icles of emetic (taming 515.On theca othr ne omy rsd othe reson the denen124 Read Vehicle Aerodynamic Deven SIDE PANELS. cna oe bined of ie ii ira, ih oe DOL SUS ry Sir We nna ni he Uso Here Beek odo nig 2 peered eno Tae batne Gp af nt ian Gr re) coe SRST omer nd pn pc es eye se itn el tre tex lt flkngh pn SORMRICheltacsoul awn Toles eine wah he eS Swaine ‘Coemerrial Vitiois NAS held 1 wi be seo ht he ftvene fe pels necats with aw an, wbich no dab dew theft tht hyn ron ows the sal wae f te mde, and eaerespondinaly lw Reals mamber, he es ‘horn may nacre nel othe ule vi alae ii expected tht he Tuy cour, hr ows requrenent ht eit sol be ited andthe wr of wed wie presen slr ties bing cred Underneath lk provid coven tachment for hee panel, ‘The regu, howeey, pec minimum requiem fr he eng end ey of ech pc, rier METHODS: BS drs we thn a ce ewe cen oat beage (Gente) ae cormenly od on nore rein doses Espen eigen Sede cticenr show nied rele To poae redo fo dg they fe be combine witht tet fr the atari, therm, Inge round ence then dam il Spy repent mince ot et “Tce mas be ume ate Fr ipeving the nde How of te to nit athe cor of ding pel woe th ler nk wou st cay he een eri "Taming vac tod es on he ler er end ree and shou sure ag rousio a be oie, ms a ch sake goed ima Deva! dss «peed ea nell peed eee hit cso comer at rl ck er of open pcg. Esperimets abe een acted Buhle tdi he effete: facie tounday kyr mason Bowing tse Bow, Sitio il eae the ly-cingy bn yer Bod ne orgs ocent “Biorng thin et of Weh-nrey a ino he bundy ler crs te se (et Suc og tiacac wre fon ab pie yt tds, bt ‘herfanial cnet ak the uate, andthe cer cosuring of the pam awh et aun the finns vel. The ded fo gs eran efcency wl hive ob ver ch pet fr such xen thd woul tract ries ret. En he lng tthe Hy Src of ft oegy i nding fod erent evelyn Sander ch shige DISTRIBUTION OF DRAG BETWEEN TRACTOR AND TRAILER Boe at! meme the spare contributions to gm he tr | ‘rer nis Far x convendonal or bonne tater coupled 6 235m (26 hgh ete aco ait proce dig fice 0. and he1 Pet Ree nesertie ter 0.2, one, ab reengne ctar wl Mem(2i) ais From ges coud ws snd tar the tat unit und soa (OST he dag soit thon 011 sing fm he ae st The te ure eth the expected taf de otras rm tee ie te tre a ler sre ction dag. Clee tere te ont ce of he Trlr nth one ane oo prone which podcing» arr "ist (np d) component Thi crmatent wth be rose aan ‘Shown nthe sn pre a Fig 525, wc ado eit creer nd ciresponds aie sel he Wal cipro af Fig 5.17, ttre the acer tel il thee ani DRAG BREAKDOWN AND POTENTIAL FOR FURTHER REDUCTIONS "Tbe 53 ges ong ent reahdonn of the expend ag nic Chott 2 aan fr «god made as faced ek with {vot ting, Boley fan tha hepa dag ofc at {rot fale ay ontnd confirm Fro here osteo {Tan beatae hat oe» 1 long vee ih sly south conta ori, the ris fon decent 1 nh (82 ph) wo be {presiney OOS Fer reli uric owns ani aking assum oe ‘ey rugh underby Doth nl rome oan 015. The whee igh be expec ect sehr ih fbr emigre ‘ros sours uc the olin stem, ad the gp. The deere of nding Ueda erent sci wen op ws ron dec og shuld pe 2 ‘Sinton of and 0.1902 fr he presse deg on he oe safc. This fier todo 3 10 048, wih atypia ora wel ed sounded ‘Sb-overemine vehi Teel prot aot be patio go rte hind a bulk shape one regi fer ee ont face peste og, ith igen ire ‘ang washing shold poi redase th nt per ee ‘ocicent lew than D1. Wit carl, pty the underbod ‘Boul ao be eee radue te sre ton degen to rad “Tate 3 Coon te dg fon dole sole terra Ie resare ne Chane em, gp and termine Comment Pits AEP 1, an the mort O08, making a Cp wo 4 str get ith 3 aris poi Indl Daelhyan rears amested Cy 0035 fora ig ck Sie wi al reo uc of dagen pel. het hat ‘cor an ler un re nary ered a antes agent fy ‘ten mmoles sorrel ner od aera dog, wih ies {eae spor, FUEL SAVINGS ‘Agel cussion of he list terece dag atic reuton ad ‘sng has hem gen Chet 3, bt tay el teem he pete frais od ings adhe hots doe are lo yey sa al ‘vn fr a pe uc tater thn ors domestic exc spend {ee high pops af ir encanta ain sped, ‘nici mat eum around 9100 (56-8208). At chi sp ith dg cece pial inthe rein of O45, the sacra repent prorat hehe al rea, thee al ing 0 ling "Rests he popertion depend how Ray he eile ith ‘Ms he oi essence ‘Ar neresing a xem wef tf fel ensue and Deen sn wre rc by Beco Toe eae aca. Sven tro the water sr of Are in Mayland San Dig {Caria uc tlds of 832k (SH ata avrg pl | SLSn/ G67 np The vehi were molly Mental 114 model Invertonl Harter BIT eben tc with 117m 2 ng btm (13258) high oes, One was sine so unmilled: sets del by the dt a's popectry oat Sor pase “one suber nthe gp. ‘The hi ut wa ed wh ab ng and ‘supe arangemet evelped y the Unies of Mana. 178 sale Src ec msn wed in he hw opis Tate S4 aed Fn 54Coapeion dg roi ni fk eins rr i a deri. tom Tecnage — Resge Pec cer toe fame Ber maser bet ecient fn) Wain decor sed 0585, oy wn “a ‘ed on Sari Bera)ae ee trols Ihde ia he blr ao ofthe wind rege ie ‘est etn, ih red be win-tune! aa eee a he fs ‘fan aerage 1s 7mp) win long rar any eet, a caine a (Gh The winl-ncraged dg redutne re sale tan fr he ae 20 ‘aan wind tldt hese ofthe redefines a th devise ‘he the ei ein reid. ‘Sime acnyamic dag th ep is abt al he ral reac ig ‘cape th fil tinge woul ie raehly a he ae he nd erped bog reins 7 par cant an 13 per et fr he wo cotton. "Thr omparsrmnsly wel withthe Kurs of 2 per cen and 11.8 per et ‘ial swing actly mews. Al he ebickr were wripped othe bine ‘Sfgrtion and rete tcc or dilencn nel cnsugtin In ‘Seng ef rng seat was ke of he el ons in difiencs und The meal ince herve appro lene male ood 1 ‘ppinaty 3 perc, wih nash god eid maieraoe an ting ‘tof nly the ame ower of portance ela optimization. "Daring the sone wt to the thee vhs ete dena welspuced ‘convoy nab operation, tbe ver woul prota ne aaa tom the incre prime of he dearedued eile pee hi speed tevssp grate fasts where the sped iid Benge poner fate hn by lm thi ty he al mings woul be rte eed Firue 324, which cal dered fom te shore ware shows how theft sump ld be fied fhe chi ped ere ied by the powee valle A204 (22bhp) ec would be powered wo around TOs (Sm). Wi he dep-redcion devices, his woul eet UUSka/& (mph The ul eving proud relive ote basin veice ‘noah be prensa of the 18 pr cnt redaction ole he ses Trithknt wee mae Duly etre scl stings an rund 2500 US gn er eile fn the USA, bn on an serge 1 (T0000) perp Sie fds ae