KY THUAT THONG TIN QUANG

Bai 4:

LINH KIEN BIEN BIEN O OI I QUANG IEN

NOI DUNG

Cac khai niem c ban:

Mc nang lng (Energy Level) Vung nang lng (Energy Band) Chat ban dan (Semiconductor) Nguyen ly bien oi quang ien

Nguon quang (Light Source)

LED (Light Emitting Diode) Laser (Light ( g Amplification p by y Stimulated Emitting g of Radiation) ) Cac thong so ky thuat cua nguon quang

Linh kien tach song quang (Light Detector)

PIN APD (Avalanche Photodiode) Cac thong so ky thuat cua linh kien thu quang

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Ly thuyet lng t cua Borh:

Mot nguyen t bao gom hat nhan (+) c bao quanh bi cac ien t (-) Cac ien t quay quanh hat nhan theo mot quy ao on nh va do o mang mot mc nang lng xac nh Cac ien t ch thay oi trang thai nang lng khi chuyen t quy ao nay sang mot quy ao khac toan bo nguye g y n t mang g cac mc nang lng ri rac nang lng cua nguyen t c lng t hoa

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Mc nang lng (Energy level):

N ng l Na l ng E(eV) E( V)
E4 E3 E2 E1 E0

E Energy gap Eij=E Ej - Ei Ground state

Cac mc nang lng trong cua ien t trong nguyen t khong lien tuc Mot ien t ch co the mang mot trong cac mc nang lng ri rac nay Mc nang lng thap nhat E0 c goi la mc nen (ground state) trang thai on nh cua nguyen t
4

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Mc nang lng (tt):

Khi ien t chuyen t mc nang lng cao Ej xuong mc nang lng thap Ei th no se phat ra mot nang lng E = Eij = Ej Ei E c phat ra di dang nhiet hoac di dang photon anh sang (s bc xa anh sang (radiation) ) Nang lng cua mot photon c bc xa: Ephoton = E = hf = hc/ = hc/ E Bc Bc so song ng anh anh sang sang pha phat t xa xa phu phu thuoc va vao o khoang khoang cach cach gi gia a ca cac c mc nang lng cua vat lieu

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Mc nang lng (tt):

Khi nguyen t nhan mot nang lng E t ben ngoai cung cap se xay ra hai trng hp:
+ Neu E = Eij (i,j= 0,1,2 ), ien t co trang thai nang lng Ei se hap thu (absorption) nang lng E va di chuyen len mc nang lng cao hn Ej + Neu E Eij (i,j= 0,1,2 ) khong xay ra hap thu
E(eV) Ej E= Eij Ei (Eij = Ej Ei) Ei Ej E Eij (Eij = Ej Ei) E(eV)

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Qua trnh bien oi quang ien xay ra da tren 3 hien tng sau:

Hap thu (Absortion) Bien oi quang -ien Linh kien thu quang (Photo detector)

Phat xa t phat (Spontaneous emission) Bien oi ien - quang LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Phat xa kch thch (Spontaneous emission) Bien oi ien - quang Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)
7

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Anh sang ket hp (Coherent Light)

Anh sang do hien tng phat xa kch thch tao ra co tnh ket hp, ngha cac photon anh sang co:
+ Cung tan so + Cung pha + Cung cung phan cc + Cung hng truyen Anh sang do laser phat ra co tnh ket hp

Hien tng phat xa t phat xay ra t nhien do cac ien t luon co khuynh hng chuyen t trang thai nang lng cao xuong trang thai on nh co nang lng thap hn Anh sang do LED phat ra khong co tnh co tnh ket hp
8

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Vung nang lng (Energy band):

Trong chat ban dan (hay chat ran noi chung), cac mc nang lng

ri rac nhau nhng rat gan nhau

cac ien t xem nh nam cac vung nang lng (energy band) g chat ban dan, co the pha p n biet thanh hai vung nang lng: g Trong
+ Vung hoa tr (Valence band): vung nang lng thap, la vung nang lng ben vng cua ien t. + Vung dan (Connection band): vung nang lng cao

