51

IOHmHHK HA YHHBEPCHTET

ANNUAL ASSEN ZLATAROV
HPOm. -P ACEH 3AATAPOB

UNIVERSITY, BOURGAS,
BYPIAC, 2008, 1. XXXVII (2)

BULGARIA, 2008, v. XXXVII (2)

EPIOHOMHHHH H3HCKBAHHR H OHEHKA HA PHCKA HA PABOTHOTO MRCTO

Pymxna Crouena

THE ERGONOMIC REQUIREMENTS AND WORKING PLACE RISK EVALUATION

Rumyana Stoycheva

ABSTRACT

The paper presents the relationship between ergonomic requirements and risk evaluation of the
working place (collective or individual).
An attempt has been made to present the new elements: prevention, strategic character, supply of
optimal and humane working conditions.
Key words: ergonomics, ergonomic requirements, working place risk.

BTBEEHHE

Hsncxnannxra na epronomnxra xaro nnrep-
ncnnnnnnapna nayxa sa rpya ocnrypxnar
onrnmnsannx n xymannsannx na ncexn cnpe-
menen rpyon nponec, xonro ca ocoeno axry-
annn nec. Taxa ce rapanrnpar ne camo spane
n esonacnocr npn paora saaun na rexnn-
uecxara esonacnocr n ynpannennero na pncxa,
no ce csanar ycnonnx sa ncnxo]nsnonornue-
cxn xom]opr, yonnernopenocr, cnoxocrnne,
mornnnpanocr n axrnnnocr, rpano xenanne sa
npo]ecnonanno pasnnrne. Hocrnra ce xpanara
nen na epronomnxra sa connanna n nnunocrna
e]exrnnnocr or ncxxa rpyona enocr.
Tpyonnxr nponec ce peannsnpa na
xonxperno paorno mxcro nnnnnyanno nnn
xonexrnnno. Touno ryx epronomnunnre nsn-
cxnannx n onenxara n ynpannennero na pncxa
ca nepaspnnno cnpsann. Te ]opmnpar onen-
xara na paornoro mxcro (OPM) n ca naxen
enemenr n nxonomnuecxara nonnrnxa n crpa-
rernxra na ynpannenne na ncxxa cronancxa
ennnna.
Cnasnanero na epronomnunnre nsncxnannx
n ynpannenne na pncxa, c nen neronoro
mnnnmnsnpane, ocnrypxnar sanasnanero na
uonemxnre pecypcn nn ]npmara n
omecrnoro nn xaro nxno.

YHPABAEHHE HA PHCKOBETE
H3HCKBAHHR HA EC H TPABHATA
HOAHTHKA B P BTAIAPHR

Hpecrpyxrypnpanero na nrapcxara nny-
crpnx csae nonn ycnonnx, n xonro pncxo-
nere mpoea oa ooam vnpae.eauu.
Hpeama npo+ua e nonoro ornomenne na
pxanara, npennnreno n na ocnonnn
saxona sa onaseaue ua oro.uama cpeoa n sa
sopaeoc.oeuu u oesonacuu vc.oeu ua mpvo.
upes rxx ce pernamenrnpar ponxra, sanxe-
nnxra n orronopnocrnre sa ocnrypxnane na
oesonacua u sopaeoc.oeua paoomua u oro.ua
cpeoa. H nara saxona nsncxnar sanxnrenna
n xonxperna onenxa n ynpannenne na
pncxonere. Honnre npannna n Fnrapnx me
nmar no-mnpoxooxnarnn n npnnnnnnannn
nsncxnannx n sanxennx sa sauuma ua
paoomeuume e pucroeume oo.acmu na nn-
ycrpnxra. Tona nsncxna xonxpernn nnxe-
nepnn n rexnnuecxn pemennx sa peann-
snpanero nm, nrpemno]npmenn cranaprn.
Ponxra na onenxara na pncxa nn ncxxa ]npma
nma pemanamo snauenne (Mnxanon, 2001).
Bmopama npo+ua e paspoxnanero n
npomnmnenocrra n ]opmnpane na no-manxn
oocoenn pyxecrna (EOO, ET, A).
Hacrnnar oprannsannonnn npomenn n yn-
pannennero na nnno manxo n cpeno npe-
npnxrne. Hpomenx ce nponsnocrnenara rex-
nonornx n rexnnxa.
Tpemama npo+ua e oma sa cnpemennara
enocr n nnycrpnannnre npenpnxrnx na
Fnrapnx. Paoremnre n rxx ca no napacr-
namoro nnnxnne na ncuxocouo.oeu:uu u epeo-
uo+u:uu qarmopu u cmpec. 3a cxanenne
paspoxnanero na paornara cnna n no-manxn
npenpnxrnx orcnan ponxra n nnnxnnero na
cnnnxarnre sa namanxnane nnnxnnero na resn
nenaronpnxrnn ]axropn.