en eared nthe UX. eer neon etre uel svi of ‘ewoen 17 per seman 1 pert gpinding on he arbor sed) ora Det ‘gc ek fel wiv dg raucion bt The cline ei hl Incipient faring an he reaming rodeed da eins eecions af 20 yr cnt ting to 25 pret 1 The ceticents SSovimemure wing + /12 4 ind tal mode. Aang Ht serra (Bag repccs 1-0 per ot ofthe al dea, tan be on tat the ‘ving oe rough ofthe dar exec, arly wen win-eraig, ‘Ryu mer nd uns fe eens, Theanine weil fe teaser sy ey a dag-edcg eb ot in, 0 aeramie ‘gol ve been ssa propor ates lig testa hn on ‘lier desi Insaay he above ris andr ull sae suis eal ie ner el sng hen wld br expsed fam spt king the rection nr ow ‘Sef nine in win nal to Caren he ot the el ‘Commercial Vebices 129 win condi prods me reise thigh athe itr 08-09 ‘tle aunt of droge and te ie fe cr oe regia, soul ented ea ses re emt operate a pen of Dn (Srp or moe sme cure a at the sped the cece dog "epee a much ter propa he rr rs, he petal ‘Svs on bes are eenhghr tan for ge ce DESIGN REGUIREMENTS FOR LOW.DRAG COMMERCIAL VEHICLES Despite the rile fin of mat comme ei, ce deg enter md ‘rly any ger than oa domes ear Rounding the rt lees safety rio ne ig cin, Seedling et ale tannges Inthe cave of ical track, ipa ta he acer so ‘ele soul fr posable be cdf pce on neal near tines rm, ih ep ing ele, mo ema of ier ‘ier po ve an ste) ig 528 Tw he main sed oil sign ol cg he eh iret needy coor pe en pa Gent son mt =130 Read Vehicle Acradymamic Design “The eanonie alana fermi econ een i an ding, sand eke vice de fr lo dag rom th ote thre ed be Beaty terme nil ot Fal, sam Be noted tat sig connec PE edyamdeadatge an proce al arsine dupes i Feito catance a cmpany’s age with ean fen aba pes of Fimeenay a ing te ot Seip nr ror erst raat 7s Agama mony te eee ae orc Ener ee Se benemiveecr SR th a comtriant m, SR AO msgs ert eo So eae ortriean ar Ber FE nv cromemteen hots cr Se a certo iSepe tema rene OEE Hehe iter nmsonen irene = TSE ea ace pear rei erne e Eyam aaa Tan RACING CARS AND OTHER HIGH- PERFORMANCE VEHICLES acing ct dson might ape att ih to ee seria aes of eis ‘ermlyumic, bus meter cog wide erst red. Mor spot ise ar proving wound for the denpoet of eh ht ‘obseqent) sped al-ing vlc, aero reat elf “The dig fry sr caret ony infeed by scadyanic conseratons. In ore of ela ieee, thee maybe ated 1, Ahh down cre (epi it bald be preven ade erense fabs he nd. 2 Dow fice bem font and ee wil, mhich fe the Handing, psc in cooing sou be beled. 3. Drag ald be mene 4 Adegue conga fir engine, wasn, rake, and drier shoul be ‘Since the id 1, the main itera in ang cosy a en in the penton of down fae, bu re inion ab import sad we wl Sart wa th pe wil be caren 9 sate the a pcp of = fog ing x nen ying neo tent str ‘cpm DRAG -THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE In he cay days, mo cing car deiner pi ie rep w arom gn ekapo thiack fencen evidenced bythe Sar shown in ig 61: Compton cars of his ly perio were surpisinly st the sti sheped la of 190 wa cg of 16Dkn/ (10), Being fn mind ht sore abot 90k /h (Sep) seroznamifres gn to doit, [beck of creaming ld hve hal scale The concep of cain as Ano at ie and smtina employed, atthe Fact ijer eed eget wel change, © ‘remning wer ht acmnegence of Cow Deca pciey, eden en feneated pose i, which ad¥ely ning a sly. he tte Gece cg a ein as ae ad A Us eds andes in Fi 2 some of he me Uni pry incre nha Hk Gerd Pc ig cb ity rn! yp vices rpmch Rosters cs ch 8 he as DOF evap cr chile wth sl roma, hich cou sot Import ow dag netic. rom ht prod nar, roster at ‘mpd de miston yay all nes of ring a Wi inrodacon of igs nthe midis, nen sami ae Bei I cd ee ode rete of rs fre tne seer106 Beet Wikieh Aeremte ee nich i normaly ned ier ao no mare common deh nove Abwugh the seta spe aut be sed, the ao far me that {pmo sel sol dere pene ais oer a of ie bo Ten andthe routing G's Tesh be rnerered ht mig DRAG QUE To WHEELS ed x oe geese wile sound Tor om he ot Be Goh capers ote seine 68) Araand [2m C37) he Racing Cars and Ovher High-Parforteance Vehicles 137 Wi exposed whos ws oe he fon and erp inten ih ch ther the gree flr beigan the rp, wha nthe we thet fai cs thereloreenporemt mess the over gf complete Arrange of or whet, Supls Cre" menace he da nfo pic expand rating racing wel in cota he found With fr Ntsc aang romp racing athe dag reticent ne on he roca tale ie the fot er fp of hess) war appro Tatung! ques consent veo 151 ar tn whe ona sag she geen ane wa fad Yo be. Deon the sme ot a Tue 62, wich ibe on x comtintin of tethers om dts nd blade dling ht of esi, se the een de Scions onsite Ferm I erwin wing wt ore medion ft cea TU aces dea with arn hi hater138 Read Vebile Aeradymamae Desig ‘Tabte 62 Dog Wakdow fr aFonn con mein ft Sei rea SSS er Se of) fe eS Fae ee ne ‘Bond Fon say ooo nce BEE) INCORPORATING THE COOLING SYSTEM WITHIN A LOW-DRAG Tiel ee pel/ gts ht he mina cs At er lt ey Heat of pores roe, re et em km de Ra nies on rode ‘Sohn er mre al hop i ver er alter oe nti Sa i dsp snd SOW. To ge te Ce cet moe to hdr acl Wee a csr min ewe areamdne nee the eee See aun ak wth penvbeed ig ca. The ca! se oo aerad egies aaron sami sre, ih eee Pel sported ap ee pote Ges Fi 67 The teensy tl er dean Som ce ou a See ee yoar eae tc ee ce em sey rim ea aan xd ring perc abe wi em atc ous in ame ore nl eained Sao Fe eee ce onthe cel ean er ‘Sen noone al hun iin Sd hinge ot ka parc exit 4 CUS mete lw eg ps wie ome ie hee png ote onde mie a a ets crc mosey a at den a mo seeemolad wore eta RP elon ae Te ‘yr il tor cameo somebig of supie, besa in simples ‘fpernents on sing on bree har ray the tio estan force found wb independent of he contac are. ramen saree fn ta the so lip eta ce coal esate han the Sat fees betwee the tos sucess gv cori of ton pete than 1 As was eine in Caper 5, borever free sponds ath rubber inoling contact with rough sree, snp sig on pipes te neppeoprite The res dna acl se le othe ond wer ‘ora cumstances the rer mery iors csi, As Jes a {Qe he min rd ea re tel the down ol Masi ner Fre = os) dow oat rer the sin talon o comeing cit, which cn Terund 14 Sr mcg ts ‘The dese w farther incre the re atin in aerig Ie &o revlon racing dese the Intodacton fiver wings, whch rodse ei i "down fre Sie thee ater sn sgl operon the dows lu r cota ce Utne ed nd re dag EEodvnamic Gow fret the Wht component wil sbvnal prove the Eater. Eth open e-aparthe eigh nd syn