SON - From Conception To Realisation

Self Organising Networks (SON): From
Conception to Realisation
Ali Imran, Qatar Mobility Innovations Center, Qatar
Mischa Dohler, Centre Tecnolgic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya
Tuesday, April 23, 2013
alii@qmic.com; mischa.dohler@cttc.es
QMUL, London, UK
1
Outline
What ?: What is Self Organization (SO)?
Why ?: Why we want SO?
How?: How to Design SO?
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Industrial products with SON capabilities
Characterization
SON for short term dynamics
SON for Medium term dynamics
SON for Long term dynamics
Some Selected Solutions
EnablingSON
NeedforSelfCoordination
DesigntoolsandChallenges
Open Research Challenges
Outline
alii@qmic.com; mischa.dohler@cttc.com
2
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
3
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
4
What is self Organisation?
Exact definitions are specific to context.
In simple words :a system is said to
have self organization in its behavior if
it can organize itself without any
external or central control entity.[1]
Case studies in nature can help to
make some key inferences
Shoal of fish
Swarm of insects
Agility
Manoeuvrability
Flock of Common
Cranes
scalability
Nocentralcontrol
Stability
Nochaos
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes
[1]C.Prehofer andC.Bettstetter,Selforganizationincommunicationnetworks:principlesanddesignparadigms,CommunicationsMagazine,IEEE,vol.43,no.7,pp.78 85,july 2005.
A nature inspired phenomenon, too old to date.
Applications to man made systems started half a century ago in cybernetics[Ashby1947], then in thermodynamics, physics and
complex systems.ad hoc networks and sensor networks.
For the CS, first time [Spilling2000], introduced the concept and need for SO.
5
Adaptive /autonomous functionality in a
system is said to be self organizing if it is
scalable, stable and agile enough to
maintain its desired objective(s) in the face
of all potential dynamics in its operating
environment.
O. Aliu, A. Imran, M. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organization in future cellular networks, Communications Surveys Tutorials, IEEE, vol.
PP, no. 99, pp. 1 26, 201
An alternative definition
6
Classifying SON Solutions:
Possible Taxonomies
7
Classification of SON
Times scale based classification
Various SON solutions tackle problems arising on different time scale
Objective based classification
Different SON solutions have different objectives
Phase based classification
A WCS has three phases into life cycle, deployment, operation,
maintenance/update but the boundary between them is gray
8
Time Scale based classification
9
Phase and objective based classification
SOPhases
SO use
Cases/objectives
Self
Configuration
IPAddressand
Connectivity
Configuration
Neighbourhood
andContext
Discovery
RadioAccess
Parameter
Configuration
Self
Optimisation
LoadBalancing
Coverage
Optimization
Interferenceand
Energy
Consumption
Minimization
SelfHealing
Detection
Diagnosis
Compensation
10
Overall Description
SELF
ORGANISATION
To implement a self configuring, self optimising and self healing functionalities
future cellular networks
11
SelfConfiguration
ImportantSelfConfigurationFunctions:
authentication
addressallocation
secureOAMtunnelsetup
SWinstallation
inventorymanagement
transportparameterssetup
radioparameterssetup
selftest
Self-Optimisation
AutomaticNeighbourRelation
MobilityRobustness/HandoverOptimisation
(Mobility)LoadBalancing
RACHOptimisation
CoverageandCapacityOptimisation
EnergySaving
InterferenceCoordination
HeNBSON
3GPP
QoS Optimisation(advancedRRM)
Scheduler
admissioncontrol
congestioncontrol
linklevel/L2/HARQretx/MIMOparameters
additionalfromSocrates/NGMN(notdiscus)
13
Self-Healing
ImportantSelfConfigurationFunctions:
failurerecovery
celloutagecompensation
14
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
15
Why we want SO?
Moneymatters!
Growingnumberofnodes/Heterogeneity
Increasingoperational
complexity
SemistaticdesignofWCSbut
highlydynamicecosystem
16
Ok data is growing, so is the capacity, aren't the
operators earning more?
Applicationsonsmartdevicesarelimitedby
only,Imagination!
Capacityofwirelesssystemisboundbyfundamentallawsofphysics![1]
Legacycellularsystemshavealreadyyieldedtotheirrupturepoint.
1000folddatagrowthexpectedby2025[2]
[1]Dohler,M.;Heath,R.W.;Lozano,A.;Papadias,C.B.;Valenzuela,R.A.,"IsthePHYlayerdead?,"CommunicationsMagazine,IEEE ,vol.49,no.4,pp.159,165,April2011
[2]Wiseharbor,2025forecast
17
But:
LTE roll-out could cost tier one operators
up to $8BN USD in CAPEX over the first
3-5 years.
Adding LTE could add another 30% to
todays OPEX. (Aircom, reports)
Smaller cells are also inevitable due to
higher frequencies Larger number of nodes.
3 different technologies to manage and
operate GSM, UMTS, LTE
All IP, packet based access means always
active control plane.
Will LTE solve the dilemma?
Longtermsolution2025
http://www.3gpp.org/FutureRadioin3GPP300attend
OnlyintermsoftemporaryNeedforspeed,
Maybeyes!
18
ARPB dilemma, a seriously Growing Concern for Operators!
TotalCostofOwnership(TCO)Vsrevenuenotaddingup!
Tsunamiofsmartphonessome notreallysmartapplications
iswashingawaytheAverageRevenuePerBit(ARPB)!
OperatorsMAY chargefordata,butnotforcontrolsignaling
Energybillsaregoinghigherandhigher!
ARPB=AverageRevenuePerbit 19
Social messaging applications cost mobile network
operators $13.9bn (8.8bn) in lost SMS revenue last year, a
recent report has claimed.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-17119768
While data traffic grows more than 1,000-fold, operator
revenue yield per megabyte will decline dramatically from
$100 with SMS,
$1 in voice and
$0.10 with mobile data in 2010
To
$0.001 with data predominating in 2025 (global averages
including postpaid and prepaid plans).
(Wiseharbor, 2025 forecast)
Not Convinced, Need more Evidence?
20
Why we want SO?
Moneymatters!