52
3aoa:a ua npenooaeame.ume u uav:uume
paoomuuu u cneua.ucmu om BV3 upes ]opy-
mn xaro ropennrnpannx e a npenoxn na
cocrnennnnre, paoroarennre n cnennannc-
rnre n namara nnycrpnx e]exrnnnn naunnn sa
ynpannenne na connanno-xymannnre pncxone,
npnponnre, rexnorennnre n rexnnuecxnre
pncxone. Km paspemananero nm rpxna a
nmar ornomenne:
- pxononnre xapn na ]npmara
- cnnnxarnre
- cnennanncrnre-excneprn: pxononrenn na
orenn nnn nanpannenne 3pane n eso-
nacnocr npn paora (F3P), Texnnuecxa
esonacnocr n Vnpannenne na uonemxnre
pecypcn (Mnxanon, 2001).
Karo anrop na nacroxmara crarnx onpe-
eneno cunram, ue resn rpn naxnn npomenn n
pasnnrnero na nrapcxara nnycrpnx nmar
xonxperno orpaxenne na ecro paoomuo +c-
mo n aena ]npma n nocranxr: npoo.e+u e
oo.acmma ua epeouo+uma u vnpae.euuemo ua
pucra.

EPIOHOMHHHHTE H3HCKBAHHR,
CHCTEMATA OT OCHOBHH
EPIOHOMHHHH mAKTOPH.
PABOTHOTO MRCTO
KATO HACT OT TRX

Epronomnxra xaro nayxa sa rpya ]opmy-
nnpa cnennre ocnonnn nnone epronomnunn
nsncxnannx:
- aumpono+empu:uu (copasxnane na xon-
crpyxnnxra na mamnnnre n copxennxra
c anrponomerpnunnre noxasarenn na uo-
nemxoro rxno nncounna na rxnoro, n-
xnna na xpannnn n r.n. Hsncxnanero e a
ce nmar npenn pasmepnre na na-pe-
nnx P
5
(xenn) n na-epnx nnnnn P
95

(mxe) nepcenrnnn;
- qusuo.oeo-xueueuuu usucreauu nsncxna-
nnx, ornacxmn ce o cnnara na naronapna-
nero na spennero, cnyxa (n ocesannero) n
rpyonnx nponec. Hsnecrno e, ue noneue or
80% or nn]opmannxra npn paora ce ns-
npnema upes spennero. Cmo raxa resn
nsncxnannx pernamenrnpar nnnoro na
nponsnocrnennx mym n nnpannn; sanpa-
menocr na nsyxa n cpxanne na rox-
cnunn nemecrna n paornara cpea (r.nap.
npaxon n TXu ]axrop); onrnmanen mnxpo-
xnnmar (remneparypa, nnaxnocr n cxopocr
na nnxenne na nsyxa n paornara
cpea; nnno na enexrpomarnnrnn nonera n
onnsnpamn nuennx; rpyono naronap-
nane (pexnm na rpy n nounnxn, cmennocr,
rexecr, nanpexenne, nanpernarocr na rpy-
a, monoronnocr, crpec n p.);
- ouo+exauu:uu: ornacxr ce npenmno sa pa-
oomuume nnxennx: no cnoxnocr, nanpe-
xenne, crenen na napacrnane na ymopa n ce
xnacn]nnnpar n 5 xnaca;
- uureuepuo-ncuxo.oeu:uu usucreauu
nmar sa nen crnacynane na pasnonarane na
nn]opmannonnnre oparnn (HO) n ynpan-
nxnamnre oprann (VO) na +auuuume n
copxennxra, cornerno na-uecro ns-
nonsnann, no-pxxo nsnonsnann, anapnnn
oprann sa ynpannenne, c xapaxrepncrnxnre
na uonexa;
- usucreauu sa mexuu:ecrama oesonacuocm
ua mpvoa sa nsxrnane na npo]ecnonannn
rpanmn n saonxnannx, rpyonn snononyxn
n cmprnn cnyuan npn paora;
- ecmemu:ecru usucreauu apxnrexrypno-
xyoxecrneno o]opmnenne na crpan,
nexone, paornn mecra, nnxenepen nsan
na mamnnnre, na paornoro onexno,
osenenxnane na paona n p.
Epronomnxra pasrnexa rpyonnx nponec
xaro cncrema uonex-mamnna-paorna cpea-
npemer na rpya (CuM), xoxro ce era-
nnsnpa n ocnonnn epronomnunn ]axropn n
cornernnre nm noxasarenn (Tannna 1).
Paornoro mxcro (PM) e enn or resn
]axropn n e n rxcna npsxa c ncexn or oc-
ranannre, xaro moxe a nma cneuqura n
cpannenne c ocranannre PM.
Boemnxr ]axrop e uonexr n rpyonnx
nponec (moxe n noneue or enn) ua paoom-
uomo +cmo.