down force dan yal perth mathe, fe sum cringe ate woul ppenh The ale sini on a eee hi fice este oe ‘seorpt fs OF fe) = 8) bos) +14) (6a) bere Fis the sped eth ered down Fre Winther wie inthe poy omit sing te shove epson its posible ete he el of ardmamie own nce on comeing sped for» given radu rated in Py wren somnrof 0m as (13) hr ben conn. Ne hh yb Iai ning cn, and ele wad ot ae wate ach 8 eeneringperorunce bene ot in pie i co eal our wc che te terete fre slates the rave pane ‘aramid oc hee tha ‘serie in Chapter 5 Sceng the wight ds ot improve the goer ais eho he down fresh Henri mse, he “cree m mast means that he ceils reaued termes yan a “snout AELODYNANIC DOWN FORCE tne the we of tt acpi and wie eed eee mera tt ond ot lbs dns come acy Len regi oern pug ew ope TERacing Cars and Other Highs Performance Vebiciey 144 140 Road Wekile Aerie Desig Wo “The physi demand that hi eel fala imposes o he dive i vf eves; racing rivers have be and net rng ech moses. An ocars imo Seren hut har with the down ce reser tha th er wih, it e ‘rool! be boat pose drive pene dow slog the ee athe 2 ates Monaco ume pee ‘igh do cea et Sine 0 pre ig a ied on cs wit sir dans ad spor wings om prove pcan mont ef dws es ‘Gerhart fa gore acl ans tp Ly ade cing ard Capel in 980. DOWN FORCE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON FERFORMANCE ine Ee tn tn cc sac tec gba eee getter neta ae 4 Be rime cecee ree ee Ss Seepencccear cs aes nema ot whi dam fe i ai ie 69 The ere teeta ho. ‘nechpin up ooze han 100k Dog Taking pi Feral 1 iit don ns cian ce re shes ar wed nthe pesos example pou by etka egraion co ‘lente he inuece ofthe ards own face on te vehi secretion, The eaklaon que complatd became he ner ls on Accson owe rns a incense the down eto the rer hal THE PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL STRESSES OF ENHANCED a a ee CORNERING ABILITY nd rnning on ares with has) ~ 14, 4nd rar nel ee es en toro vrier when ying ices th cormring iy of uly bette ot an ret whey and thatthe tc foe ilps meaner sheet te ty cee rig ele eres per feet teeters ee ee Sea ee 4 Pee ee centigealseclerion = V2/r—+ beg (+ 14/7) tea} (000 8, sem on ton at ce het 19 a aye AP Sabato (att peice Gane 19 ‘Swe fae fe ata nul prie 0h/ 180 hi go pate Sh (8 8 ables The let seedy dn feos een fing he ere eae ee ager ese a ns Formula Measurement “With down force With no Ree ani Geter — = acabeeeds acing ia aa Oe a a eo coco atin Na ene See be By ees fsemcdpermmucsie BBG ‘Src csr appreaces 422 Read Vehicle Aerodynamic Design INFLUENCE ON BRAKING. estonia afc hae 8 oe Th ae sr precede Wi eras ha tig Senn wun Toe "TSSUNSEo prune perenne oe ced © intr Scns fe wk dred Cpe 1% THE PRODUCTION OF DOWN FORCE WINGS “Te aera dea fe eveaon ad athe nd of 1965 ih he ‘Post fe Gopal 2g prs 0). Ts vie Siac ae rine dre fs I Ha eon he ral 2, pred eave el an sce tr a he ebetpne Tv dpyl poe adel adam ere uh Couelithwie ence tom permite ue cng rs). athe ‘ering, Jere hi aco wns wre si on Forma yal SSD thee fers V8 0 speed ha ing died “nuns edemages “Por we soe Sal amps eis nih nea ig sh tgOpl er pple cao 0 (Bt be ede es ‘Tet fh hs woe aed red sing ae thn “ng. nd te wap wich mas mowed mp ee endl pial ‘eet tha en ie os ing enn igh ed 1 tenth une of wings ok ing ear ws roel by he ae ag. Te Cp pes gw iad aig Raskan Gan ab Ge Rit tagtinnanet: GAGE SE, ig. 611 Any clot wip ih ermine te Op a? de (peeled ay dened pnt er arog Nt eg afi, ‘Eo ince np do ce ied mr et apt for fern eee scent vn one obedience ok {ge cone pop ih og we a eet eine Michel May he ited wing an s Porc in he id 15h However, his was inmate banned geo, ad ad Spt on “Amajordadeanngs of ied wing i tat prods igh dag, ond ‘here, uen wings weeded Ferma, hey wt he (Capa preva with ec fr cmon he nen an On he Seah the ving could be fabrics minimise dg, Bt 02 Iaing and entering cre, he eee wa cen pl to pone don ce not ning wer i ad no ter een, Hn a Formula Tand Posse sp ca cing involucel plein re tk Independently varie iene These erable» pee dwn ce 1 bap {ote ide whet ote th fet of the aling rm te erly ‘periments o 198 Brau and Fer ned ecg ot ey, to the Lote te wing ws mounted econ othe use he seni 3 Ata edo ee won not pk teSodyer it ote wih he rad Inner ke the wing ot ofthe ptm, Lats pineal ewe of ry igh meted wig a sued ia Fg 612 an arangnwat hat was he op mie es comets. “The mina gh mourn, sare iene mechs and decet eoneeon othe upg nee sly eae a ey ad uel Sacre ht war scp aside mage. Fin rn scent = [AC Beles Grand Rtn 109 angen grins prcnng ee gs ere imac, i ths esi i oe. Tey ae eel 1. The imam bet with ol lin ecm 2 Aerodynamic devs have be fe emt (no arabe ine) 3. Thy hve be ily atahed othe boy, ‘The att reultons hae eased sian’ poems, The fe incense ‘tens has compre a race Breen tenon ere {0 igh doa ee, andthe reduced spend ruin he ih instoreHAA Road Vebile Aeradynewie Design Hig, Ss a a es — ug. Te epiracopronise ier ssding te rane fhe ce and Serine sesso isin ing to achive the idht be. Fane ier trace the swank en tte oleae TESA Be down tc The ns ta sve cree te tle of TES apa, whch mln pode ering anemia ish ens ann cone ial inte. Over te yes he cog ‘sions al ses ae eon peel tere, with esis ‘Shr ping et nd re gut a sana mictowe a he Jeep of cng som {he ntdwcon of te ond elle ere down Bc. (ROUND EFFECT-HIS ICAL DEVELOPMENT Acie endo 176 te Lots 78 appre aig what nan lit ie of indeed aah wings oe by sping te ide pods exh side of be och a sa act war dar ot ofthe er Lous 79 shown in Fig 13 The cos ner cadet se pace nich exeed don gears TRSIEE pa. Beng nach re sii th gon he wis See nee ei thane high mused or blading and more Slory, produced ac es amociel ating vrs dog "The onde of Palin iemed omer dnepnt veo hana vith the on OSS premureexinel oting the vet do, The side unis Ror Come Rapes IE 38h Pepi hent sepa neereopaten et eee tertetepeteer pete eee sn hicetaaey ste aan ceeded Geert ite mecsiectcrern ae1G) Rand ili Andras Deir atest, wth hcl ings he song undetboty rendte proved ote poeta eng ny sen recon down Be pode bythe ‘ei hg poker hen cern on te, con no {he ak fer woul eae he ee oe the track a ey igh sed {Ge Howe?) Coney arr of ey scars wee inode the ing ‘Sree tant and a ep os nada which psd ht cera pecans these hd wb This terrae ws urd tobe is Eten thd xe expects ages son ea hi a8 “mnt hea ined sl de under ecw reson he Alone cad eee ng ier, ectn fray