Growingnumberofnodes/Heterogeneity
complexity
21
System Degrees of Freedom
DegreesofFreedom(DOF)/Area:
newsystemDOF=oldsystemDOFx2030
newsystemdensity=oldsystemdensityx4
newDOF/km2=oldDOF/km2x100
1
100
10000
1000000
00000000
1E+10
1E+12
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
HSPA
LTE
LTEA
CELLULAR+WIFI+FEMTO
CELLULAR+WIFI
CELLULAR
22
Likelihood of Failure/Outage
ImportantHighLevelInsides:
DOF/areaincreasesfailures/outagesincrease:
lossinrevenueifnothingdone,and/or
verycostlyifaddressedbyhumanlabour
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Therefore
Moneymatters!
Growingnumberofnodes
/Heterogeneity
complexity
Somethingmore
thanlarger
Capacityand
HigherData
ratesisrequired,
fortheoptimal
performance
andmakeARPB
right.
24
What is this something more we need
For commercial and technical viability future WCS
need to be autonomously adaptable while being
Scalable
Stable
Agile
i.e. WCS need to have Self organisation
ContextandMotivation
Selforganization
agility
stability
scalability
Problem
Cause
Counter
Measure
Suboptimal
performance
Range of
Dynamics
Semi static
design
Adaptability
Agility
Increasing
Cost
Ubiquitous
deployment
Automization
Increasing
complexity
Scalability
Manual
intervention
+
+
+
25
Deployment
survey
Planning
Deployment
Configuration/
commissioning
Operation
Remotemonitoring
Infieldmeasurements
Manualoptimization
Maintenance/upgrade
ManualProblem
Diagnosis
Manual
Compensation
Installationofnew
nodesneedupdateof
neighboringnodes
Which of the Operators processes SON can Eliminate?
LifeCycleofCellularSystem
CAPEX<20%ofTCO
OPEX>70%ofTCO
26
What is happening now in operation of typical cellular system?
Data
base
Measurements
User Reports
based
Drive
test
based
Parameter update
Remote
In field
Performance
analysis
Optimal
parameter
calculation
27
How SON will benefit?
Data
base
Measurements
User Reports
based
Drive
test
based
Parameter update
Remote
In field
Performance
analysis
Optimal
parameter
calculation
28
How Self Optimization will work?
User Reports
based
Parameter update
Centralized
Autonomous
Distributed
Autonomous
Continuous Self
Optimization
29
How much time does the modeled task require?
How many staff are needed?
How frequently is the task performed?
What level of expertise is required for the task?
What are the labor costs?
Quantifying SONs Value
30
iGR forecasts a saving of:
2.34 billion in LTE Capex
4.5 billion in LTE Opex.
Any estimates on savings SON can provide?
31
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
32
How to design SO
Biomimetic Approach
Biomimetics is branch of science where the design and operational
principles of complex natural systems are studied with aim to extract
direct or indirect design strategies for man made systems
Direct biomimetics
Design of air craft wings
Radar
Camera
Indirect biomimetics
Ant colony optimisation
Neural networks
Game theory
A-Biommetic Approaches
Classic analytical tools,
e.g. optimisation, etc..
Aselforganisingsysteminnature:Fishshoal
For more details please look at:
[1]AliImran,MehdiBennisandLorenza Giupponi,UseofLearning,GameTheoryandOptimizationasBiomimetic ApproachesforSelfOrganizationinMacroFemtocell Coexistence, acceptedinWCNC,2012.
[2]A.Glenn,A.Imran,Muhammad.A.Imran,R.Tafazolli,ASurveyofSelfOrganisationinFutureCellularNetworks,inpressinIEEEJournalofSurveysandTutorials
33
SON Architecture Approaches [1/2]
Levels of SON Execution:
localised: autonomous SON execution based
on purely local information at (H)eNB & UE
distributed: autonomous SON execution
based on information exchanged with
neighbouring (H)eNB (eg via X2 interface)
centralized: decision taking based on (fairly
complete) system information (eg at
NM/DM/EM levels)
hybrid: any mixture of above
X2
NM
DM/EM
SON
SON
DM/EM
SON
SON
SON
NM=NetworkManagement
DM=DeviceManagement
EM=ElementManagement
34
SON Architecture Approaches [2/2]
centralized distributed localized hybrid
KPI=KeyPerformanceIndicator
35
Key Time Intervals
For Centralized SON, timing is important:
Collection Interval: time period during which statistics
and data are collected; limited by vendors OAM
bandwidth; typical 5min (i.e. not at scheduling level!)
Analysis Interval: time period needed to draw decision;
typically several collection intervals (filtering effect by
considering also prior data history)
Change Interval: time period between executing the
changes in the network; typically limited by systems
operational constraints
36
Important SON Trade-Offs
Centralised
multiplecells
longtermstatistics
usesOAM
multivendor/multi
RAT
selfconfiguration
coverageoptimisation
(loadbalancing)
Distributed
normallyca.2cells
usesX2
multivendor(X2)
handoveropt.
loadbalancing
RACHopt
Localised
adv.RRM
smallimpactonncells
shorttermstatistics
scheduleropt
Linkadapt.opt
RACHopt
faster&lesspronetosinglepointoffailure
infofromnumberofcells/RATs
37
Coordinated SON Model
verydifficult tostandardise:
lotsofdifferentwaysto
implementaSONfunctionare
possible
e.g.loadbalancing(LB)doneat
NMlevelbuthandover(HO)
optimizationdoneateNB level
andbothwant toadjustthesame
parameterineNB
practicalwayaround today:
iffunctionatNMlevel,
configureisstandardised
ateNB levelnotstandardised
currentlyprimary&secondary
targetsaredefined
[basedonS5102029]
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38
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
39
NGMNsInputTo
SON
NextGenerationMobileNetworks
(NGMN)Alliance:
createdin2006bygroupofoperators
business requirementsdriven
oftenbasedonusecases ofdaily
networkingroutines
NGMNandSON:
SONinputto3GPPsince2006
10SONusecaseshavebeendefined
(seeright)whichinputto3GPPRx
QoS SONislikelytoappearshortly
3GPPHighLevel
Structure
maintenance/
development
ofGSM/GPRS/
EDGERAN
maintenance/
development
ofUMTS/HSPA/
LTERAN
system
architecture,service
capabilities,codecs
(inc. EPC)
CNinterfaces,
protocols,
interworking,IMS,
terminals,SIM
Management!
SONin3GPPLTEA
Release8