53
Tannna 1. Ocnonnn epronomnunn ]axropn, epronomnunn noxasarenn

Epronounuen qax1op Epronoununn napaue1pn Epronoununn nsncxnannn
Brpemnn pasmepn Cnpsann c nmecrnane, sarona ca
copasenn c anrponomerpnunnx noxasaren
P95 nepcenrnn
I. Paorno oopynane
Oprann sa ocnyxnane n ynpannenne a ce namnpar n ocera na maxcnmannara
paorna sona, na-nsnonsnannre n
onrnmannara
Oprann sa nn]opmannx a ce namnpar n onrnmannara paorna sona,
onnerenn n xpxn nnerone

Anapnnn oprann a ce namnpar n onrnmannara paorna sona,
onnerenn n xpxn nnerone
Paoren oem He no-manxo or 15 m
3
na uonex
Paorna nnom He no-manxo or 4,5 m
3
na uonex
Paorna sona maxcnmanna Cnxynnocr or ncnuxn rouxn n
npocrpancrnoro, xonro morar a ar
ocrnrnarn or paoremara uacr na
corneren xpannx
Paorna sona onrnmanna uacr or maxcnmannara paorna sona, n
xoxro na-yono ce nsnpmnar paornnre
nnxennx
3ona na paornnre nnxennx a ce namnpar n ocera na maxcnmannara
paorna sona sa cornernnx xpannx
Paornn nnxennx nnxennxra a ar or I o III xnac;
a nmar saonena n nnanna rpaexropnx;
Bcxxo nnxenne a sanpmna n rouxara, or
xoxro a nouna cnenamara;
Paornnre nnxennx a nsncxnar mnnnmanen
pasxo na rpy n mycxynna eneprnx
Paorna nosa Croxma, cexma, croxmo - cexma; a ce
nsxrnar npnnynrennnre paornn nosn,
ycyxnannx n naxnanxne na rxnoro noneue or
15
0

Paorna nonpxnocr Bncounna or 0,76 0,88 m. Cop. c P5 n P95
nepcenrnn
Bncounna na ceanxara Or 0,4 o 0,45 m. Cop. c P5 n P95
nepcenrnn
II. Paorno mxcro
Mxcro sa xpaxara Bnpnna 0,60 m.
nou. 0,45m
III. Paorna cpea
Temneparypa, t
o
C 18 20
Bnaxnocr na nsyxa, % 50 60
III.1. Hponsnocrnen mnxpoxnnmar
Cxopocr na nnxenne na nsyxa, m/s 0,2 0,3
III.2. Hponsno. ocnernenne Ocnerenocr, Lx 300 - 700
III.3. Hponsnocrnen mym Hnno na snyxono nanxrane, dB o 85
uecroren nanason, Hz 16; 31,5; 63; 125; 250; 500; 1000 III.4. Hponsnocrnenn nnpannn
Bnpocxopocr, m/s 0,05; 0,035; 0, 025; 0,018; 0,01; 0,009; 0,0065
Mnnnmnsnpane, nsxrnane na pesonanca c
nrpemnnre oprann na rxnoro
Enexrpomarn. nonera, uecrora Hz 3amnrnn cpecrna n expannpane
Enexrpnuno none, nnrensnrer, V/m 3amnrnn cpecrna n expannpane
Eneprernuno naronapnane na oprannsma ,
(V
2
/m
2
).h
Copaseno c npemero na npennanane
III.5. Enexrpomarnnrnn nonera


Honnsnpamn nuennx.

uecrora, Hz Or 20.10
3
10
6
.
Ha-]nsnonornuno axrnnnn ca nnnnre c
uecrora (100 155).10
3

III.6. Hpaxon ]axrop HK, mg/m
3
a e no-manxo or 10
III.7. Toxcnxo-xnmnuen ]axrop % nanopmena xonnenrpannx Ho-manxo or 10
III.8. Onnerxnane Hnxr Tanan xn, xpeman; crenn neosenen,
oxpa, exono; mamnnn xnr, cnernosenen,
cnernocnn, senen; no xa]xn, senen
unsnuecxo naronapnane (rexecr na
rpya) onpeenx ce or eneprnnnx
pasxo na rpya
Eneprnen pasxo ne no-ronxm or rona sa
cpeen rpy, npxono naronapnane ne noneue
or 10% or pa. npeme
Puno nnrane na rexecrn o 50 kg sa mxe
n 15 kg sa xenn sa ne noneue or 4 h
Hex rpy
Cpeen rpy
Texx rpy
o 209,3 J/s (2,5 Kcal/min
209,3348, 9 J/s (2,55 Kcal/min)
Ha 348q9 J/s (na 5 Kcal/min)
IV. Texecr n nanpexenne na rpya
Hanpexenne na rpya ncnxo-]nsnonor.
nn]opmannonno naronapnane
He noneue or 75% or paornoro npeme


54
Monoronnocr Onepannnre a ne ce nonrapxr n
nponxenne o 3 min
V. Pexnm na rpy n nounnxa Erann na paorocnoconocr (PC)
Paoren en, cmxna, rpyonn nounnxn,
cmennocr
Vmopa, npeymopa, crpec
Vcrounnara PC a e ne no-manxo or 5 h
Pernamenrnpann cnope rpyonnx nponec
a nnncna npeymopa, mnnnmnsnpane na
ymopara n crpeca upes rpyonn nounnxn
VI. Vnpannenne na uonemxnre pecypcn


Knann]nxannx, npexnann]nxannx,
recrone, rpenaxopn, xypcone n p.