eng ae, ‘Src err of ho dries dsl Be) “The ec bang to emove he sing rts wa purty vec we of an curerly sl ground care, Fllowing the det of Rend Ratzenberger {nd he eiing Formals 1 union, Ayan Sen, io 19, fer eins “Ged a ecg corering speeds werentolued Tse iced mews 0 Ee dee y the mrodcin a pn te wndersiecosseon, ti effets entre te pound cere "The loge sou of dw fre penesed by ground eit mest tt esi el he wine er san chet and St oes, wings ‘lly 1 don ce ang devi Te nince been wing and underby “own ec changes nh srl in 1982 whan rye ous nied ‘doa ers wre permite pond some AD pr cen a the spe concer oer sy nd eer er reli eens My scans dn face willbe 9 be wel on many ss of age the erable ature The dig flares wh wings and pron-fest Adebedicy a these ered in ore deal Bel. RACING CAR WING DESIGN “Ath unde win in ingen geting down ot, wings sl ay {bah amo emirate oer dw ead a ely ail ning device wd onl he ao ete mac eee nda vbcels Wiper dwm fe sf hn underly scan, 2 IES as un the pach aie lie ei ote Se evant tons ote med ning soya ae shan vig 615 Now tt dren dette of Ce ome ed. When ‘ed wipro bing ese, the srt Sefnion ose, manly ‘gC = win i}? ig pln a) ter wen deaing sh he on fl nt ein ed vel C= $7 (roel a a) Down fre cus ju opie Hand Cas i ar wins te see inary seve Reciy Conant Cher iy Refine Tile EE malian | San Pig. 615. S ey sel etn ine, DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CAR AND AIRCEAT REQUIREMENTS. ‘The consis paced on a wns by ring regulstons and petal yeti enh they ar opine in cael erent wy tae cra Fo ay ey, eas seve he sie of the wing nor Forma crs ns tings he oer ors wing ta wl produce Ap dw free por sgme mete or Th mes tha gh i coe Ismet, Arete on fee end re ese por oe «re Wt dng at fr igh ese at their eu spr. This no ng estos wih oly very sal dere of ember (defn se i. 6.15). peng nih colicot cao ly etn 05, Te fd mata recede fr high Cy ning i cyto kt the acl Strange ofp nd sas ope by erat whcn and Even se ein te, howe, ne da or nto cra sora the ape ie ‘eter bythe ed forthe vars mens Paracas re-open “ofl tape ‘eval car of ng cr we he sme high Creo Female enn any eneprcthesomprome bern sgh ped ad coreg sty fegue armre mas down fre dyer hn xt sw it ‘reuiseqe lie don ce ado drag Ae wa sb Chapter 2, hece ee eaobaeel Ie ‘eter Conant ier Sieh Sepernes aa for sconatil ppcwons These nareoce et ded in more dei Ir. Des su esns, the princes of al ign epee sca eet poe a god sing pos. Whee the wig Corrente hn shut 0), singe amen serol wit anal dares of eamber cn few Min the mare en Aca sero sens ae deseo nears oe raga ow or 4 ‘ete larg proporon of he acon artic he wes on car Sow fe ‘ell, omerpnding te apper sre par ing sca wg). Fig 617 swe gta rue dione a oo dierent ater ol sets wl sen hat forthe newer ston he sac se arp rn ith serene low prwore,and sharon pene ‘ot ver mnt of he otha Thi eae ys shart eon of dre ie. The ber peor of fur pemare pint cn te nee ‘tion bp dy ion fo mit rl ay, she stn il nur ihn length flow eg ina bauy er, pig ow See coe de. The ns drag oa x wg Bower, very sal in ial cag i Scie oes npc oc Arf are ly diet wis wh fc se ben ops bt th aston i hens ber od te postin of masa koe. igre 818 thos epic Cp carves fr woof the NACA Ge aly file FEIT dg ps. Spieiecmen rma ese NASA} The it eeficnt cn be iil b caning the np cnc dt vie wilson ht ora mal uge of dency thre es ipo hk inthe Gh core. Win ts reg Ee fil epee with ge proportion of. cet of it uly resin she dation of tlie vere ag fr hit lunar brandy yer fw: Nec al seri ae ded o pode s ine ce ypc of wing sets ed ara it be papi ey ae ke, i eine ha the reqied anda! of sre hcl SSeS tng a rma ction: aap Cer ce reed cst ring 68) ante ave n Fol ad Sct yc Strate en ih Cate Inne be ree Si) cnn pregame te ing nex a ee in oth out of on rhc be nme Se cet cn lange gc cs a eee ny eg pied Gilet Gre LOW ¢, WING SECTIONS - SELECTING OR DESIGNING THE CORRECT AEROFOIL ‘One ofthe ot cmmonmitatesin viewing dein st hi in ms of “incon ingore on nie ., ap prepa are! V/chord ratio) and operate ether Fig. 617 Prewar dntrhotion on cer amd mate medeen scat sere ‘The igh peak SER Saale epee pcr ei) f te mete grea et ay pede oe Sey tpn ho dnp tah Borsa co nt ha ee ea ang peteroacs er wing sos hve be des a it ‘rm ted aw cen Brn et sks ber ae tant ny hve fF se pp om sundaes dese iar neeRad Vehicle Aeradynavaic Design a Hf ig. 48 “The yn al dg with af ack et ire atic BEM See ny toe eso ees lo mines Ug, ing get le ere isd dg nf al al oh ote th ig ‘ones se ine baonhe ed oe o REIL tamer a om fn en ice ‘ny ne aol Sankey Con eet Gitie Reena Ee A sd podscion cry i aay chee, bt l eons ve nid ang of It ceticen for whch the dng ct at nw alse “The dsgnon numbers of te acolo aly sie formation shot the pring charterer add form. Abb and von Dsl dee te pte ofcany os NACA an ets ting ck “Alto he wings tbe fed tne ince when bag he ieee an oma he Wise be up wi be re sind dering cos ei ervfnew t ave oe srtl tt rouse caer ems ang fifi res From ig 18 {Su been tu dhe hin with pst omnia tik pee dl roduc he er mina da ut hii conned oer) mo range opering C; talon ether cl weal e+ mee prt ce “There afe many snd atau ese oan pps, bathe ae wry oly wel oe applets where a mse down fae egies. The ‘nfsncs of in noo and ound or par prin aba mn at ‘ican il ships y ered, deve mae deta er ‘Porter rman om aro aera eno Si WING SECTIONS FOR MODERATELY HIGH Ci “To design le semen sero hat wl eet igh Ci nema to Pedic sstae ich wale vere sdvere presario eh lw press tshighr one) An averse per rie wile the Soon per cen rp ring is dre Mere mporaty he {Pat ten sen proce ow separa, wh os a ven ‘eae dee welrknow sal codon man aca The mest el eon ‘atv pemare graie erurs he ow pre o ct sies [Sth mer sree nr wing dengned fo tn re. The ost fpr 5 dependent or al on te seventy he ites prosure gc but alo on Slee the pent he gh the rer wl be the boundary leer and the rater is tendency sear igre 619 shows to deren wcrc rssredsrbeons ded to ve he hist pose wtb producing ‘art. Carve) spc by having the matin hee well fear Pike vein of dvr greet Gnetnee cing bec torr al steph) Jong. tings yr Tow prsre the bu the ied y tbe at a ‘hw penne a versely mall ren, Care) praca yam bei wth tc yt of metimam icine uk are oft The gi “hese pes get sbrte, whi lows tobe sepa, Dt be Tine he ely por main scion. Somexbere een the 70 ‘comes tere era trum compromise sing the pho tel ‘Gases tis gre Have be dived het by Lik A ‘usher depston gen na rey arate pager by Kat? The ser shapes ese (9 pee tne psc dtebusons can edd ng & ‘ey of cman ad samc (CFD) tod The resin open152 Road Vehicle Aerotymamie Desi Racing Cars enst Ober Hiigh-Pecforweaner Vihicie 18% shag he pot sum hoc ate owed iano me oder Iigbetcency eft serfs a har higher degra o caer, ny Be 8 from Fig 82 le coe con be acted by ail clog ts boundary tne nthe Oven opin by congue rts avons eee eg ‘te, bt hi wl be the cpens wa nce a dn. The metodo produc very gh fi he example of cra ining ‘enorin snd npr, sera designed fo wry tht he dl ding sro. Flo separton waders prsure ret inpse eno he ft ocean be ane ni ingle sonent cere er Sepa Fest cated Wy telco ene egy he tnd lg: (ot Ado ute fon), snd one nyo oe thi ple the etl ioe umber ef then or ven Fi 621, tech a fonog ‘Eroeh th ep ems ate thin hih-nerey Roundy ero he long ‘event yang evel cles ery high i coc ees. Ae Jang gn a 121, Si Frederick Hondkey Pea Dr GW Lian pice sah sel te ine ‘Gaw(ty (xe Metce Bely") fete Sa ease oly 421M ih mai mens en he Fra 2.7181S Reet Midi lg 622 Muscat ot ing wah aes thos, mich high ave Ben shiined. ilement sed a? oti como men Formal and Lye ba fr he Gt and ror wigs Pigs bal and 623, THE DESIGN OF MULTLELEMENT HIGHLLIFT SECTIONS he ds of meen wings gel cn of ial nd cori by Chern snd mn unertaning it fbr The etn of net Seip the et ond inno ove Boi ‘Comput id dans (CFD) en be ery hl in he il sages, ut The comes nerons twee he boundary Hyer td the wae fhe receding net mihi tk ptm cmd en ot ‘inte hve w be bed py win-el wrt nd experimen ‘Fhe one pr feng hy averse promure gas pli. uutnte wines Weer ewan prin on es ne ip i i thre hug nt oie oc sce the sl et. 90 Mian ns pine wrnponct a Mou ch pr, ie oi of Stelihen wi rp thorn nF 625. Tt redaciono be ado Uy sahing win wi uppen whe ve cfs ae ai ching Te we rico ope soul tcp sre fee acl wl et sry he sme rors he ein rcs wich ein ope int) Taton and be ft combs vl be ln etn ae Racing Coss oid Order igh-Peeforeance Vehiles V5. ae | es { af, | ie ae coy Pg 7.) th prose din on hot srs I th xen as, sing i ‘ths esi ha ca ys ge se iimah the, ech inde wing mye reed, th eal Hf veo ax nore rf sil rth tea tog ald el. Mali Wag Srmpencrn atte ef wher sig rae ee net Alene few han toes Spe se em cra ow it ig 621 stn an eee cage al plane eng on ‘eri rma ox Fg 62 shams th fit incest me of rofl win a ren teh int. The ici nse it serene tha cts a the ira a fle Isolde med aah be intro ene rns may rece Cy, te ine, ep main gece ting i maw ly ine eae Ait acd war onomey be fated Thee wi twee, de pea. (Govind othe one tral nd wg oma wa slr be pablo on oles range ha sage imide pn a From th ca 19 hr comet pai fr he cory wig on se costo be cae dwn tothe ide Pe 2), On see th aed flee! ene wb, ut Ferns pres © Ske he ing item of foment mt ec eer yteing Ins ar byte we formar npr ban fs bn ce nh unendy et premae, cael ber‘156 Read Vehicle Aerodymamic Design ma ps Ries TRAILING EDGE LIPS, NOLDERS O8 ANGLE IRONS “One ear eno ee et wing desig wip feed ode (ing ceo win ope sari and Dnt op, ua ot ht anges This (Uti kes unl Ia and nro the camber ade ang a thers ‘trcning the eect. The arangement provides sine med a ‘hse the down ce TRAIWNG VORTEX INDUCED] DRAG “Thar, onl the ero the ing tion geometry and he renin ove if acd pol ng ave ea deri. The overall ag in Newco dail og ves dea In Chapter 2 an explanation wn sve hom wg and cher ing euges prouce ailing ores ich ty the flow pce. 210) Toei sector ed tacks pode ing lrnponentEaow a inde ring vertex Taine vores gi ORE eras wheter the it upwards dds Ox mp ds Therese the cre of hse vrs, whi i tom the Wing is, ses {Rc wake pour ene a the wre can be sch ited ig 625, The procs ded in more eal by Baar ad Pot tot mc ca rdce pean td edt fron fe srg vasa Ot wt ayn he wae thrown ot sea a8 ened m P6240) Racing cr wing on the tern pede dowd Meith vos owe in teppei soe, Water pay ese pad Racing Cars and Osher High-Performance Vohicls 157 TP amt EAT Pp) ig 625, Waar spn panes in yh ce mae pose ing pring Sr158 Read Vehicle Aerodysamic Design peach a tse Fig 624). The vere plume water that allows ‘Rin son ty dase be quite spear “The aprsk (apr cmpenet of Sel) paul by dhe sng ang ones men tha spring pale upends ova the wR, ‘Rinne iectetne ase sack. Os penned ary, the fw spring {he wing abo jee wan ops produced by the rowing whe Gee Te 2) nh fbr rede te tv angle of tack, Te econ ct bs es prac ary ices he ndence ofthe eri bus ean a Fer res a. WING PLANFORM AND CONFIGURATION, “hog ae dei a uns sgn of esi ior ova fae Teme it br ante nb The pie ft ee ng SexgLRuetion ete senph a henge hn Wisateams af rt ode The gto depends ne Tee erat asp chr eed nF B10 TH Tac weten Co tsing vere) = AC! /xAR ge AR pcan nd ss cot ih eps ame wn Pen ning ted w padac ery Brg: Cp ales Yen he C icich| en SETE Sa chee wo ih gd ye che TASSI Segle pa ner on re ee etn This hem ma el SOE uc lny sabe of ving Spe men os ernest fo ay he 1 ae gic oe ar an he SR Scr sed wh cr nw a dtd Bo crs re oen = pment sel hw ere fa eens hms Kee ef sc ele he ad SeeSatokew ni ean ey pnts cots at seemed og ENDPLATES emeraiese 5 ie baie eee “Tree eae of hein arts ba it and dg mca ano nies 621 rend uth om et and oo he er wn 8 howe Pi het i en ti nd nd ts 8 Socio arnt ene tig vrs. Te cing iti ‘Gon wns, btm twinge he pase he tt of rng (Soe Corinna ih Papoenes Taam he rig ay on rear The ett te sph rode by the ealng ue lon sng vy of te wo ee Samet one or dh uc a yg hg Sw Si tn sme te oi ig wins cn sen tet ere el ben ting re gre pea el “Atha en play hy by nn oe ee fr wall ree dg Ty tavernas hors th yp este inter the pi ort Shs Tey pron eeeaand ehs mato fone he ing ‘Onapeniel arden lt he ar gs er oe ine cere nd exedrerars to spr th wig ene gee 15 be fon be a wor rte on Fes ars Sida, ‘sis woe mpl be twin np weed own found roe sci, wich ell fm ed cy Eporet be mca. THE INFLUENCE OF GROUND AND BODY PROXIMITY ON WING SECTION SHAPE “The ont wing i ustly now moun ery clone oe round anda wih ded da ore, be pointy ofthe ound vd te ting vert srg ad incomes the down fre Pigre 527 shows how grt proiay Seon nduenes the prow rbton od enerel eneticet. Tis Spuresbons clearly why impart ae acount of ground rosy then dining acl for cars I he promare dram in esta Sooo in ig. 027 weve dviened to st sti separation he adverse "en, then te