3GPPR8isabouteNB selfconfiguration:
automaticneighbor relation
automaticphysicalcellID(PCI)assignment
automaticinventory
automaticsoftwaredownload
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013 2014
Release8
Release9
Release10
Release11
Release12
SONin3GPPLTEA
Release9
3GPPR9isaboutnetworkoptimizationprocedures:
mobilityrobustnessandhandoveroptimization
RACHoptimization
loadbalancingoptimization
intercellinterferencecoordination(ICIC)
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013 2014
Release8
Release9
Release10
Release11
Release12
SONin3GPPLTEA
Release10
3GPPR10isaboutoverlaidnetworks:
coverage&capacityoptimization
enhancedICIC
celloutagedetectionandcompensation
selfhealingfunctions
minimizedrivetest
energysavings
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013 2014
Release8
Release9
Release10
Release11
Release12
SONin3GPPLTEA
Release11
3GPPR11willbeaboutheterogeneousnetworks:
automatednetworkmanagement
troubleshooting
multilayer,multiRATheterogeneousnetworks
SONcoordinationamongothers
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013 2014
Release8
Release9
Release10
Release11
Release12
SONin3GPPLTEA
Release12
3GPPR12isalsoonheterogeneousnetworks:
MobilityloadbalancingbetweenLTEandHRPD.
AutomaticneighborrelationshipbetweenLTEandHRPD.
MobilityrobustnessoptimizationbetweenLTEandHRPD.
EnhancementinCCOandMDT
MultivendorPlugandPlayeNB connection
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
2012 2013 2014
Release8
Release9
Release10
Release11
Release12
3GPP SON Status
PCI_Sel.
ANR
MLB,MRO,RACH
EnergySaving(ES)
MinimizeDriveTest(MDT)
SONMgmt
SelfHealing
MDT
PCISelection
EnergySaving
MLB,MRO,CCO
SA5
RAN
Rel9
Rel10 Rel8
ANR=AutomaticNeighborRelation
PCI=PhysicalCellID
MLB=MobileLoadBalancing
MRO=MobilityRobustnessOpt.
RACH=RandomAccessChannel
CCO=Capacity&CoverageOpt.
Rel11
Rel12
HetNetMRO
HetNetES
SONCoordination
LTEHRPDinterRATMLO,
MLB,ANR
IntegrationofCCOand
MDT
MultivendorplugandPlay
47
Standardization- NGMN recommendations
NGMN has come up with use cases related to self organising networks and overall descriptions 2006.
Deployment: self configuration
The eNB will support complete plug and play capability no provisioning of hardware resources is required. Inventory
information is automatically recorded and reported.
The eNB will algorithmically compute its physical cell ID through communication with neighboring eNBs.
The eNB will determine its neighbors with the help of user equipment. It will continue to optimize and refine this list
in real-time, discovering new neighbors and deleting stale neighbors.
The eNB will automatically determine and continually optimize its RF parameters, including antenna tilt, power output
and interference control
The eNB will automatically setup its transport capabilities, establishing contact with the Element Management System
(EMS), Mobility Management Entities (MME), etc.
The eNB will support a complete self-test of itself, allowing the technician to easily verify operation of the eNB after
installation.
Upon connection to the EMS, the eNB will automatically authenticate itself into the network and update to the correct
version of software, if necessary.
48
Standardization-NGMN Recommendation(2)
.
Operation: self optimization
Automatic neighbor optimization, including the discovery of new neighbors
and deletion of stale neighbors.
Automatic interference reduction, including coordination of sub-tones and
power levels across eNBs.
Automatic handoff optimization, including monitoring KPIs to optimize
intra/inter-RAT handoffs by iteratively adjusting target C/I and RSSI.
Automatic Transport QoS optimization, including monitoring KQIs to
iteratively adjust QoS configuration.
Automatic energy savings, by examining service loading trends and
determining when equipment can be powered down without adversely affecting
service.
49
Standardization-NGMN recommendations(3)
Maintenance/update: self healing
Complete and standardized inventory reporting of all components from all NEs.
Robust cell outage detection capabilities for latent faults.
Integrated cell outage compensation capability that automatically reconfigures
surrounding cells to offset the effect of a failed cell.
First and second order root cause analysis and recovery of faults.
Real-time PM data to verify service capability after a repair or reconfiguration.
Multi-vendor subscriber and equipment trace, to aide system troubleshooting.
50
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
51
Key Projects Related to SON(1)
Celtic Gandalf Project ----- (2005 - 2007)
Main focus was to achieve automation of network management
tasks in a multi-system (GSM, UMTS) environment.
End to End Efficiency (E
3
) ----- (2008 - 2009)
Design and develop solutions for seamless
interoperability between legacy systems and future
wireless systems across different access technologies.
SOCRATES ----- (2008 - 2010)
Working on a framework for integrating network
planning, configuration and optimisation into a single
automated process.
52
Key Projects Related to SON(2)
BeFemto -------- (2010 - 2012)
Next generation of femtocell technologies
Self organisation and interference management in future indoor/outdoor
base stations
UniverSelf --------(2010 - 2013)
Focus on the growing management complexity in future networks
Incorporate self organising functionalities in the network equipment
(Intelligence Embodiment)
Unified management framework of existing and emerging system
architectures
IU-ATC (2010 - 2012)
Investigation of system performance bounds in cellular multi-hop wireless
networks.
Development and analysis of distributed dynamic spectrum and
interference management algorithms.
Development and analysis of cross-layer algorithms for QoS provision and
performance optimisation.
53
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
54
A brief time line of SON:
From conception to realisation
