CHAPTER 1 Section 1.1, Page 8 2.

For and For y(t) y(t) y > 3/2 we see that y > 0 thus y(t) is increasing there. y < 3/2 we have y < 0 and thus is decreasing there. Hence diverges from 3/2 as t.

4.

Observing the direction field, we see that for y>-1/2 we have y<0, so the solution is decreasing here. Likewise, for y<-1/2 we have y>0 and thus y(t) is increasing here. Since the slopes get closer to zero as y gets closer to -1/2, we conclude that y-1/2 as t. If all solutions approach 3, then 3 is the equilibrium dy dy solution and we want < 0 for y > 3 and > 0 for dt dt dy y < 3. Thus = 3-y. dt

7.

11. For y = 0 and y = 4 we have y = 0 and thus y = 0 and y = 4 are equilibrium solutions. For y > 4, y < 0 so if y(0) > 4 the solution approaches y = 4 from above. If 0 < y(0) < 4, then y > 0 and the solutions grow to y = 4 as t. For y(0) < 0 we see that y < 0 and the solutions diverge from 0. 13. Since y = y2, y = 0 is the equilibrium solution and y > 0 for all y. Thus if y(0) > 0, solutions will diverge from 0 and if y(0) < 0, solutions will aproach y = 0 as t. Let q(t) be the number of grams of the substance in the dq 300q water at any time. Then = 300(.01) = dt 1,000,000 300(10-2- 10-6q).

15a.

15b. The equilibrium solution occurs when q = 0, or c = 104gm, independent of the amount present at t = 0 (all solutions approach the equilibrium solution).

Section 1.2 dV = dt 3 4p 4p - aS, a > 0.

2/3

16.

The D.E. expressing the evaporation is = dv dt 4 3 pr and S 3 = = 4pr , so S

2

Now V Thus 21.

V2/3.

- kV2/3, for k > 0.

22.

24.

Section 1.2 Page 14 1b. dy/dt = -2y+5 can be rewritten as dy = -2dt. Thus y-5/2 ln y-5/2 = -2t+c1, or y-5/2 = ce-2t. y(0) = y0 yields c = y0 - 5/2, so y = 5/2 + (y0-5/2)e-2t. If y0 > 5/2, the solution starts above the equilibrium solution and decreases exponentially and approaches 5/2 as t. Conversely, if y < 5/2, the solution starts below 5/2 and grows exponentially and approaches 5/2 from

below as t. 4a. Rewrite Eq.(ii) as y = ceat. 4b. If y = y1(t) + k, then dy1 dy = . Substituting both dt dt dy1 these into Eq.(i) we get = a(y1+k) - b. Since dt dy1 = ay1, this leaves ak - b = 0 and thus k = b/a. dt Hence y = y1(t) + b/a is the solution to Eq(i). dy/dt = a and thus ln y = at+c1; or y

6b. From Eq.(11) we have p = 900 + cet/2. If p(0) = p0, then c = p0 - 900 and thus p = 900 + (p0 - 900)et/2. If p0 < 900, this decreases, so if we set p = 0 and solve for T (the time of extinction) we obtain eT/2 = 900/(900-p0), or T = 2ln[900/(900-p0)]. 8a. Use Eq.(26). 8b. Use Eq.(29). 10a. dQ dQ/dt = -rQ yields = -r, or ln Q = -rt + c1. Thus dt Q Q = ce-rt and Q(0) = 100 yields c = 100. Hence Q = 100e-rt. Setting t = 1, we have 82.04 = 100e-r, which yields r = .1980/wk or r = .02828/day. dQ/dt -1 = , thus upon integrating and Q-CV CR simplifying we get Q = De-t/CR + CV. Q(0) = 0 D = -CV and thus Q(t) = CV(1 - e-t/CR).
t t

13a. Rewrite the D.E. as

13b. lim Q(t) = CV since lim e-t/CR = 0. dQ Q + = 0, Q(t1) = CV. The solution of this dt C -t /CR D.E. is Q(t) = Ee-t/CR, so Q(t1) = Ee 1 = CV, or t1/CR t1/CR -t/CR -(t-t1)/CR E = CVe . Thus Q(t) = CVe e = CVe .