Hpo]. saonxnannx n snononyxn, po sa
ronna
Hpo]ecnonannnre n ncnxo-]nsnonornunn
xauecrna a orronapxr na nsncxnannxra sa
aeno paorno mxcro
Mnnnmnsnpane

EPIOHOMHHHH YCAOBHR HA TPY

Hpecranennre epronomnunn nsncxnannx
xm ncexn epronomnuen ]axrop, pecn. epro-
nomnuen noxasaren, nmar no-eucora cmeneu ua
usucreaue or resn sa esonacnocr n spane.
Fesonacnn n spanocnonnn ycnonnx na
rpy (F3VT) ca raxnna ycnonnx, xonro ue
eoom oo npoqecuoua.uu saoo.eauu u mpae-
+u, s.ono.vru npu paooma n csanar npe-
nocranxa sa ]nsnuecxo, ncnxnuecxo n conn-
anno narononyune na paoremnre nnna.
Muuu+a.uume nsncxnannx sa ocnrypxnane
na F3VT rona ca ua-+a.rume oonvcmu+u
nsncxnannx sa onasnane na spanero na pao-
remnre n ocnrypxnane na rxxnara esonacnocr
npn paora.
Paoomooame.m moxe a peannsnpa no-
eucoru nsncxnannx, c xoero a ocmecrnn no-
opo nnno na npenasnane na paoremnre, uo
ue no-uucru mnnnmannn nsncxnannx.
Tona ca nopmarnnnn sanxennx sa F3VT
sa paoroarenx cnope saxona sa F3VT.
Henra e npnonauanno a ce nenrn]n-
nnpar cnryannn n enocrn, xonro nxa mornn
a npnunnxr s.ono.vru nnn noxr o saoo.-
eaue u oucro+qopm n cne rona a ce nsnpmn
npeeura ann ce nanarar noopennx.

OHEHKA HA PABOTHOTO MRCTO.
BPT3KA C OHEHKA HA PHCKA

Tpxna xaro nauano a ce orenexn, ue n
Fnrapnx, xaro unenxa na Enponecxnx cms,
ocnrypxnanero na F3VT n onenxara na pncxa
ca pernamenrnpann xaro nonnrnxa na ncxxa
]npma. Ocnona na rasn nonnrnxa e onenxa na
paornoro mxcro (OPM).
Acnexrnre na raxana onenxa sa
nnycrpnanna ]npma nxnmunar (Mocnnr
xoc, 1998):
Oeurama ua paoomuomo +cmo npe-
crannxna cncremarnuno npoyunane na ncnuxn
acnexrn na paorara na aeno paorno mxcro.
Baxno e cnpsnanero na OPM c pyrn
nponemn na ]npmara nponsnocrnenn,
oprannsannonnn, nponemn na xauecrnoro,
ynpannennero na uonemxnre pecypcn (nxn. n
connannn nponemn), onasnane na oxonnara
cpea.
OPM rpxna a e copasena c nanno-
nannara nopmarnnna asa, c npannnre nsnc-
xnannx n cc sao.rume.uomo yuacrne na
paoremnre npn nenoro nsrornxne. Taxa ce
ocnrypxna npenanrnnnocrra n cnrypnocrra n
nopxane na opn ycnonnx na rpy.
Xapaxrepncrnxn na OPM:
Ocooeuocm ua OPM: nacouena e ne camo
xm nexenannre nocnecrnnx na paorara
npxy xopara, no n xm no.orume.uume
pesv.mamu yonnernopenocr, sannrepecona-
nocr n p. Hpncrnna ce xm OPM npn npo-
mxna na npannn n saxononn pasnopen, ynpa-
nnenne na xauecrnoro, npn onnaxnannx nnn
nsnnxnane na nnnnenrn npn paora na
aeno paorno mxcro.
Ooxeam ua OPM: morar a ce oxnanar
ncnuxn nnn nxxon paornn mecra n enocrn.
Tpxna a ce nxnmuar n r.n. ueoou:auu
oocmome.cmea, pemonrnn enocrn, anapnn
n nennannpann cnrnx, npnponn ecrnnx.
Emanu ua OPM: cnpane na nn]opmannx,
orpasena n xonrponnn xaprn, onenxa na
pesynrarnre n nnannpane na ecrnnxra.
Karo npnmep sa OPM moxe a e npe-
cranena xonrponna xapra sa xomnnexcna
onenxa na paorno mxcro n nponsnocrno Ca-
mosanennamn nenrn na Xemyc Mapx -
Koxnnop A Fyprac (Tannna 2).
Hpn ccranxne na OPM e neoxonmo:
-npeocranxne na paoremnre na neo-
xonmara uuqop+au ee epsra c ocu-
evpeaue mo na F3VT;
-oosnauanane na cmecrnynamnre onac-
nocrn n nsrounnnnre na npenn sa spanero n
esonacnocrra ]axropn.
Bcxxo paorno mxcro rpxna a orronapx
na +uuu+a.uume nsncxnannx sa ocnrypxnane
na esonacnn n spanocnonnn ycnonnx na rpy,
xoero cnope enonmennnx saxon e sanxe-
nne na paoroarenx.