Pre 2000: Conception of SO:
Spilling1998: First use of SO in context of adaptive power
control algorithm in GSM
Spilling1998,Badia2004: Need for SO in cellular networks
but...
Pre-2005: Broader Visualisation of SO.
Prehofer2005,Yanmaz2005: Provided principles and
paradigms in designing self organising systems but...
Post 2005: Realisation of SON.
Yanmaz2006,Stolyar2009,Bernado2009,(Imran2009,2010,
2011,2012...): Recent works with proposed algorithms and
solutions but..
55
Self
Configuration
logical flow
56
Self Configuration
Neighbour Cell list (NCL) Configuration
Parodi2007: Framework for self configuration of future LTE
networks.
3GPP R3-071239 Mitsubishi2008: Initial configuration of NCL based
on geographical coordinates only.
Li2010: NCL based on geographical coordinates, antenna pattern and
transmission power
Kim2010: NCL based in SINR measurements from adjacent cells
(desired threshold?)
Best Scheme?
57
Self Optimization
[1]O.Aliu,A.Imran,M.Imran,andB.Evans,Asurveyofselforganizationinfuturecellularnetworks,CommunicationsSurveys Tutorials,IEEE,vol.PP,no.99,pp.126,2012.
58
Self Healing
Mueller2008: Cell outage detection algorithm
based on Neighbour Cell List (NCL)
Khanafer2008: Cell outage detection algorithm
using bayesian network.
Amirijoo2009: Described concepts and ideas for
cell outage compensation but no results were
demonstrated.
Literature lacking on cell outage compensation
for cellular networks.
59
Update NCL and begin
compensation action(s)
Performance analysis
(faulty cell and
neighbouring cells)
Update Neighbour Cell
List (NCL) and begin
compensation action via
specific neighbouring
cells
Ensure compensating
actions are relaxed when
a faulty node has been
restored.
Monitor, Repair and
control compensating
actions
Take measurements
and NCL data
Analyse all alarms, alarm
correlation and determine
specific compensating
action(s) from
neighbouring cell(s)
Analysis and Diagnosis
Y
False
detection?
Store alarm
information for
future analysis
N
Start
Monitor TCoSH
Clustering algorithm
classifies alarms to
determine type of fault and
identify necessary
compensating action
N
Y
Algorithm continuously
monitors system for
alarms that Trigger
Conditions of Self Healing
(TCoSH)
TCoSH
reached?
Trigger self healing
process
Alarm
cleared?
COMPENSATION
ALARM
DIAGNOSIS
MONITORING
60
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
61
Motorola
Launched its first O&M agent that features SON in
2007. LTE will use release 3 of this agent.
Key features
Automation (elimination of tasks, operations
efficiencies, and increased value of existing staff).
Reduced expertise requirement.
Reduced high-level oversight.
Does not add to current processes
Provides a review mode for each SON operation
Industrys status on SON (1)
62
ComparedtoMotorola,NECsSONsolutionaresupportedwithasimulationtool
ComparedtoMotorola,NECsSONsolutionaresupportedwithasimulationtool
63
NSN: iSON
Automatically balances the traffic loads and
optimizes the transmission capacity distribution
in the core networks
autonomously optimize and repair
Huawei: SingleSON:
SC: Semi- SC of RF parameter, Inter-RAT ANR,
SO: ICIC, Multi-RAT MLB, MDT
SH: CODC,
SC:SelfConfiguration
ANR:AutomaticNeighborRelationship
SO:SelfOptimization
SH:SelfHealing
MLB:MobilityLoadBalancing
MDT:MinimizingDeriveTest
CODC:CellOutageDetectandCompensation
ICIC:IntercellInterferenceCancellation
64
Optimi
Multi RAT SON, Self Healing, Autonomous Tx planning
Started in 2003, Acquired by Ericson 2010
Celcite:
Multi RAT, Multi vendor, Automatic Intelligent Correlation (AIC)
AIC engine automatically collects a variety of data types from the
network, such as performance counters, configuration data,
faults/alarms, trouble tickets, mobile measurements, and geo location
data. AIC then automatically correlates all data points to provide triage
between RF and operational issues, provides root cause analysis, audits,
recommendations, and executable solutions along with mml or xml
scripts
65
RADCOM: The QiSolve
Gathers, correlates and analyzes network intelligence
from the RAN and PCN to provide real-time insights
into network performance and how it affects the
subscribers QoE.
Intucell (Aquired by CISCO Jan-2013)
ANR,SO of RF parameters, MULTI-RAT.
Arieso: (Acquired by JDSU, Mar-2013)
Their main solution expands on autonomous coverage
and performance estimation based on user
measurements reports.
66
Standardization Activity
Started with focus on LTE only, expanded to include Multi-RAT
to reflect sustained dominancy of legacy systems
Major aspects of SON covered, current focus is filling the gaps
to ensure self coordination compatibility among SON functions.
Academic Activity:
Open literature more focused on self optimization, and relatively
less attention is channeled to self configuration, with self healing
and self coordination being almost neglected.
While myriad of parameter adaptation solutions has been
proposed in only a few feature characteristics scalability , agility
and stability to harness full potential of SON.
Industrial Activity
Some industrial vendors have managed to launch SON products
that are though effective but are not necessarily inline with
standardization activities in general.
Summary of SoA
67
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
68
C1: Tilt optimization through BSOF for spectral efficiency
optimization
69
State of the art on antenna Tilt optimisation
1) Tilt adaptation for interference reduction
[Wille2005, Siomina2005,Siomina2006, Calcev2006]
Do not cope with hotspots/non homogeneous user distribution
2) Tilt adaptation for coverage control for load balancing
/hotspot relief [Wu1998, Abou-Jaoude2009, Islam2010, Viering2009]
Necessitate handovers
Central control/ heavy signalling
Low scalability and agility
Our Solution : TO-BSOF
System-wide self organisation of antenna tilts in distributed
manner
Spectral efficiency at the hotspots increases without
sacrificing the average user.