nerf would undoubtedly sal when chet und, cn a may be sm, the alee pres saiet Domes me Severe Kae? ows sini fie forth eo Mapped sera Aer fo lo ‘oie roe wings herein be designed oie the ee are rstre druton when clove pony tthe groan The supe wil be Airen otha a sean designed a operate nth etre pee Asrbuson i est. Ta the ey 194 became poplar» manne he fu wing unr elnely igh sir Pig 25) Wits hi aranzemens the wing ground ft rons arom nol pn he wi ving xy tothe winter Airflow. The hgh mounted nr sl pee ney tthe ude ‘esa rc, ‘cine of eins nthe ating hit he ea wing it che he bean ad near the nate eon a the Back fe crate or ill lect he pressor nm he nia he whee et yee ere. igure 629 shoe te eet uring rex ig sre 5 eb th lt rbd pel ps car rca sec ha te ine160) Road Vehicle Aeradynantic Design 62) Te ee rity ect pe thn ‘om ithe ney af Hef on ey Sei sis andr) Raving Core ant Cakes High-Porformmece Vehitler 161 ‘Pw dts ae he Ueto Hine oer a) ‘the wing inneene othe ovrl dwt i nexpcly bei. A ‘tr eleva how by Kat or theca i's wig aun ut hoe the at yet mighc be onuph at unt the wing the oly ark would eae ref the dam eb the ie fies wth tong grande, the ow mounted wing can ap to ace he ead peas ence Fagrove th ovr dev re. Oac pi tne lc mint be bed “Conpatsalid dani (CHD) ecg mabe sof te deed 1» roc the deste peur drut im erence soon 2nd bdyock primi. Howe, dite th eecrens of CED eno tpt desgn As dora n Chapter 2 CFD eas uly nee be ‘te by ing te eda om experimen es. urbe infrmain o ag Kae e 5 UNDERBODY DESIGN FOR GROUND EFFECT Current racing esabtons fr the joan rou ta lag proportion | the vebices unde sbald be at Pure 0 shone a piel at Bote ‘entation. The ener, og with the ean mya aoe hah Which thea pte The mas a dwn per sennd mt the ame lhe ey length chee unls thre se age rt rh thie, TheAcrodynanac Design eget side son the etl designs mere itn prevent such an i ag Sanu afar na Dow expose Gestion Per ems del edn i, 630. Atami se toned usted bh ae every onde above Wa x(alAd Frum histo eso wer te a iw he comes ei ‘hwo abe ne fe ii, i jaa ein eas at whe the ea higher she pe si mer pene a) ms ber ae emir out TBS telul pte afte rer under ht to th ier lee fs aoa thw ene sexi and ted). aa heheh a he ir ed yeas oe Se ree es arcane eo wat ‘eet pee pent ae Pp 43) Ts curso oh Racing Cars and Other High-Performance Vehicles 63 ses om the is, ad erie bin ge ae ati ad hence age ess tt the reser the orp ee Lape sal a sb, aig ‘his lance nl ao lps reuse nf ors th ich oul ee the sation, Util erie y regulon the god arn om ae Baca fhe npr fe die, an therein nel Aino ge del oer gsi ding eee iin, ding ‘hem rund ergo. Asari ow peated canes ome me) besen on angen allay Fig 1 shows gl ep imine problem wih aol dows fe tht nro with dhe sua ofthe sped, ule exeny si mepenson pigs nd the fad cara wil ary wath peed. Aton tine ase supe Sms Wee ‘node tw mina he ptr seal lewsos but ae wee Tight Be hough tha thera the nt ink gt ground slerans that contll th prove unde te Sor pn, bt is it, gre {632 shows hw ier inlet cngratonn The rewurenthe naw canal ‘i bers te same ma esc On te fom ad rue ton [ond he inl ee eid The ie spe shower inp eneling the dew orc rn Th ih tin ig. 6320) pees a Res ty tg pretest he Reso x ender el dare Pe the conte of prsr ofthe dwn ce arene. Exptl dar "trios ont form were bind by Flee The apared oe re» pose Fone wie it etic (G sed on the om he i) 00.198 ih ne reds! nea (on fs) alae of 0D fe the oped toe AM oes nnd se en on hi Wars FU164 Road Veile Aerodmemie Design QO @ GB Pee ita hye te Dr pea to eh, ont med down fee slo. (nope racing xs it as bse otmay to extend the i aoe one rnd wr aed mse ms mle pts may fe ee Fig. fs the shaping of he undated chanel inet ‘Sel apore xsi ii to roduc enough do fron he ont ‘eet poe aes bcwec ont ar aches ad the a dere ay be (Sc op tote oe the Body sl een eon, apne wit mo ‘Stren lt etn (eg 8). The dis ens a say ‘Mika che ft conlcopn/aearou ing A smal sree suo eh ton annetier oe 2 eae cnrling the postion he ene SF premre . gar 630 sons yi under pasar distin This arly 1 xin the mgoran atti erent eat wing and esrb Ssae The ving esl he prs in th wae eid the oie ‘re th en ent at and is ai prerecombined nt be iver ‘omy a consol he prewar onthe whale the yhie wner-surae. Low DRAG -THE ADVANTAGE OF GROUND EFFECT OVER WING DOWN FORCE Unite wing senza aoe, Jw ase nr by und con Ga Mot ccna crys ars dng pny Tg wre rg odd 4 sree te dash ort cecil ye Eig vor Steg sartoctcnee on h rece oe sa tin he ‘omtnshe ores Socted Caper 2 The bh es a Serre ine pried wae pry tien suppres ing tet rua sneered he nw rm the se which he iy (i of ol ing ert. “Th rar ndrbody genera Gr re doesnot cyt indus dog pny ey re ung napa 1 raed dor ce acordng ul fo ro ec dwn edn Faeroe eae onal ey cma he igi of ‘Haring Garccont Cale High Pecficnmne tele, aR sound whch are ened onthe hs high perfor. There il be ome eva dag gnerata by ground eft, bt hi arg dacovcs Fon a reste dra. LUFT DUE TO EXPOSED WHEELS spare wes eer upward if, whish deri om the dove ase ened ly te wings nd underindy, Spl and Ca ives mesred ince. fe or vating wale car whl fama (aed oo the oa moet ae ofthe whch), Abt mobi the sd be ‘ess since the ar wel ate ry ner y the i. Th penne (pra it can ede de down fre aoa pe ceo a FFomol errr even tcc Table 62 erin he er set tem es af thet nd down feeble deo tas cmp Enc the whl within the bayer en prs xg cc he bet conser Cle heb Fl covers the wheel od expat thes aw ton il be rtd Sone ch tbe fan th hema encore, boneve sine te whe! ted hina Ta ws shped bales aon some receding cr (Fe. 4.0, the shane il arnpnd ou coat fs oni whe nd Sop and Cae Tater the Kl sar tot a srg we The lc Pr enclosing «ee! hve Bessa by Seber RL AOUING RESISTANCE INCREASE DUE TO DOWN FORCE As dort in Chapter 3, ling rein aot ny sted he ado don force cad by ach yr. Asadyaie don fre wil hese incense Thelin eonce al since eos res arse Be sre oe ‘eto lhe erm nrg reser Acs etre a hice {Well beau th lig resem: couse visa ahe spiced ‘ay with sed and wth ye temperate; bower, fr snp ng he fog recsamee accent reo vllng and needa exh to td rsa ree Frente eed om Pap cy + —Jo¥440,) Puig in he a fra yl Formule | ct um Table 62; and wing weak “Cn N (SSDI, i and tao We (0 phe ded ‘ong estnce dt to sedan down ce ont aba 25 pet ‘ot of heal stance Tn ca geval contons ‘se import.