55
Honnre enponecxn nsncxnannx ca nacoue-
nn xm no-nncoxara crenen na rpyonn ycno-
nnx epronomnunn ycnonnx na rpy.


Tannna 2. Konrponna xapra sa onenxa na paorno mxcro

N Eneuen1n na pao1no1o unc1o annn
1. Paorno mxcro Kon]exnnonep onaxonau
2. Hponsnocrnen nponec Hapxsnane na pyna ]onno na no-manxn pasmepn n onaxonane
3. Oprannsannx na paora
3.1. Pexnm na paora Enocmenen
3.2. Marepnann Pyna nacnoeno ]onno
4. Paorna cpea
4.1. Mnxpoxnnmar Hopmanen
4.2. Toxcnunn nemecrna He
4.3. Hpax He
4.4. Bym 92 98 dB
4.5. Bnpannn He
4.6. Ocnernenne Hopmanno
4.7. Enexrpomarnnrnn nonera He
4.8. unsnuecxo naronapnane nnamnuno cpeno rexxo 3 o 5 kcal/min
4.9. Paorna nosa Hpanocroxma n cexma
4.10. Monoronnocr Enoopasna
4.11. Hponsnocrnen pncx He
4.12. Epronomnx na paornoro mxcro Epronomnuno
5. Hcnxonornunn ]axropn Bym ecrna na nepnnara cncrema
6. Hncrpyxnnn sa esonacna paora a
7. Hncrpyxnnn sa paora na ncxxo onacno nemecrno a
8. Benrnnannx:
Omoomenna a
Hoxanna He
9. Ornycxn no onecr a
10. 3nononyxn 1 p. 1999 r.
11. Hpo]ecnonannn saonxnannx He
12. Pncxone or snononyxa Honnmen pncx or snononyxa, namanxnane na nnnmannero or myma
13. Fpo nnna, nonoxenn na onacnocr 11 xenn
14. Bsmoxnn nocnecrnnx Hpo]ecnonanna rnyxora;
nenpnr na cnyxonnx nepn
15. Onenxa na pncxa Vmepen
16. Bsmoxnn pemennx Oesmymxnane na nomemennero c mymonornmamn nanenn n p.
-Hocene na HHC(nnunn npenasnn cpecrna)
-Hounnxa n oesmymena crax



56
OBmH H3HCKBAHHR 3A
OCHIYPRBAHE HA BE3OHACHH
YCAOBHR HA TPY H OHEHKA HA
PHCKA

Ocnrypxnanero na F3VT e copaseno cc
cneuqurama na nponexanara rpyona e-
nocr. Eno e ro n npenpnxrnxra or
xnmnuecxara nnycrpnx, pyro e na nernmara,
rpero e n crponrennn ]npmn n r.n.
Oxnama erannre na npoexrnpane, nsrpax-
ane, pexoncrpyxnnx, moepnnsannx, excnnoa-
rannx, pemonr, nopxxa n nsnexane or
ecrnne.
Ocnrypxnanero na resn ycnonnx, xaro np-
nn eran na epronomnunnre nsncxnannx nanara
nsemane na mepxn sa:
- npeoomepameaue ua pucra sa rueoma
u sopaeemo;
- oeura ua pucra, xoro ne moxe a e
npeornparen;
- oopoa c pucra npn nsrounnxa na ns-
nnxnane;
- npncnocoxnane na ycnonnxra na rpy
xm ncexn paorem, copasno neronnre ncn-
xo-]nsnonornuecxn nsmoxnocrn, non, ns-
pacr, c nen namanxnane na npenoro nnnxnne
na nxxon ycnonnx npxy neronoro spane;
- samxna na onacuu nponsnocrna,
oopynane, nncrpymenrn, nemecrna, cypo-
nnnn n marepnann c esonacnn nnn c no-+a.ro
onacuu;
- nnexane na rexnnuecxnx nporpec n
rexnonornunn nponecn, mamnnn n co-
pxennx;
- npnnarane na eouuua ooua no.umura sa
npeeaumueuocm, ooxeauaua rexnonornxra,
paornnre mecra n oprannsannxra na paora,
connannnre ornomennx;
- Hsnonsnane na xonexrnnnnre cpecrna sa
samnra c npeou+cmeo npe nnunnre npe-
nasnn cpecrna.
Epeouo+u:uume vc.oeu na rpy, cpannenn
c ycnonnx na rpy sa esonacnocr n spane
mnoro ope ce crenenynar upes qusuo.oeo-
xueueuuama u ouoqusuo.oeu:uama oeura na
ycnonnxra na rpy ( Henon, 1998).
Heoonvcmu+u, mepoe ueo.aeonpumuu,
ueo.aeonpumuu vc.oeu ua mpvo rona ca
rpannnnre na ycnonnxra na rpy sa eso-
nacnocr n spane.
B.aeonpumua u ocooeuo o.aeonpumua
cmeneu na ycnonnx na rpy xapaxrepnsnpar
epronomnunnre ycnonnx na rpy [r.e. resn cno-
pe epronomnunnre nsncxnannx], ocnrypxnamn
onmu+a.ua paorna cpea.
Tpxna a ce ouaxna, ue na paorno mxcro,
sa xoero ca ocnrypenn epronomnunn (onrn-
mannn) ycnonnx na rpy:
- me nma na-nncoxocrenenna paoro-
cnoconocr na paoremnx, cuerana c xena-
nne, yonnernopenocr, mornnnpanocr, axrnn-
nocr, rnopuecxo mncnene n sannrepeconanocr
or pesynrara;
- maxcnmanen nnn mnoro op ncnxo-
]nsnonornuen xom]opr;
- op connanen mnxpoxnnmar, nxn.
cnoxocrnne;
- mnoro opn nxonomnuecxn pesynrarn
or nsnnnxnanara rpyona saaua (rpyonnx
nponec);
- sannrepeconanocr sa no-nncoxa
xnann]nxannx (nanp. upes noxpnnane na
onpeenenn ceprn]nxarn).
B xpana cmerxa epronomnunnre ycnonnx
na rpy, noxpnnamn nourn ncnuxn paornn
mecra nn ]npmara (cronancxara oprannsannx)
ocnrypxnar npocnepnrer, xonxypenrnocr na
namnx n enponecxnx nasap, rapannnx sa
xauecrno n e]exrnnnocr.