Cac ien t co the nam mot trong cac vung nang lng nay (vung dan hoac vung hoa tr) nhng khong the nam gia cac vung nang lng energy gap

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Vung nang lng (tt):

E Vung dan (Conduction band)

Energy gy g gap p

Vung hoa tr (Valence band)

10

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Chat ban dan (Semiconductor):

Khi T= 0oK, tat ca cac ien t eu tap trung trong vung hoa tr (trang (tra ng tha thai i na nang ng l lng ng o on n nh), kho khong ng co co ien t t nam nam trong vu vung ng dan chat ban dan hoat ong trang thai cach ien T>0oK, mot so ien t se nhan nang lng nhiet va chuyen len vung dan co mc nang lng cao hn chat ban dan hoat ong trang thai dan Khi ien t (electron) chuyen len vung dan, no c goi la ien t t do va e lai lo trong torng vung hoa tr Vu V ng h hoa tr l la vung nang l l ng on nh h cua ie i n t cac i ien t luon co khuynh hng chuyen t vung dan xuong vung hoa tr Thi gian ien t vung dan trc khi di chuyen xuong vung dan c dan c go goi i la la lifetime tf. tf phu thuoc vao loai ban dan
11

CAC KHAI NIEM C BAN

Chat ban dan (tt):

Tai trang thai can bang ve nhiet (T=const), so lng ien t di chuyen t chuyen t vung vung hoa hoa tr le len n vu vung ng dan dan va, va ng ngc c la lai i, t t vung vung dan dan xuong vung hoa tr la can bang nhau Muon tao ra anh sang (so lng photon phat ra nhieu hn so photon b hap hap thu thu) ) th can can tao tao ra mot trang trang tha thai i goi goi la la nghch nghch ao mat o (population conversion)

12

NGUON NGUO N QUANG (LIGHT SOURCE)

nh ngha:
Nguon quang la linh kien bien oi tn hieu ien thanh tn hieu anh sang anh sang co co cong cong suat suat ty ty le vi vi do dong ng ien chay chay qua no no.

Co hai loai nguon quang:

LED (Light Emitting Diode) Laser ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

Bc song do nguon quang tao ra ch phu thuoc vao vat lieu che che ta tao: o:
=
hc Eg ( J )

( m) =

1, 24 Eg (eV )

13

NGUON NGUO N QUANG (LIGHT SOURCE)

Trong TTQ, nguon quang c che tao bang vat lieu ban dan, gom cac vat lieu nhom III va V ket hp vi nhau. GaP, GaAsP, AlGaAs, GaAs, InP, InGaAsP
InGaAsP GaAs/InP AlGaAs GaAsP GaAs (m)

0,5 0,6

0,7

0,85

1,0

1,3

1,55

In1-xGaxAs1-yPy: thay oi cac gia tr x,y phu hp se tao ra anh sang co bc song thch hp

14

NGUON NGUO N QUANG (LIGHT SOURCE)

o rong pho:
Trong TTQ, anh sang do nguon quang phat ra khong phai tai mot bc song bc song ma ma ta tai i mot khoa khoang ng bc bc song: song:
+ Cac ien t nam trong mot vung nang lng ch khong phai mot mc nang lng + Cac ien t khi chuyen t cac cac mc nang lng Ej trong vung d n xuong mc nang l da lng Ei trong vung hoa h tr se tao ra photon h co bc song:

ij ( m) =

1, 24 Eij (eV )

vi Eij = Ej - Ei

+ Do co nhieu mc nang lng khac nhau trong cac vung nang lng nen se co nhieu bc song anh sang c tao ra

15

NGUON NGUO N QUANG (LIGHT SOURCE)

o rong pho (tt):

E

Vung dan (Conduction band)

Cong suat chuan hoa 1

1 2 3 4

0.5
Vung hoa tr (Valance band)

(nm)

ij ( m) =

1, 24 Eij (eV )

vi Eij = Ej - Ei
16

NGUON NGUO N QUANG (LIGHT SOURCE)

o rong pho (tt):