No central control/global signalling
High scalability and agility
70
C1: Problem statement
System Model and Assumptions:
Multi cell, sectorized cellular system
Realistic user geographical distribution
Realistic antenna patterns
Interference limited
C1:TO BSOF
71
Self Organisation in Nature: A Sase Study
Flock of Common Cranes
Analysis of case study of flock of Common Cranes
How?:BSOF
A flock of common cranes enhances its flight efficiency by 70%through self organisation of its
flight attributes [2]
[2]P.B.S.LissamanandC.A.Shollenberger,Formationflightofbirds,
Science,vol.168,no.3934,pp.10031005,1970.
72
Self Organisation in Nature: A Sase Study
Deduced design and operational principle of self organisation
Analysis of case study of flock of Common Cranes
How?:BSOF
A flock of common cranes enhances its flight efficiency by 70%through self organisation of its
flight attributes [2]
[2]P.B.S.LissamanandC.A.Shollenberger,Formationflightofbirds,
Science,vol.168,no.3934,pp.10031005,1970.
73
A General Framework for Designing Self Organisation: BSOF
Biomimmetic Self Organisation Framework (BSOF)
How?:C0:BSOF
Nature
Nurture
74
A General Biomimetic Framework for Designing Self
Organisation: BSOF
Biomimmetic Self Organisation Framework (BSOF)
Reproducedfrom[1]
[1]A.Glenn,A.Imran,Muhammad.A.Imran,R.Tafazolli,ASurveyofSelf
OrganisationinFutureCellularNetworks,inpressinIEEEJournalofSurveys
andTutorials
Tools for designing self organisation
How?:C0:BSOF
75
C1: Problem statement
System Model and Assumptions:
Multi cell, sectorized cellular system
Realistic user geographical distribution
Realistic antenna patterns
Interference limited
C1:TO BSOF
Flock System
Common
cranes
Base
Stations
Flight
attributes
Antenna
Tilts
fly operate
Flight
efficiency
Spectral
efficiency
Air drag interference
A flock of common cranes
wants to self organise its
flight attributes and fly
such that the average flight
efficiency in the whole flock
is maximised by minimising
the average air drag.
system
base stations
antenna tilts
system
operate
interference.
spectral
Mapping Table
Problem statement (using analogy of common cranes)
76
C1: Problem formulation: Identifying SO-Objective
C1:TO BSOF
77
Maximise spectral efficiency in hotspots by optimizing tilt angles of all the N BS in the system
Average user throughput should not decrease
Subject to:
C1:TO BSOF
78
Maximise spectral efficiency in hotspots by optimizing tilt angles of all the N BS in the system
SIR at kth location from nth BS
Vector of optimization variables
Subject to:
where
and
Average SIR in sth hotspot
C1:TO BSOF
79
C1: Achieving SO solution via BSOF
SO-Objective
SO-Goal
SO-Function
C1:TO BSOF
80
Analytically
SO-Objective
SO-Goal
SO-Function
C1:TO BSOF
Proposition: Tilt optimization with respect to Centre of Gravity (CG)
can boost the average SINR in a cell
Simplification
viaCGconcept
>Determining (CG) of user geographic distribution
81
Analytically
Analytically
=
SO-Objective SO-Goal
SO-Function
C1:TO BSOF
Proposition: Tilt optimization with respect to Centre of Gravity (CG)
can boost the average SINR in a cell
Simplification
viaCGconcept
Decomposition
viatripletconcept
Proposition: Tilt optimization in individual triplets can almost
optimize tilts system wide >Determining (CG) of user geographic distribution
82
C1: Enabling the execution of SO-Function
Subject to:
C1:TO BSOF
83
Subject to:
C1:TO BSOF
And
84
Subject to:
C1:TO BSOF
85
System Level Simulation Parameters
C1:TO BSOF
86
Simulation Scenario
87
C1: Numerical results: 1-Triplet scenario
C1:TO BSOF
88
C1: System level simulation results (1)
C2:TO BSOF
89
C2:TO BSOF
90
C2:TO BSOF
91
ExpectedormeanspectralefficiencyforallusersinthewholeareaofWCSandusersinthehotspots
C1:TO BSOF
45%gain
20%gain
Case1:
50%user
Hotpot
Case2:
80%users
inHotspot
92
Summary of TO-BSOF
30% gain in spectral efficiency in
face of non homogenous
geographical user distributions with
No Central control
Negligible signalling
overhead
Agile for short term
dynamics
93
Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R., Relay Station Access Link Spectral Efficiency Optimization through SO of Macro BS Tilts.
IEEE Communication Letters, Vol. 99, page 1-3, Nov-2011
94
SO Solution for Load Balancing
C2:LB BSOF
95
LB-BSOF
State of the art in LB: [1]
1) Resource Adaptation based LB
2) Traffic Shaping (TS) based LB
3) RS based LB
4) Coverage Adaptation (LB) based LB
a) LB through Antenna Adaptation
b) Power Adaptation based LB
[Das03, Koutsopoulos07,Son 07,Son09]: centralised -> heavy signalling
[Siomina04 ]: long term traffic statistics -> off line, very less agile
central control/ heavy signalling/low agility
Load balancing through BSOF (LB-BSOF)
Do not require central control/global signalling
Agile for medium term dynamics
Multiple SO-Functions :
Coverage Adaptation
Resource Adaptation
Beam switching
A.Glenn,A.Imran,Muhammad.A.Imran,R.Tafazolli,ASurveyofSelfOrganisationinFutureCellularNetworks,to
appearinIEEE JournalofSurveysandTutorials
C2:LB BSOF
96
Achieving SO solution through BSOF
C2:LB BSOF
SO-Functions:
1)Coverage Adaptation at BS (BCA)
2)Coverage Adaptation at RS (RCA)
3)Access Link Adaptation (ALA)
4)Beam Switching of RS (BSR)
Operational use cases of LB-BSOF:
1) Micro level (SO-Function 1,2)
Intra super cell
2) Macro level (SO-Function 3,4)
Inter-super cell
3) Global level (SO-Function 1,2,3,4)
Inter Operators
Inter Infrastructures
Self Healing
97
Super cell concept in LB-BSOF
C2:LB BSOF
98
A heuristic algorithm for LB-BSOF
C2:LB BSOF
99
Simulation scenarios and parameters
1. User distribution
a) Uniform
b) Non unirom
2. Sectorization
a) 3 sector
b) 6 Sector
3. RS
a) No RS
b) In band RS
c) Out of band
RS (Pico cell)
C2:LB BSOF
100
Call rejection Log
101
Call rejection Log
>2timesincreaseusercapacity
forsameGoS
102
LB-BSOF Gain
279,85%
78,78%
7,12%
68,41%
0,0%
50,0%
100,0%
150,0%
200,0%
250,0%
300,0%
Non Uniform Uniform
B
l
o
c
k
i
n
g