OCHOBHHTE EPIOHOMHHHH
mAKTOPH H OHEHKA HA PHCKA HA
PABOTHO MRCTO

3a onenxa na pncxa ca nneenn ocnonnn
nonxrnx: npea, mera, onacnocr, onacna cnry-
annx, onacnn cnrnx, onacna sona.
Pucrm e nepoxrnocr or uauacue ua epeoa
u/u.u uema (ncn. npoxnnenne na onacnocrra e
n onacna cnryannx) n merecmma na nocne-
nnnre (npea n/nnn mera) npn xonxpernnre
ycnonnx na excnosnnnx na onacnocrra.
Bpeoama e ]nsnuecxo napanxnane n/nnn
ynpexane na spanero na uonexa no nse-
crnnero na npoxnara na onacnocrra.
Onacuocm ncxxo npncmo cnocrno nnn
nsmoxnocr nsrounnxr na onacnocr a npe-
nsnnxa npea n/nnn mera. Tx moxe n mnpoxnx
cmncn a ce pasrnexa xaro nexon-
rponnpyemo ocnooxanane na nxxaxn nn
eneprnx.
Onenxara na pncxa e cnpsana c ocnonnnre
epronomnunn ]axropn (Tannna 3 - nmnrpon,
2002).




57
Tannna 3. Enemenrn na pncxa na paorno mxcro

Bssuoann nocnennn Onacnoc1
(nn/xareropnx)
Bpen me1n ncnec1nne na:
1 2 3
1. Mexannuna, n r.u. n rpannrannx - Hapanxnannx
- Konrysnn
- Cuynnane
- Komnnnpann
- nonpen, orxasn
- paspymanane na enemenrn nnn nxnara
xoncrpyxnnx
- nonpea na npoyxnnxra
2. Enexrpnuecrno, n r.u. n crarnuno
enexrpnuecrno
- enexrpoyap
- nsrapxnnx
- nenpnxrnn ycemannx (crarnuno
enexrpnuecrno)
- nonpea/orxas n uacr nnn ypeara xaro
nxno
- sanannane, noxap
- norpemno/nenpannnno ]ynxnnonnpane na
copxennxra
3. Xnmnuecxa - nsrapxne
- ynpexane na nxar. oprann
- orpanxne
- pasnene (nmane, xoxa, oun)
- pasnnnn
- noxap
- excnnosnx
- xoposnx
- pasronxnane
4. Hoxap - pasnnunn no xapaxrep ynpexannx - nonpen, orxasn
- paspymanane na copxennx n ypen
- ynnmoxanane na npoyxnnx
5. Tepmnuna (nncoxn nnn nncxn
remneparypn na npemern)
- repmnunn nsrapxnnx
- nsmpsnane
- noxap
- excnnosnx
6. Mnxpoxnnmarnunn (remneparypa,
nnaxnocr, cxopocr na nsyxa)
- ronnnnen yap
- ymopa
- npocrynn saonxnannx
- rounocr na opaorxara (n nxxon cnyuan
na nncoxorounn nponsnocrna)
- napymenne n rexnonornxra (np. rxauen
nex)
7. Bym (uynaem, ynrpasn., nn]pasnyxon
oxnar)
- ymopa n crpec(- npemenna sarya na
cnyxa
- nocroxnna sarya na cnyxa
- sarpynxnane na xomynnxannnre
8. Bnpannn (omn n noxannn) - ymopa, napymanane na xoopnnannxra
- xocrno-crannn saonxnannx
- saonxnannx na nepn]epnara nepnna
cncrema
- nsmoxnn napymennx na spannnara na
xoncrpyxnnnre
- namanxnane na rounocrra na opaorxa
9. Enexrpomarnnrnn nonera (npom.
uecrorn, pano n VKB uecrorn)
- ocrpn nsecrnnx na nererar. nepnna n
cpeuno-conara cncrema
- xponnunn e]exrn
- cmymennx n cncremnre sa anromarnuno
ynpannenne
- cmymennx n xomynnxannnre
10. Huennx (ynrpannoneronn,
nn]pauepnenn, nasepnn)
- ynpexane na spennero
- ynpexane na xoxara
- sacnenxnane
- xponnunn e]exrn