Phan bo mat o ien t trong vung dan va vung hoa tr khong eu nhau cong eu cong suat suat pha phat t quang ta tai i ca cac c bc bc song song kha khac c nhau khong eu nhau Bc song co cong suat ln nhat c goi la bc song trung tam Bc tam. Bc song song nay nay thay oi oi theo nhiet o do pha phan n bo bo mat o ien t trong cac vung nang lng thay oi theo nhiet o. o rong pho: khoang bc song anh sang do nguon quang phat ra co co cong cong suat suat ba bang ng 0.5 0 5 lan lan co cong ng suat suat nh o rong pho lam tang tan sac cua si quang han che c ly va toc o bit truyen cua tn hieu Lam cach nao e giam o rong pho cua nguon quang?
17

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Nguyen ly hoat ong: da tren hien tng phat xa t phat Cau tao:
Phat trien t diode ban dan tiep giap pn c phan cc thuan Tren thc te, LED co cau truc phc tap hn, gom nhieu lp ban dan e ap ng ong thi cac yeu cau ky thuat cua mot nguon quang

Qua trnh phat quang:

18

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

I
+

Vung hiem (Depletion region)

-- + + + + + + + + + + +

n
-

Ph t xa t Pha t pha h t + photon

Ec Eg = Ec - Ev Ev +

V>VD

Eph = h

VD +
+

Lo trong

- ien t t

19

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

Phan loai:
LED phat xa mat SLED (Surface LED):
+ Anh sang phat ra pha mat cua LED + Hieu suat suat ghe ghep p anh anh sang sang vao vao s si i quang thap + LED tiep xuc mat GaAs, LED Burrus

Cau truc LED tiep xuc mat GaAs

Cau truc LED Burrus

20

LED (Light Emitting Diode)

LED phat xa canh ELED (Edge LED):
+ Cac ien cc tiep xuc (bang kim loai) phu kn mat tren va ay + Anh sang phat ra va c gi trong lp tch cc (active layer) + Lp Lp tch cc cc ra rat t mong, mong la lam m bang bang vat lieu co chiet suat ln kep gia hai lp P va N co chiet suat nho hn ong dan song + Anh Anh sang sang phat phat ra hai a au u ong ong dan dan song nay phat xa canh + Mot au cua ong dan song c noi vi si quang + Vung phat sang hep, goc phat sang nho hieu suat ghep anh sang vao si quang ln. 21

Cau truc LED phat xa canh (ELED)

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

Nguyen ly hoat ong: da tren hai hien tng:

Phat xa kch thch khuech ai anh sang Cong hng chon loc tan so (bc song)

Cau tao cua laser Fabry-Perot:

Cau truc nhieu lp ban dan p p, n Anh sang phat ra va c gi trong lp tch cc (active layer) Lp tch cc rat mong, lam bang vat lieu co chiet suat ln kep gia hai lp P va N co chiet suat nho hn ong dan song Anh sang phat ra pha canh phat xa canh (giong ELED) hai au lp lp tch cc phu hai lp phan xa tao thanh hoc cong hng Fabry-Perot anh sang c tao ra va phan xa qua lai trong hoc cong
hng na hng nay y

Anh sang c a ra ngoai qua mot phan c cat nhan cua mot mat phan xa

22

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

23

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

Anh sang phat ra theo chieu doc cua hoc cong hng se b phan xa qua lai gia hai mat phan xa. Trong qua trnh di chuyen theo chieu doc cua hoc cong hng se xay ra ong thi 3 hien tng:
Hap thu nabsorption photon b hap thu p Phat xa t phat nspontaneous photon c tao ra Phat xa kch thch nstimulated photon c tao ra

ieu ie u kien e e anh anh sang sang c c khuyech khuyech ai ai trong qua qua trong phan xa qua lai gia hai hoc cong hng la: nspontaneous + nstimulated > naborption Xac suat e xay ra phat xa photon phai ln hn so vi

viec photon b hap thu

24

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

ieu nay co ngha la so electron nam vung dan n2 (co nang lng cao E2) phai nhieu hn so photon nam vung hoa tr n1 (co nang lng thap E1) trang thai nghch ao nong o (population inversion) tra t ng tha th i bnh b h th th ng: n1>n2 oi vi laser ban dan, nguon nang lng ben ngoai nay c cung cap di dang dong ien

e co the at c ieu kien nay can phai cung cap nang lng t ben ngoai u ln

Dong Dong ien to toi i thie thieu u e e co co the the xay xay ra qua qua trnh khue khuech ch a ai i anh anh sang sang c goi la dong ngng
25