|‘106 Read Piha Aedes: Davis SUIPSTREAMING OR ORAFTING. ‘When oe eile lows acter very acy hte a mul Bef in em etc aga gecra the flowing side wi rive the eer Dene = tie be sea om Fi 6.3. Th phenomenon may be expined by cmsiering ‘ac pys fc too kick Shapes ae vel close cams. nt Ei, Tey pose prenre one rar ea he ig ei wil “pach tu ne fone sof th flowing ei no here wl be ‘eosin a ne dg age wo pres mth er ee) ote eer, nln fotsurice peste Gaon he flower Racing cas fen male wo is in orang mance te meraling craig abana of te do ea a ea on hin he ne fet, Une ‘ering whe ae op op wa strong speear sd usa # ‘ina non don fe ie onan: eve wee x ioe {hem eres umber of eavopic aes which were ated © rodyumic tse Howell” dese bo acerca Simp ok nd fw, tripe ver bcd Can-Am crs ome ob prea prone to is ad fim ad Hows Jomnsted i winter che ‘rosin wang vehi the Ellowe old inde generate sft fot {Ut ip ae ig 63) Mau ng reson apa The ile he ne Caper? owt of 7 Hal, Roer Gr Ll) ‘Racing Cars aad Osher High-Performance Volicies 167 DOWN FORCE AND SAFETY ‘The nea carering Spee which the we of aaa down fe ome Ince the poem fr dase, sping scorer 250m (Sp ley mach more daterous da png a 15D (Seg). Underbody ‘hw re pars dng nth eet, ce nme oul psi Toa nt ofthe down Fre wil app, ad the ess wil ve the rk st ser hh red ‘Wing ngee it i es dangers th under sion soe wil aly ‘mtn operate as ogo be eid matin reson ee ae, ad itm ee sentinel changes in eile te o et Many changes ining ez have bn snd en he down fe Fatih bos enndy mci, shoul bene tt fr mad-ging car tho ate 0 est he | ‘apa eon devi, a i ob to eng wings nih are ‘ir icidlce wie igh down fre rogues equ ed on ‘ined racing cas Forma, oo Ylang ary, optional oration Aico t te ound ers sa a be tan ral ed thesia or derby cb snd concen ar Bl Record brain dab elspa of rong + mach power sl marrying tho ey caine ee fbn es (Fe 410, nl hn ng er gate fat rund Nowa wh abet nd ess, thre msrp poner ra at hig a he eb ‘sso an wh ving cope mah he cage pew ow. Aethe ‘argues fom sone to stein oy, rae ern the rare Attn and he ener ow fle oc tapers spe hk wanes ree ‘im the yun ed proface nee comnts deo toon he vehieReonraing vbr av sendy ced serene ‘pe danosrsing tht the prensa insole The robe of fing suse provise ream, ower, emi Aceeranf 1520 (tp th age fr caret temps aes shot 2am ergo and 1Sgateeon arg which tine he hide wil err SS (ep ‘Alte mesued mie, arg wich spd in eases 0 0/2 {0 mp stg aah Sh ise Gr eel, mang a acon 14445 of ly ate EURTHER ASPECTS OF FACING CAR AERODYNAMICS ning tok of hi sie dea al the aryl dren kg eres do aig cam man ae ow a arly har‘OR Road Vehicle Aerodynamic Devin incr Sone ogra pc cove inte hp my ing sa Cato, mann tran appt ome cee pin med next Thx ep vac Saat nurs co wih cnn oe dn ce eh oa ee snd phn ne fund on prin a Ae aver hm or el poacton vi, me to aoa an ompnsny mran OSer se ene onl wy pcp devel on Farm lar Ei Gop Ca Shite eof anew ome by eras ae ET SE tak ism ne en in oe ale OES Econ ay sno prey compos ‘rv uot xpress REFERENCES, Ty Ain Asan on Dont AE, Thy of Wn Sn, Dove Patios New ae 2. AES ant Pip DR, An gh nd dn Laan, rio, 8 {ears Nit a in sth mpm ah, Aaa, SEES Reese tn Winn Ait Re, No.4, Boe Ot 2, RELIES ratyanist Geneon Sprtmgn, lps, No.8 18 6 i, Kec Ane T rtm inion of emp sy ocen 1 Fee ee Nate oven yt Clog on 1. Mol Camsoph ro oo ROTTER pert ec nn da Pr Ve mai Se ee ety 11 Jay OK RAC 2 9 Rae tce Ce tym Bat ey, ambi ite USA, 15 1 Es Spells Peat at haar fh, a 1.N 1 ARE tr ee arte eR slit tract aes op Eocene a8 a Rit terrae Tee arate a tent me INTERNAL AIR FLOWS - ENGINE AND TRANSMISSION COOLING ‘oom cinerea veil engine coking stems woul sone be ough fis ug bak Thi chp there ered a ino the Tia pres nd requrensnts snd + Scrip ow the neal nd ‘steal ows inet ‘Apu rom the venison ofthe pasar compris, hich el sith he next chap, hee are ser we ha red oad THE ENGINE COOLING SYSTEM Fr mary yas he nly sic peed eure ofthe cine cng ‘se wo tai shld be effet hu merce ihe ocn reaeethat ‘he coving sem a corte preci tothe oval dag the vei and “et pine per ose assed ith rig the cing fn Arg Wht mocha 4 SW (6p) of eng pone ald be sored by te ‘elnino mins a U12kn/ mp oer dene. Th dag {4 poner etn fs are pricing i the dein of rag a provements one nthe racing Sed veel ack node eile "Good soning str design cm nn ctr spicy torn nea weg Emini! and Hohn mes the drag contro fa deco Tor genre of dome cr a th 197 18 The ara 6 wut arid OOM, Tit woah be enah males a ele dt w170 Read Vehicle Aeradymemie Design ites See pour ei wh mol Gy 0.54 pe oe wth Seer, simi oie of coin ym da a ee SESEGr! so ound hn oe alc nee qe w yw aa, Co SEEN tom De ar se 08 a3 No ot he ettenc ofthe cong stem woud dere orig Tsual mb of ocrmoan he colng Stem dg ema he rau dnt tc on te nua cao, hen saber the ng msl Gahesstr ted of Goose nd Meo wok te anil ey of Teva th tig stem gc witha in-air ce ery nd a ede mere rox ew wih Se ngs ‘Tove i Tis enh org peat he Bx ed ‘hc eile se some ofthe deg cree pp in he os fan Re Dh hc dy nding estas he it ho nd ‘Ein redym ire uve rt ory pate he i of iene eae: THE MECHANISM OF DRAG FRODUCTION BY THE COOLING system Bete ping any fare, nesemary © ephin Hoth ingyen can RESaae At ii mig Be mage th ang ole in the Ft of {heli md albwng some ita pe oh woul reduce the dee Figs “TT hte te show why docs ne These Semel shape owns is Frew ae ts ow roma ig, th mach the ng coming Eom ‘Stbe tao. By allowing to fr eo the wend uric ae Ves = Ie — et eee nserna! Air Plows tingine and Trouswisson Cooling 171 ‘olepdnoeingte sures cond. Marry, dg peated iy sing a ats ets sai ace he oe fer con eeu yh ow orci fi “The whe ures ofa rater pone spre nee cond at mh i hovel rae hte de ‘nor cin beach 1 ge tl el aii is hay pe gh ae Ftc 7 tows srl ent creo coding stem The iad pd nt ann hl ap ls og rave lt he ft fe els ae ncn pe slag it a ao deg valy stav ntwich poses Stine ssf esi thefow nts her. On val Ss thre a fen tele bf pon presre ooeh be k pe a ‘hi the oth ree Phd Sue nd that ils on eer of he ae 150 weeding th cosa Bow ferret nd 9 por ceme ‘i font prose pars, ba eee of lil ge Eocene tn men rm Soca nt ners fom ich rey tras cl ar aly ipa Nee ha Chnger it ue pte alsin ae theo os senor reer the to pene dnp ec ge Ah tw sed en bythe Heral con Ten rs ene ‘raone ysis he dows “Aten em cnc de ths is Now ca inere ahi exe fo Ths ri yt wth tendit ero ne, camry, iso one omc teeing i ‘oh mai ated, hoy ecg do‘172 Road Vehicle