----
11. Honnsnpamn nuennx - noxannn ynpex. na xoxara
- nuenn saonxnannx

----
12. Ocnernenne neorronapxmo na
nsncxnannxra sa nsnnnxnanara
paora
- spnrenna ymopa
- npenocranxa sa noxna na pyrn
onacnocrn
- pasnnunn nocnennn n pesynrar na rpemxn
na oneparopa
13. Fnomexannunn n nonornunn - ]nsnuecxo npenanpexenne
- nepnno-ncnxnuno nanpex.
- ynpexane na xocrno-crannnx anapar

----
14. Fapomerpnunn - ymopa n crpec
- napymenne n nmanero
- xeconno saonxnane

----
15. Mnxpononornunn - saonxnannx - ynnmoxanane na npoyxnnx

Or rannnara nponnuana npsxara na
onenxara na pncxa c onenxara na paornoro
mxcro.
Hpnern ca pasnnunn rexnnxn sa onenxa na
pncxa.
Te na-uecro ce oennxnar n nemcme-
neuua cra.a:
- mnoro orpannuen pncx (npeueoperu+,
npomennnn);
- oonvcmu+ pncx (nsncxna nnnmanne);
- v+epeu pncx (neoxonmn ca +epru);
- eo.+ pncx (neoxonmo nesaanno
noopenne);
- ueoonvcmu+ pncx (cnnpane na
enocrra).
Hnnoro npeueoperu+ pncx ne nsncxna
npenpnemanero na onnnnrennn npo-
]nnaxrnunn mepxn.
Hnnoro oonvcmu+ pncx cornercrna na
mnnnmannnre nsncxnannx n nopmn sa eso-
nacnocr n spane npn paora (cnope enon-
mennnx saxon). Hpn cnasnane na ocnonnnre
epronomnunn nsncxnannx pncxr e n npe-
ueoperu+ama nnn oonvcmu+ama sona (Ta-
nnna 4- nmnrpon, 2002).



58
Tannna 4. Hnna na pncxa

Texecr Manxa Texxa Mnoro rexxa
Bepoxrnocr
Mnoro manxa Hpenepexnm pncx onycrnm pncx Vmepen pncx
Bepoxrna onycrnm pncx Vmepen pncx Ionxm pncx
Ionxma nepoxrnocr Vmepen pncx Ionxm pncx Heonycrnm pncx

3aeneaxa: Bcnuxn nnna na pncxa no nnrnara uepra nsncxnar npenpnemanero na mepxn.

Hpnmep sa peanna onenxa na pncxa nn
]npma or xnmnuecxara nnycrpnx e npecra-
nena n paorara (Hnnena, 2001).
Hscnenan e rexnonornunnxr pncx n nex
Hnacrmacon n Hnacrmaconn nsennx A
Cpeen n na rasn ocnona ca npenoxenn
xonxpernn meponpnxrnx sa neronoro mnnnmn-
snpane n ynpannenne.
Hsnonsnan e meror MO3AP, xoro e
enn cncremen noxo npn nenrn]nnnpane,
ananns n ynpannenne na rexnonornuen pncx.
Ccranena e mpexa na nnmnn n nrpemnn
onacnocrn, xonro morar a onear o nexena-
nn nnnnenrn. Paspaorenn ca na na-
nepoxrnn cnenapnn sa nsmoxnn anapnn n e
nocrpoeno pnoro na cnrnxra. Hpeno-
xenn ca 17 rexnonornunn n oprannsannonnn
apnepn sa mnnnmnsnpane n ynpannenne na
rexnonornunnx pncx. Hpecmernarn ca ns-
moxnnre nocnennn npn peannsnpane na
nspannre cnenapnn c nomomra na nporpamnn
npoyxrn BLEVE n BAKER.
Henrn]nxannxra na pncxa ce xnxna
ocnonen eran n mennxmnra na pncxa.
(uanxona, 2001)
Morar a ce orenexar cnennre ocnonnn
momenrn:
- nenrn]nxannxra na pncxa e npeum
eman n oeurama ua pucra, xaro c rona ce
orronapx na asonn nnpocn xax morar a
ar sannamenn pecypcnre na oprann-
sannx, xaxnn nenaronpnxrnn nsecrnnx
morar a nonpeuar na oprannsannxra a
ocrnrne naenxsanara nen.;
- necnoconocrra a ce nenrn]nnnpar no-
meuua.uu ne:e.ueuu pucroee e cmo
ronxona nenaronpnxrna, xaxro a ne ce
nenrn]nnnpar pncxone, cnpsann cc
saryn;
- npenara ce pa+roe nooxoo sa nenrn]n-
xannx na pncxonere: nsrounnx na pncx-
xasapren ]axrop-onacnocr-pecypc, nsno-
xen na pncx
- npenoxena e cucme+amusau ua usmo:-
uuume ua pucr, a nmenno: ]nsnuecxa
(npnpona) cpea, connanno-nxonomnuecxa
cpea, mpnnuecxa cpea, xornnrnnna
cpea, xoxro nosnonxna oa ce ooxeauam
ncnuxn nnone pncxone;
- nscnenann ca rpnre nna pecypcn na
oprannsannxra, xonro morar a ar
sacernarn or pncxonn cnrnx:
marepnannn pecypcn, uonemxn pecypcn,
]nnanconn pecypcn;
- npannnnoro nenrn]nnnpane na pncxa
npeonpeenx e]exrnnnocrra na nennx
nponec na ynpannenne na pncxa;
- mennxpn na pncxa a nma n oprann-
sannxra n axo re ne ycnexr a nenrn-
]nnnpar ncnuxn saryn nnn neuann, npe
xonro ce nsnpanxr oprannsannnre, ro
ueomrpumume u ueuscueuu pucroee cma-
eam uevnpae.e+u;
Epronomnxra n onenxa, ynpannenne na
pncxa xaro yuenn ncnnnnnnn ca sacrnenn n
axananpcxa n marncrpcxa crenen n mnoro
ynnnepcnrern y nac Vnnnepcnrer Hpo]. -p
Acen 3narapon- Fyprac, Mnnno-reonoxxn
ynnnepcnrer - Co]nx, Xnmnxo-rexnonorrnuen
ynnnepcnrer- Co]nx, Hxonomnuecxn ynnnep-
cnrer Bapna, Texnnuecxn ynnnepcnrer
Bapna, Texnnuecxn ynnnepcnrer Pyce,
Vnnnepcnrer no apxnrexrypa, crponrencrno n
reoesnx Co]nx n p.
Fnx xenana a orenexa nxxon enemenrn
sa non norne xm pncxa, xonro ce orunrar n y
nac or nrapcxnre nsnec cpen:
- pncxr e uepasoe.ua :acm or ncnuxn
nsnec pemennx;
- ynpannennero na pncxa n nenpexcnaro
napacrnamara no cnoxnocr nsnec cpea n
saxonona ]opma ce npenpma n npensnn-
xarencrno sa ncxxa oprannsannx; (ncnuxn xom-
nannn n cnera nornexar no uoe ua:uu na
pncxa: nmar pxononren ynpannenne na pncxa
(Chief Risk Officier CRO);