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

ieu kien ve cong suat:

g, la he so khuech ai va he so suy hao trong hoc cong hng g, phu thuoc vao dong ien kch thch
Lp phan xa co he so co so phan phan xa xa R2 R1 (1-R1)P(2L) R2R1P(2L) R1P(2L) P(0) P(z) = P(0) exp[(g-)z] 0 L Lp phan xa co he so phan xa R1

g > - (1/2L).ln(R1R2)

Lp tch cc (active layer)

R1P(L) P(L) (1 R1)P(L) (1-R

z
26

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

Ngoai ra, mot song anh sang co the ton tai va c khuech ai ra trong hoc cong hng con phai thoa ieu kien sau: = 2L/m hay L = m./2 vi L la chieu dai cua hoc cong hng; m =1,2,3, ac tnh cho chon n loc loc b bc c song song cua cua ho hoc c cong hng hng quang

LASER

a) Hoc cong hng Fabry-Perot

b) Khong cong hng

c) Cong hng
27

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

LASER

Pho phat xa cua laser la tong hp ac tuyen khuech ai cua day nang lng va ac tuyen chon loc cua hoc cong hng Anh sang do laser phat ra co o rong pho hep hn nhieu so vi LED Phan loai:
Laser Fabry-Perot Laser hoi tiep phan bo DFB (Distributed Feedback Laser) Laser pha phan n xa xa Bragg pha phan n bo bo DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflective Laser) Laser hoc ghep C3 (Cleaved Coupled Cavity Laser) Laser hoc ngoa g i (External ( Cavity y Laser) )
28

(Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

Grating Active layer
n5 n4 n3 n2 n1

LASER

Grating

Active layer y

Nguyen ly cau tao DFB Laser

Nguyen ly cau tao cua DBR Laser

Nguyen ly cau tao cua C3 Laser (Cleaved-Coupled-Cavity Laser)

Nguyen ly cau tao cua External Cavity Laser

29

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Cong suat phat quang:

La cong suat tong cong ma nguon quang phat ra Phu Phu thuoc va vao o dong dong ien kch thch

ac tuyen P-I:

Cong suat p phat quang q g cua nguon quang thay oi theo dong ien kch thch. Laser ch hoat ong che pha o h t xa k kch h th thch h khi dong ien kch thch I>Ing Ing: dong ngng SLED co co cong cong suat suat pha phat t quang ln hn ELED

P(mW) 10

LASER

SLED 5 ELED

I(mA) 0 Ing 100 200

30

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Goc phat quang:

Cong suat anh sang do nguon quang phat ra cc ai truc phat va giam dan theo goc hp vi truc Goc phat quang c xac nh mc cong suat quang giam mot na (3dB) so vi mc cc ai Goc phat quang cua SLED ln hn ELED Mat bao cua goc phat quang cua Laser co mat non co non co ay ay hnh elip: + Theo phng ngang vi lp tch cc: 5o- 10o + Theo vuong goc vi lp tch cc: 40o Go G c pha h t quang cua l laser nho h mat o nang lng anh sang do laser phat ra ln
31t Anh sang do laser phat ra co the gay hai ma

Goc phat quang cua SLED va ELED

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Hieu suat ghep quang:

nh ngha:

Popt Ps

Popt: cong suat quang ghep vao si Ps: co cong ng suat s at pha phat t quang q ang cua c a nguon ng on q quang ang

Hieu suat ghep quang phu thuoc vao:

+ + + + + Kch thc vung phat quang Goc phat quang cua nguon Goc thu nhan (hay NA) cua si quang V tr tng oi gia nguon quang va si quang Bc song anh sang

32

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Hieu suat ghep quang (tt):