a
s

%

o
f

a
b
s
o
l
u
t
e

m
i
n
i
m
u
m

b
l
o
c
k
i
n
g

No LB
LB-BSOF
C2:LB BSOF
103
C3: Long term Multiobjective optimization through BSOF
C3:PCFandSOFD
104
Some Important consideration over long term
Most of the SoAapplicable to (very) short term dynamics
Short term dynamics become irrelevant
Optimization can not be for short term objectives like
Throughput,
short term energy efficiency
rate fairness etc
Operators policys become important
Only long term parameters of WCS can be optimized
Frequency Reuse (F)
Number of sectors per site (S)
Number of RS per site (R)
105
Performance characterisation Framework (PCF) for WCS over long term
Capacity
QoS
Economy
WCS KPI
C3A:PCF
106
Spectral efficiency of given heterogeneous network
107
Capacity of FD
108
109
Visual illustration
0
MCE
L
l
l
l
t
A
A
=
| |
=
|
\ .
user 2 user
MCE = log (1+SINR )
user user(dB)
MCE = [SINR ]

f
Theoretical Maximum Spectral Efficiency
Achievable Spectral Efficiency
MCE SINR No
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5.5547 19.83
5.1152 17.81
4.5234 15.88
3.9023 14.17
3.3223 12.29
2.7305 10.36
2.4063 8.57
1.9141 6.52
1.4766 4.69
1.1758 2.67
0.8770 0.76
0.6016 -1.25
0.3770 -3.18
0.2344 -5.14
0.1523 -6.94
MCE SINR No
15
14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
5.5547 19.83
5.1152 17.81
4.5234 15.88
3.9023 14.17
3.3223 12.29
2.7305 10.36
2.4063 8.57
1.9141 6.52
1.4766 4.69
1.1758 2.67
0.8770 0.76
0.6016 -1.25
0.3770 -3.18
0.2344 -5.14
0.1523 -6.94
( )
0
A
L
t l
l
A
=
=

MCE= Modulation and Coding Efficiency
L= Total number of modulation coding schemes
= Expected mean spectrum efficiency
At = Total Area (Number of bins)
Al = Selected Area(bins) with same MCE)
110
EC of FD
111
Performance characterisation Framework (PCF) for WCS over long term
Capacity
QoS
Economy
WCS KPI
EffectiveSpectralEfficiency(ESE)
ServiceAreaFairness(SAF)
EnergyConsumption(EC)
C3A:PCF
PCF
Imran,A.;Imran,M.A.;Tafazolli,R.;,"AnewperformancecharacterizationframeworkforDeploymentArchitecturesofnextgenerationdistributedcellularnetworks,"(PIMRC),IEEE;vol.,
no.,pp.20462051,2630Sept.2010
Imran,A.;Imran,M.A.;Tafazolli,R;"AnovelSelfOrganizingframeworkforadaptiveFrequencyReuseandDeploymentinfuturecellularnetworks,"21
st
(PIMRC),IEEE;vol.,no.,pp.2354
2359,2630Sept.2010 alii@qmic.com; mischa.dohler@cttc.com
112
Numerical results for PCF
0 1 2 3 4
13. S= 2,F=1,R=1
14. S=2,F=2,R=1
15.S=3,F=1,R=1
16. S=3,F=3,R=1
17. S=4,F=1,R=1
18. S=4,F=2,S=1
19. S=4,F=4,R=1
20. S=4,F=1,R=4
21. S=4,F=2,R=4
22. S=4,F=4,R=4
23. S=6,F=1,R=3
24.S=6,F=2,R=3
25. S=6,F=3,R=3
26. S=6,F=6,R=3
SAF
0,00 2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00
13. S= 2,F=1,R=1
14. S=2,F=2,R=1
15.S=3,F=1,R=1
16. S=3,F=3,R=1
17. S=4,F=1,R=1
18. S=4,F=2,S=1
19. S=4,F=4,R=1
20. S=4,F=1,R=4
21. S=4,F=2,R=4
22. S=4,F=4,R=4
23. S=6,F=1,R=3
24.S=6,F=2,R=3
25. S=6,F=3,R=3
26. S=6,F=6,R=3
ESE(bps/Hz/site)
ESE based on Theoratical Shannon Bound ESE based on Practical MCS's
113
SOFD
SO-Objective: Multiobjective optimization
problem
where
F: Frequency reuse ; S: number of sectors per site and R: Number of RS per site
SO-Goal: A single utility function
SO-Functions: A set of simple actuators
1. Adapt number of projected sectors (S)
2. Adapt frequency reuse scheme (F)
3. Switch on or off remote RS (R)
switch on or off the circuitry associated to each sector and RS within BS
Weights to reflect priority of objectives
according to operators policies
ESE :Effective Spectral Efficiency SAF (Service Area Fairness)
EC: Energy Consumption
C3B:SOFD
114
Solution space for SO-Goals
FD Feasible S, F, R
combinations
S 1 2 3 4 6
F 1 1,
2
1,
3
1,
2,
4
1,
2,
3,
6
R 0,
1
0,
1
1,
3
0,
1,
4
0,
3
-1
-0,8
-0,6
-0,4
-0,2
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1
.

S
=

1
,
F
=
1
2
.

S
=
2
,
F
=
1
3
.

S
=
2
,
F
=
2
4
.

S
=
3
,
F
=
1
5
.

S
=
3
,
F
=
3
6
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
1
7
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
2
8
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
4
9
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
1
1
0
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
2
1
1
.

S
=

6
,
F
=
3
1
2
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
6
ESE SAF EC
Optimal FD in terms of SAF
Optimal FD in terms of EC
Optimal FD in terms of ESE
0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
1
.

S
=

1
,
F
=
1
2
.

S
=
2
,
F
=
1
3
.

S
=
2
,
F
=
2
4
.

S
=
3
,
F
=
1
5
.

S
=
3
,
F
=
3
6
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
1
7
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
2
8
.

S
=
4
,
F
=
4
9
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
1
1
0
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
2
1
1
.

S
=

6
,
F
=
3
1
2
.