Aeredysamic Design Anterant ir Flsen— Regine anal Trareaeioce Caiiaaaae COOLING REQUIREMENTS rome he cate eee 1 on the pres ap ————E——e—OE A igual pamciieie tines iantielay tae ‘Aspen (ed epee nthe ang Se BeSotpr Sn ter otha one th he ey b= alerd SEGRE intde ese i ee wok the ny ny end Sere kos he war yr cen of be erable every he eProp ses Typ wp abu per ee ef te ney ‘Sot we el sn be eg we, he mang tn bg eno ie von very ew foe pe the cary leon the coms sloments fe prt ir, a in this se whch ect rel whe ‘arc con dag eacBcetwoul! be open 1/Reols mumbo, fd hence Fre Fi the fw ped srg the eA ih pds Jim he bu exe gt and om te sure of the engine. This mens ‘palo ear rising on th pe rn, he ow tend fo ome lye, thes ple he cr epine praca SAW (8 Up) af omer 0 Se ea ete eae ee {Spat sual enount ws the clog Syste: euflnt ote capet rom ce ent ee 1 een re hein clermens On a racing ex rodcg anything wp to Dee Tek froand 104 (bhp) he cooking ogee are mare dso ol of Aug ys ely» are, he acon over the pen ange et i np pee ie ge Hants i sw a cain ond 12 pr x ween eal ‘Bonen eles rely dren a maximum power ang pe rd Sant lon/a and fe octal areata fy tea opie a cng at I2kn/h CDi ete fay cr wil al rae about ‘cena. as Crate aie ein 4-1 wth 6 ing pa Shc thd oft ein poner opt. The engine eency emer paral rt cadet ey coe Te ere ccing Sm er repr see pono ‘Troe tomer, comer ran a bet sl fas to oe dsp the Se ‘ag oycm, Dishonor mar ele than spit nits a 8 ‘her ono the mace bo post The xu ss 0 te EE ree De cece = a tO a es asad ey ere eer amet eenar en apenas ete ee ee cy MM Pees? re ecm ne ee tei eee een ee ener sence hoe mh aan le ee ee hacer at iat oe erento S eetpeee ents ones eee else nla ea Se eanathiornicheee hl oa on ee, acai tin darren repent eget ee taste rien oe eared See 3: VSbea) es iemren at a ae Se rT erase in ati a rn ects rr eer ST TT - eran enn i ts hen he pedo ut mate er than a ty and herr te ea {abe rn ele cal in order op te sane gy of us. “The pretreat th ow to sow dow sod here nd 8 ‘pyres the ce The esi bec he ne tic nde slong down of the flaw at ce rine seen by Howes {im ance breed, ert wit tasoy a cover en Wt ay, {vat asses ena, Nawades most rs we an lai i wih ny owed we when conan. he ney of he Bc am ate wy ‘tuner nx ing seins may rly Be ede pay ae SIGNING AN EFFICIENT LOW-0RAG COOLING SYSTEM 7 Hed hr 1 the sped inthe oe, ad ithe esr ed Tore w oecome the in drag othe rains, shee mnt be 4 pres Tom the to wil he found hat with cat ya, he vec {tence beroven he vpn md rr sc of th core, othe beet Bote} ick weve tat ne peta pn wl oss rae ‘eompresiy els hc restr rp epee pin gntion ly need wo be oe thd ofthe ae fhe dita ire 7 show tbe174 Read Vehicle Aerntyoumic Design sing sat, ‘tinge cola srouniag stem a dens nines wi client aa in besoen tnt ath y= 8 the onsen ar thea ak thee Tra ie with higher tie the Sem tbe srs oe. DRAG ON THE RADIATOR CORE Seton ie Flares exh Commenion sias, “Te dag aici dae he radio in a comply eB ait i piven by Gy = By Tn ea he lan lve cnt wikia the ore ay wok iia ever lye, sl ttl deg fhe lng tent nh al of he reamed onthe bara ue the nen om DUCTED RADIATOR SYSTEMS. Conse reductions ne dard an sens ca be ohne by sing ill cing sen example wich shown fn igs 74 foe, Ths ant ds sot acter tare ema et es Gc ‘Wot scents ta ey al o ea entra be make eorsinined to Mow ‘hag the ir with one piling randy and tthe Reale ‘rg an spre or pear) of peed In patie, meses om ve ef of te Jctng constrains he ops og be ate Ft enna ex interes nese nine coxa yee ‘aes hss an res where here ap ost etn Sheps fr rag coi insee doe 4 ded sai eae be deed y cms the meena and peste changes ang on ta ‘lue tht end ra nel ere os pono Jews othe web ‘Tiseapesion 5 devep in erence 1 a6 Ate) site ah pa she the avalos fn he eit cote whch han es A Thee eo ing ped i Vy and tet en Ay A the mae of thet. “Te ego he alec int dere con dni rile bat dam prs (4) an the aris con rc he ater ice hd106 Read Vehicle Aerodynamic Desiew Pel Adee cain pare Sh one eal ore ‘Spe ee aay thn hs eet be ed bu ag ee “The bcktad ren io equain 7. reeset the dag df age ail mentum I lb san tt ht i dependent an (953) the cose of he ‘longo ert atm te hao Ise si exis vera eer ‘war ge Sonar cote lh xia omer le nt 1 ‘dcx nny ih OS can cer Tether nxt 1 ‘come tha thc ox Scion ms che tmp Te best ty a ate tt ep the ute ow ached th vide od by exe ‘pina te uke path Exhuting he fn he whe! wel poids aoe Irchd atthe deo le tate sel he ies and underboty "The bile anata nig. 75 at att to As rows thew ‘ny el notre, ie cle sid wn regen curveee (te downs se ofthe ute dc. In may crete, thea dcr erly downed om sh ig ‘and dws ot nd oth 0 he ough where, here 2 ‘Doing deg only van ethan al ut rection he wl woe oe ‘rome bat hi a Be mined by ep be ut oy igh tia tara eigen ad he args ator hat ‘te prope Essig eso a re flow presence eek eet “The lex rey oft in union 7.5 eerste da nee prod tye ctype dt change in the presureom te ott pre aes ip The ang of nina hs ae he eta Note ht 8 {ie change pene fin 2th ate Cy that mts, THis ee the pearson he se wh rade sxte il ae ane ben nde ‘ei draft bss eis iho cong sem) was mesa Tico apertura the wpa the eine bs a ase in Fie 78 tee force sing fom hs pessre wl proce a dog, bt wil Conte wt Ho Sorlece “Toe the dag fics cent um etn 7.3, irc mec Spent te Thee Detnaet Enomtates Calg Te eminent P/V Ti i eanty %_ (ate. "Gs “Te drain of hi ego and or dt ie en fren 1. The cet se ery npr, ome Wcnre the et ow tea the ‘ten. del ghee, wold be ranges Bese wy the ere mach tans of cain eure st) dg con. eink che ow ped vedas approach (remiss ol re il etn poco gn gs a wah Artists on sever be Gow wil sparse shown 1 don pc of fen tcp ceo cts oat ie cee tn, ut thr her le ory eter he i ome cin. he ney prion rod, fowl spy alg Probe one ds sth csc oof proving sible ier fone, obich eee wen ig ct oy pnd share of coking sven imply by (Hi) A bene Asn A ao eh Teac en hue er ft wi kom nd we tfc od fh cleo ie a ed FRx srangrmct¥ hon Pg, 7 The mr comme Govan! asa ‘eee rasan vant pe fon canpnent Abe he ove «sown may angen vein al mene on monn il roar og sos at etch Darth made eng ureters dort Along the fos fe uc doe he ir ftw wheres a a i em oi yo ns At ind a Sstjinpha ex ppt ich tent ee neh cnc (Ce ype 085, bt ng p18 Te ee Sete shy ty tod 085 On ys th pean he Stic can te mich pcs the yur cong fe ‘i oft att wens tn, (cating) = @