Hieu suat ghep quang cua mot loai nguon quang:
+ SLED: SLED 1 1-5% 5% + ELED: 5-15% + Laser: - 60% oi vi si n mode (SMF) - 90% oi vi si a mod d

Mot so phng phap ghep anh sang t LED vao si quang:

33

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

o rong pho (Spectral width):

Nguon quang phat ra cong suat cc ai bc song trung tam va giam dan ve hai pha Cong suat o rong pho la khoang bc song chuan hoa 1 ma cong suat q quang g khong nho hn 0.5 phan na mc cong suat nh Laser co o rong pho rat hep so vi LED: (nm
+ Laser: 11 4 nm + LED: 35-100nm
p

Mot so loai laser (DFB laser) c s dung trong ky thuat WDM co < 0 0,1nm 1nm
34

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Thi gian chuyen len (Rise time):

La thi g gian e cong suat ra tang t 10% en 90% mc song suat on nh khi co xung dong ien kch thch nguon quang
Cong suat tng oi 1 0.9 0.1 tr t

Thi gian len anh hng en toc o bit cua tn hieu ieu che Muon ieu che toc o bit cang cao th nguon quang phai co thi gian chuyen cang nhanh Thi gian chuyen cua Laser (khong qua 1 ns) rat nhanh so vi LED 35 (250 ns tuy loai)

CAC AC TNH KY CAC KY THUAT CU CUA A NGUON QUANG

Anh hng cua nhiet o:

Bc song thay oi khi nhiet o thay oi anh hng ln en he thong truyen dan quang ghep kenh phan chia theo bc song (WDM) oC) Dong ng g ng cua Laser thay y oi khi nhiet o thay y oi (+1%/ ( ) Laser chu anh hng bi nhiet o ln hn so vi LED. can phai on nh nhiet cho Laser Laser th thng ng c c che che ta tao o d di i dang dang module module, bao go gom m ca cac c thanh thanh phan on nh nhiet cho Laser.

36

LINH KIEN TA TACH CH SONG SONG QUANG (PHOTO DECTECTOR)

nh ngha:
Linh kien tach song quang la linh kien bien oi tn hieu anh sang thanh tn hieu ien co thanh co cng cng o do dong ng ien ty ty le vi vi co cong ng suat suat a anh nh sang chieu vao no.

Nguyen ly hoat ong:

Mo Moi i tie tiep p gia giap p pn phan phan cc cc ngc ngc Hien tng hap thu (absorption)

Co hai loai linh kien tach song quang c s dung:

PIN PIN: diode di d thu th quang co 3 lp ba b n da d n P, P I, I N APD (Avelanche Photodiode) : diode thac lu

Vung bc bc song hoat ong cua linh kien thu quang phu thuoc vao vat lieu che tao
37

LINH KIEN TA TACH CH SONG SONG QUANG (PHOTO DECTECTOR)

Hieu suat lng t (Quantum Efficiency)

nph: so lng photon chieu vao Hieu suat bien oi quang-ien cua cua mo moi i vat lieu thay o oi i theo bc bc song song anh anh sang sang

ne n ph

ne: so lng ien t tach ra

38

CAC CA C AC TNH KY KY THUAT CU CUA A LINH KIEN TACH SONG QUANG

ap ng (Responsivity):
Iph: dong quang ien Popt Popt: cong suat quang Phu thuoc hieu suat lng t cua vat lieu bc song hoat ong

R=

I ph

39

LINH KIEN TA TACH CH SONG SONG QUANG (PHOTO DECTECTOR)

Qua trnh tach song quang:

Ec Eg = Ec - Ev Ev Eph = h

40

LINH KIEN TA TACH CH SONG SONG QUANG (PHOTO DECTECTOR)

Nhan xet:
Qua trnh hap thu xay ra chu yeu trong vung hiem (vung co t cac ien tch t t do) Vung hiem c tao ra t nhien hep hieu suat thap Muon tang hieu suat bien oi quang-ien (hieu suat lng t):
+ Tang o rong cua vung hiem bang cach tang ien ap phan cc khong hieu qua + at gia hai lp ban dan P va N mot lp ban dan co o rong ln co tnh cha chat t tng t t nh vung vung hie hiem m diode thu quang PIN