S
=
6
,
F
=
6
d=1,d=1,d=0 d=.7,d=.5,d=-.2 d=.5,d=.9,d=-.9
C3B:SOFD
115
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
116
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
Self healing concept
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
-800 -600 -400 -200 0 200 400 600 800
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
Distance (metres)
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e

(
m
e
t
r
e
s
)

-1.0E+001
-6.7E+000
-3.3E+000
0.0E+000
3.3E+000
6.7E+000
1.0E+001
1.3E+001
1.7E+001
2.0E+001
Arsalan Saeed,Osianoh GlennAliu,MuhammadAliImran"ControllingSelfHealingCellularNetworksusingFuzzyLogic"IEEEWireless
CommunicationsandNetworkingConference(WCNC),Paris,France,April2012.
117
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SINR
c
o
m
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

Outage
Power Compensation
Normal
-10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
SINR
c
o
m
m
u
l
a
t
i
v
e

d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n

f
u
n
c
t
i
o
n

Outage
Power Compensation
Normal
118
Outline
Introduction
Standardization
Projects
Open literature
Characterization
Self Configuration
Self Optimization:
Self Healing
EnablingSON
Outline
119
Attention need to be channeled to Enabling solutions for SON
Identification/Characterization/Quantification of right KPIs, incorporating
1) Times scale of SON solution
For example for long term self optimization e.g. Planning
Parameters can not be optimized with respect conventional
metrics as they depend heavily on short term dynamics. e.g.
Throughput-> shadowing, fast fading, interference
Fairness-> scheduling
Instantiations energy consumptions -> power allocations to carriers
2) Mutual dependencies of objectives
e.g. Spectral efficiency is coupled with energy efficiency
Solutions for automating the KPI measurement process
120
Need for holistic SON Framework
121
Use the problem generatorsto solve the problem
Time
TrafficA
TrafficB
122
Infrastructure sharing has been shown to have
many benefits
With advent of small cells, it is making more
sense.
Imagine, a single infra structure, shared by all the
operators, with the help of SON, to guarantee
Energy efficiency
Low cost operation
Ubiquitous coverage
SON as enabler of high QoE at low cost, in future CS
123
socrates
OptimizationObjectives Configuration/OptimizationParameter(s)
Minimizeinterference Transmitpower(cellsize)
RBassignment(scheduling)
Adjustbeamformingparameters
Sectorization
BSlocation
Frequencyreuse
AntennaTilts
Maximize/Optimizecoverage Transmitpower
Antennatilts
Balanceload Transmitpower(CellsizesandBSlocations)
Antennaparameters
HOparameters
Cellreselectionparameters
Minimizeenergyconsumption Transmitpower
Antennaparameters
NumberofusedTx antennas
Maximizecellcapacity Transmitpower
Admissioncontrolthreshold
Congestiondetectionandresolutionparameters
Schedulerparameters
Linklevelretransmissionschemeparameters
Trackingareaparameters
Switchingpointconfiguration
CQIthresholdsforMCEswitching
FrequencyReuse
Sectorisation
Antennatilts
124
socrates
OptimizationObjectives Configuration/OptimizationParameter(s)
Minimizeinterference Transmitpower(cellsize)
RBassignment(scheduling)
Adjustbeamformingparameters
Sectorization
BSlocation
Frequencyreuse
AntennaTilts
Maximize/Optimizecoverage Transmitpower
Antennatilts
Balanceload Transmitpower(CellsizesandBSlocations)
Antennaparameters
HOparameters
Cellreselectionparameters
Minimizeenergyconsumption Transmitpower
Antennaparameters
NumberofusedTx antennas
Maximizecellcapacity Transmitpower
Admissioncontrolthreshold
Congestiondetectionandresolutionparameters
Schedulerparameters
Linklevelretransmissionschemeparameters
Trackingareaparameters
Switchingpointconfiguration
CQIthresholdsforMCEswitching
FrequencyReuse
Sectorisation
Antennatilts
alii@qmic.com;
mischa dohler@cttc com
125
Need to cope with sub-optimality arising from larger time
scale dynamics
126
Designing Ideal SON (1/3): Scalability
Scalabilitycanbeachievedthrough
Minimalcomplexity
Limitingthescopeofcooperationtolocalneighbourhoodonly
AsimplisticwayofdescribingscalabilityincontextofSOisthroughcondition
below.
Where O represents implementation complexity of an algorithm as function of
number of nodes n over which the algorithm needs control or coordination.
N is the total number of nodes in the system over which the objective of the
algorithm is to be achieved.
C is a constant that can be zero for perfectly scalable solution.
127
Designing Ideal SON (1/2): Stability
Stability has different precise meanings in different contexts but in this particular context of
SO we use a simplistic but generic definition of stability
An algorithm or adaptation mechanism is stable if it has finite number of states and finite
time to traverse all its states.
Mathematically we can write condition for stability as follows:
where S is set of all possible states in algorithm and is set of desired states only
such that and is arbitrary currant state such that S and is an
arbitrary future state such that 2 S .The symbol represents transition
from one state to other, P and T represent probability and times required for
these transitions. is a arbitrary bounded number.
d
S
l
s m
s
b
T
128
Designing Ideal SON (1/3): Agility
An adaptive system can be scalable and stable but still not perfectly self organising
as it might be sluggish in its adaptation. Agility is an other key characteristic of self
organizing systems (as observed in the case studies in above).
Agility describes how supple or acutely responsive an algorithm is in its adaptation
to the changes in its operational environment, Mathematically:
Where S is the total number of possible states to which the operational environment
of the algorithm can change, and it also represents the corresponding stages of the
algorithm. The time t represents the duration associated to switching to a particular
state while superscripts a and e represent the algorithm and environment
respectively.
It should noted that A=0 means system is not adaptive at all and A > 100% means
system is over agile i.e. it is not stable and can have oscillations.
Prefect agility is a tough condition to be met in real systems because of the
feedback, processing and decision making, and actuation delays involved in any
physical system.
129
A non-exhaustive list of tools for SON
NeuralNetworks
Fuzzylogic
Iterative
control
Unsupervised
Learning
Openloop
control
Genetic
programming
Random
search
Perturbation
analysis
PIDcontrol
Model
predictive
control
Gradient
basedmethod
NonGradient
Based
method
Markov
Decision
process
Branch
Andbound
Clique
detection
Stochastic
optimization
Chaos
theory
Gametheory
Combinatorial
optimization
Multiobjective
optimization
Combinatorial
optimization
Docitive
learning
Reinforced
Learning