59
- noemanero na +a.r pucr e ronxona
ynpannencxa rpemxa, xonxoro n noe+aue ua
+uoeo eo.+ pucr (n-x Kannran, 2002, ).

H3BOH

1. Honnxr cncremen noxo na eprono-
mnxra nxnmuna onenxa na pncxa n
onenxa na paorno mxcro.
2. Cnasnanero na epronomnunnre nsncx-
nannx npeonpeenx npenepexnma nnn
onycrnma crenen na pncxa na paorno
mxcro.
3. Hosnannxra no epronomnx n onenxara
na pncxa ca neormennma uacr or
nnxenepnara n nxonomnuecxa noro-
ronxa na xapnre c nncme opasonanne.
4. Onenxara na pncxa n cnasnanero na
epronomnunnre nsncxnannx npeonpee-
nxr xonxypenrnocr, npocnepnrer n npn-
onnane na ceprn]nxar sa xauecrno na
]npmara..

AHTEPATYPA

1. B-x Kann1an, 2002, noemnpn, p.50
2. nun1pon 2002: nmnrpon, . Vnpanne-
nne na esonacnocrra n spanero npn
paora. C., HK Cnnnnpnnanrnna OO,
2002.

3. Mnxannon 2001: Mnxanon, M. Vnpan-
nenne na npnponn n rexnorennn pncxone.
B: Mexynapona nayuna cecnx Vnpan-
nenne na npnponn n rexnorennn pnc-
xone, c. 1. C., VH Mnnno-reonoxxn ynn-
nepcnrer, 2001.
4. Mocnnr aoc, Epnx e Insp 1998:
Mocnnr xoc, Epnx e Inp.Onenxa na
paornoro mxcro. C., Ipa]nxxoncynr
OO, 1998.
5. Henon 1998: Henon, T. Pxonocrno sa
npaxrnuecxn ynpaxnennx no epronomnx,
C., Hayxa n nsxycrno, 1988.
6. Hnnena 2001: Hnnena, H., R. Panrenon.
Onenxa n ananns na rexnonornunnx pncx n
nex Hnacrmacon npn A Hnacrmaconn
nsennx rp. Cpeen. B: Mexynapona
nayuna cecnx Vnpannenne na npnponn n
rexnorennn pncxone, c. 283 -287. C., VH-
Mnnno-reonoxxn ynnnepcnrer, 2001,
7. Hanxona 2001: uanxona, H. Henrn]nxa-
nnx na pncxa ocnonen eran n mennx-
mnra na pncxa. B: Mexynapona nayuna
cecnx Vnpannenne na npnponn n
rexnorennn pncxone, c. 25 30. C., VH
Mnnno-reonoxxn ynnnepcnrer, 2001.
8. I.. ac. o-p Pv+ua H. Cmo:eea
9. V-m Hpoq. o-p Aceu 3.amapoe, 4TH
ram. OXT
10. v.. Hpoq. Bru+oe A1, Bvpeac 8010

Hpecranena sa neuar na 10.10.2008 r.