41

DIODE THU QUANG PIN

Cau tao: gom 3 lp ban dan P-I-N, trong o I (Intrinsic) la lp ban dan khong pha tap chat hoac pha vi nong o rat thap rat thap

Qua trnh hap thu photon xay ra trong lp I Lp I cang day th hieu suat lng t cang cao nhng thi gian troi cua cac ien t se cang cham giam kha nang hoat ong vi toc o cao cua PIN
42

DIODE THU QUANG APD (Avalanche Photo Diode)

Cau tao: gom 4 lp P+ P-P N-, trong o P+ va N- la hai lp ban dan co nong o tap chat rat cao, con P- la lp ban d n co nong o da ta t p cha h t rat th thap (th (thay cho h lp I cua PIN) Qua trnh bien oi quang-ien:

43

DIODE THU QUANG APD (Avalanche Photo Diode)

44

DIODE THU QUANG APD (Avalanche Photo Diode)

Hieu suat lng t trong APD: >1 Dong quang ien do APD tao ra:
R: ap ng (A/W)

Iph = R.M.Popt

He so nhan M:

M: he so nhan quang g Popt: cong suat q

La so ien t th cap phat sinh ng vi mot ien t s cap Thay oi oi theo ien ap ap pha phan n c cc c ngc ngc Phu thuoc vao nhiet o tnh on nh cua APD kem Vung thac lu cang ln th he so M cang ln, nhng thi gian troi cua ien t cua t cang cang cham ne nen n toc toc o hoat hoat ong cua cua APD giam giam M= 10-1000 lan, nhng tren thc te M c hieu chnh bang 50200 lan e giam nhieu
45

CAC CA C AC TNH KY KY THUAT CU CUA A LINH KIEN TACH SONG QUANG

o nhay (Sensitivity):
La mc cong suat quang thap nhat ma linh kien thu quang co the thu c c vi vi mot ty ty so so loi loi (BER) nha nhat t nh Phu thuoc vao loai linh kien tach song quang va muc nhieu cua bo khuech ai ien To T c o bi bit ruyen d dan cang cao th h o nha h y cua thie hi t b thu h cang kem APD nhay hn PIN (t 5dB en 15dB)

46

CAC CA C AC TNH KY KY THUAT CU CUA A LINH KIEN TACH SONG QUANG

Dai ong (Dynamic Range)

La khoang chenh lech gia mc cong suat quang cao nhat va mc cong mc cong suat suat quang thap thap nha nhat t ma ma linh kien thu quang co co the the thu c trong mot gii han ty so loi (BER) nhat nh

Phu thuoc vao loai linh kien tach song quang, o tuyen tnh va gii han bao hoa cua bo khuech ai thu g Dai ong cua APD rong hn so vi PIN v co the ieu chnh c bang cach thay oi ien ap phan cc e thay oi he so nhan M.
47

CAC CA C AC TNH KY KY THUAT CU CUA A LINH KIEN TACH SONG QUANG

Tap am (Noise): i
Tap am nhiet:
+ Do ien tr tai cua diode thu quang cung nh tr khang vao cua bo kh ch khue ai + Phu thuoc vao nhiet o, be rong bang tap am, ien tr tai:

Tap am lng t:

4 KT I = B R
2 t

Tap am dong toi:

+ Do bien ong ngau nhien nang lng cua cac photon ap vao diode thu quang + Dong tap am lng t: I 2 = 2e.R.P .B = 2e.I .B
q opt ph

+ Dong ien nhieu do cac diode thu quang q g pha p t ra khi khong co anh sang chieu vao 2 + Dong toi: Iq = 2e.iD .B
48

CAC CA C AC TNH KY KY THUAT CU CUA A LINH KIEN TACH SONG QUANG

o on nh:
o on nh cua PIN tot hn APD v he so nhan M cua APD va phu thuoc vao ien ap phan cc va thay oi theo nhiet o

ien ap phan cc:

APD can can ien a ap p pha phan n cc cc cao hn PIN APD: hang tram Volt PIN: thung di 20 volt

49