Convex
optimization
Nonconvex
optimization
Prediction
theory
Interpolation
theory
Error
analysis
sensitivity
analysis
inference
analysis
EnablingSO
SelfConfiguration Selfoptimization
Selfhealing
Cellular
automata
130
Bibliography (Alis paper only)
1. Ali Imran, Elias Yaacoub, Adnan Abu-Dayya Planning Future Cellular Networks: A Generic Framework for Performance Quantification,
Accepted in European Wireless 2013.
2. O. Aliu, A. Imran, M. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organization in future cellular networks, Communications Surveys Tutorials,
IEEE, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1 26, 2013.
3. Imran, A.; Yaacoub, E.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R.; , "Distributed Load Balancing through Self Organisation of cell size in cellular systems,"
Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.1114-1119, 9-12
Sept. 2012.
4. Imran, A.; Bennis, M.; Giupponi, L., "Use of learning, game theory and optimization as biomimetic approaches for Self-Organization in
macro-femtocell coexistence," Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), 2012 IEEE , vol., no.,
pp.103,108, 1-1 April 2012 doi: 10.1109/WCNCW.2012.6215470
5. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R., Relay Station Access Link Spectral Efficiency Optimization through SO of Macro BS Tilts. IEEE
Communication Letters, Vol. 99, page 1-3, Nov-2011
6. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R; "A novel Self Organizing framework for adaptive Frequency Reuse and Deployment in future cellular
networks," 21
st
International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE; vol., no., pp.2354-2359,
26-30 Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2010.5671710 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5671710&isnumber=5671569
7. C. Kosta, A. Imran, A. Quddus, and R. Tafazolli, Flexible Soft Frequency Reuse schemes for heterogeneous networks (macrocell and
femtocell), 73
rd
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference: 15-18 May 2011, Budapest, Hungary
8. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R.; , "A new performance characterization framework for Deployment Architectures of next generation
distributed cellular networks," 21
st
International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE; vol.,
no., pp.2046-2051, 26-30 Sept. 2010 doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2010.5671581
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5671581&isnumber=5671569
9. Imran, A; M. Shateri, R. Tafazolli, On the comparison of performance, capacity and economics of terrestrial base station and high altitude
platform based deployment of 4G, 12
th
ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile
Systems, ACM, pp58-63. 26-30 Oct 2009
10. Imran, Ali; Imran, Muhammed Ali; , Atta-ul-Quddus; Tafazolli, Rahim; , "Distributed spectral efficiency optimization at hotspots through self
organisation of BS tilts," IEEE GLOBECOM, 2011, vol., no., pp.570-574, 5-9 Dec. 2011
131/30
131
bibliography
1. Ali Imran, Elias Yaacoub, Adnan Abu-Dayya Planning Future Cellular Networks: A Generic Framework for Performance Quantification,
Accepted in European Wireless 2013.
2. O. Aliu, A. Imran, M. Imran, and B. Evans, A survey of self organization in future cellular networks, Communications Surveys Tutorials,
IEEE, vol. PP, no. 99, pp. 1 26, 2013.
3. Imran, A.; Yaacoub, E.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R.; , "Distributed Load Balancing through Self Organisation of cell size in cellular systems,"
Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), 2012 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on , vol., no., pp.1114-1119, 9-12
Sept. 2012.
4. Imran, A.; Bennis, M.; Giupponi, L., "Use of learning, game theory and optimization as biomimetic approaches for Self-Organization in
macro-femtocell coexistence," Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW), 2012 IEEE , vol., no.,
pp.103,108, 1-1 April 2012 doi: 10.1109/WCNCW.2012.6215470
5. Arsalan Saeed, Osianoh Glenn Aliu, Muhammad Ali Imran "Controlling Self Healing Cellular Networks using Fuzzy Logic" IEEE Wireless
Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC), Paris, France, April 2012.
6. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R., Relay Station Access Link Spectral Efficiency Optimization through SO of Macro BS Tilts. IEEE
Communication Letters, Vol. 99, page 1-3, Nov-2011
7. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R; "A novel Self Organizing framework for adaptive Frequency Reuse and Deployment in future cellular
networks," 21
st
International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE; vol., no., pp.2354-2359,
26-30 Sept. 2010
doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2010.5671710 URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5671710&isnumber=5671569
8. C. Kosta, A. Imran, A. Quddus, and R. Tafazolli, Flexible Soft Frequency Reuse schemes for heterogeneous networks (macrocell and
femtocell), 73
rd
IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference: 15-18 May 2011, Budapest, Hungary
9. Imran, A.; Imran, M.A.; Tafazolli, R.; , "A new performance characterization framework for Deployment Architectures of next generation
distributed cellular networks," 21
st
International Symposium on Personal Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC), IEEE; vol.,
no., pp.2046-2051, 26-30 Sept. 2010 doi: 10.1109/PIMRC.2010.5671581
URL: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5671581&isnumber=5671569
10. Imran, A; M. Shateri, R. Tafazolli, On the comparison of performance, capacity and economics of terrestrial base station and high altitude
platform based deployment of 4G, 12
th
ACM International Conference on Modeling, Analysis and Simulation of Wireless and Mobile
Systems, ACM, pp58-63. 26-30 Oct 2009
11. Imran, Ali; Imran, Muhammed Ali; , Atta-ul-Quddus; Tafazolli, Rahim; , "Distributed spectral efficiency optimization at hotspots through self
organisation of BS tilts," IEEE GLOBECOM, 2011, vol., no., pp.570-574, 5-9 Dec. 2011
12. Giupponi, L.; Galindo-Serrano, A.; Blasco, P.; Dohler, M.; , "Docitive networks: an emerging paradigm for dynamic spectrum management
[Dynamic Spectrum Management]," Wireless Communications, IEEE , vol.17, no.4, pp.47-54, August 2010
13. Jia-Liang Lu; Valois, F.; Dohler, M.; Barthel, D.; , "Quantifying Organization by Means of Entropy," Communications Letters, IEEE , vol.12,
no.3, pp.185-187, March 2008
14. A. Galindo-Serrano, L. Giupponi, Mischa Dohler, "BeFEMTO's Self-Organized and Docitive Femtocells," Future Network and Mobile
Summit 2010, 16-18 June 2010, Florence, Italy, invited paper.
132/30
132
Thank you!
133

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