13c. In this case R

Section 1.3

13a. CV = 20,CR = 2.5

13c. CV = 20, CR = 2.5 t1 = 10

Section 1.3, Page 22 2. The D.E. is second order since there is a second derivative of y appearing in the equation. The equation is nonlinear due to the y2 term (as well as due to the y term multiplying the y term). 6.
2

This is a third order D.E. since the highest derivative is y and it is linear since y and all its derivatives
2 2

appear to the first power only. The terms t not affect the linearity of the D.E.
-3t

and cos t do

8.

For y (t) = e
1 -3t -3t

-3t -3t we have y (t) = -3e and y (t) = 9e . 1 1 -3t -3t

Substitution of these into the D.E. yields 9e 14. 16. + 2(-3e ) - 3(e

Recall that if u(t) =

rt

f(s)ds, then u(t) = f(t).

t 0 2 rt rt rt

) = (9-6-3)e

= 0.

Differentiating e
2 rt rt

twice and substituting into the D.E.

yields r e - e = (r -1)e . If y = e is to be a solution of the D.E. then the last quantity must be zero
2

for all t. 19.

Thus r -1 = 0 since e
r

is never zero.

Differentiating t yields t [r(r-1)t y = t

r 2 r-2

twice and substituting into the D.E. ] + 4t[rt

r-1

] + 2t

= [r +3r+2]t . + 3r + 2 = 0.

If

is to be a solution of the D.E., then the last term

2

must be zero for all t and thus r

22.

The D.E. is second order since there are second partial derivatives of u(x,y) appearing. The D.E. is nonlinear due to the product of u(x,y) times ux(or uy). u1 t
2 -a2t

26.
2

Since
-a2t

= -a e

sinx and

2u1 x2

= -e

-a2t

sinx we have

a [-e

sinx] = -a e

2 -a2t

sinx, which is true for all t and x.

CHAPTER 2 Section 2.1, Page 38 1. m(t) = exp( 3dt) = e3t. Thus e3t(y+3y) = e3t(t+e-2t) or d (ye3t) = te3t + et. Integration of both sides yields dt 1 3t 1 3t ye3t = te e + et + c, and division by e3t gives 3 9 the general solution. Note that te3tdt is evaluated by integration by parts, with u = t and dv = e3tdt. m(t) = e-2t. m(t) = exp( 3. m(t) = et.

2. 4.

dt ) = elnt = t, so (ty) = 3tcos2t, and t integration by parts yields the general solution.

6.

The equation must be divided by t so that it is in the form of Eq.(3): y + (2/t)y = (sint)/t. Thus 2dt m(t) = exp( = t2, and (t2y) = tsint. Integration t then yields t2y = -tcost + sint + c. m(t) = et .
2

7.

8.

m(t) = exp(

4tdt 1+t2

) = (1+t2) 2.

11. m(t) = et so (ety) = 5etsin2t. To integrate the right side you can integrate by parts (twice), use an integral table, or use a symbolic computational software program to find ety = et(sin2t - 2cos2t) + c. 13. m(t) = for c, of y. of the e-t and y = 2(t-1)e2t + cet. To find the value set t = 0 in y and equate to 1, the initial value Thus -2+c = 1 and c = 3, which yields the solution given initial value problem.

15. m(t) = exp(

2dt ) = t2 and y = t2/4 - t/3 + 1/2 + c/t2. t Setting t = 1 and y = 1/2 we have c = 1/12.

18. m(t) = t2. Thus (t2y) = tsint and t2y = -tcost + sint + c. Setting t = p/2 and y = 1 yields c = p 2/4 - 1. 20. m(t) = tet.