Cn bn v TCP/IP TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) l mt b protocols (giao thc) c thit k t hai mc tiu chnh: 1.

. Cho php truyn thng qua cc mi trng mng din rng (Wide Area Network - WAN). 2. Cho php truyn thng gia cc mi trng khc nhau Do hiu c ci gc ca cc protocols ny gip ta hiu c s quan trng ca chng trong cc mng ngy nay. Lch s ca TCP/IP Vo cui thp nin 1960, c quan Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) ca b Quc Phng M thc hin nhiu lot th nghim gi cc gi d kin i mi hng (packetswitching) trn mng. Hai mc tiu chnh ca cng tc ny l: 1. Trin khai mt mng gip cc trung tm nghin cu chia s cc thng tin. 2. Trin khai mt mng ni cht ch cc a im quc phng trong trng hp M b tn cng bng v kh nguyn t. Kt qu l ra i giao thc TCP/IP.Tip theo nhm hon thin TCP/IP hn na cc chun Request for Comments (RFC) c ra i. Giao thc TCP/IP : Nh ta bit, truyn thng gia hng triu computers trn Internet xy ra c nh c giao thc TCP/IP. V n rt tin dng nn Microsoft dng TCP/IP lm giao thc chnh cho mng Windows2000. Trong TCP/IP bao gm cc giao thc sau: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): L giao thc truyn thng nh hng kt ni, vic truyn trong mng l tin cy da trn cc tnh nng retransmission, flowcontrol v kim tra li. UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Tng t nh TCP nhng UDP l giao thc khng c tnh nh hng kt ni, vic truyn cc d liu trong mng n gin hn TCP, nhanh hn nhng li khng tin cy do khng c vic kim tra li retransmission v flowcontrol. IP (Internet Protocol): Dng forward gi tin i ng ch Rt nhiu giao thc mng hin nay c xy dng da trn giao thc TCP/IP nh: SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Chuyn vic chuyn Email. FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Chuyn vic gi File (upload/download) gia cc hosts. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Dng cho cc programs qun l mng user c th qun l mng t xa.

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP): upload/download files gia cc hosts. Telnet: Cho ta Terminal Emulation (gi lm mt Terminal) ni chuyn vi mt Host chy program Telnet Server. Packet Internet Groper (Ping): Dng th TCP/IP configurations v connections. IPCONFIG: kim cu hnh TCP/IP ca local host. NSLOOKUP: Dng line command c cc records trong DNS (Domain Name System) database. TRACERT: hin th cc route gia hai hosts. a ch IP Mi my trn LAN/Internet phi c mt a ch IP duy nht. Mt a ch IP gm c 32 bit, chia lm 4 nhm gi l Octet (c 8 bits, tc l 1 Byte d kin) v uc vit di dng, v d: 11000000 . 01101010 . 00000011 . 11001000 V c din gii di dng decimal cho d nh: 192.100.3.200. V a ch IP rt kh nh nn ngi ta quy c dng cc tn d nh hn nh www.yahoo.com, www.vps.org, .v.v.. ri ng dng Domain Name Server (DNS) i cc tn ny ra cc a ch IP v ngc li Mi a ch IP c chia thnh hai phn: Network ID (hay Network Address): Dng chuyn cc gi tin n ng Network (cn gi l Subnet hay Segment). Host ID (hay Host Address): Th d nh ba a ch IP 192.168.104.1, 192.168.104.4, 192.168.104.7 c cng Network ID 192.168.104. Mt Subnet ca cc computers ging nh mt con ng ca nhng cn nh, mi cn nh c mt con s phn bit nhng a ch ca tt c cc cn nh u c chung tn ng, ngoi , thnh ph .v.v. . Cc a ch IP c ch nh cho mi Host khng thay i ny c gi l Static Address. Khi ta dial-up Internet connect qua ISP (Internet Service Provider), computer ca ta thng c ISP pht cho mt a ch IP dng tm trong thi gian my ta connect trong lc y. Ln ti, ta dial-up Internet s uc ISP cp cho mt a ch IP khc, mt trong nhng a ch IP m ISP uc c quan ng k a ch IP ca th gii cung cp.

Cc lp a ch IP: xc inh phn no l host, phn no l network trong mt i ch IP ngi ta s dng subnetmask, cc subnetmask bao gm 32bit v cng c chia lm 4 otec, phn host lun c gi tr l 0 cn phn network lun c gi tr l 1. Cc lp a ch IP: c phn bit t octet u tin ca a ch IP. Bao gm: Lp A:c bt u vi cc bit ca octet u l:01xxxxxx (default netmask 255.0.0.0) Lp B:c bt u vi cc bit ca octet u l:10xxxxxx(default netmask 255.255.0.0) Lp C:c bt u vi cc bit ca octet u l:11xxxxxx(default netmask 255.255.255.0) Ngoi ra cn c cc lp D v E dnh cho cc mc ch khc nhau, nh a ch lp D dng lm a ch multicast. Private address: Private address ch c dng trong mng LAN ca bn, trnh nhm ln khi ra ngoi Internet, cc lp a ch ny khi ra ngoi Internet s c chuyn sang a ch khc. Cc dy a ch ring bao gm: Lp A: ton b di a ch 10.0.0.0 Lp B: thuc di:172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 Lp C: ton b di a ch 192.168.0.0 Chia subnet: Chia subnet c mc ch lm tng s lng mng con trong mng ca bn, gi d vi 1 a ch 192.168.1.0 nu bn khng chia subnet th mng ca bn ch gm mt lp mng vi 254 host, nu bn mun tng s lng mng con ln bn s cn dng n k thut chia subnet.Chia subnet c ngha bn s mn mt s bit phn host "t" sang phn net. Gi s bn c a ch 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.0, r rng rng bn ch c mt mng, by gi gi s bn cn c 6 mng con, khi y bn s cn 3 bit ca phn host chuyn sang phn net(2^3=8, c hai lp mng con khng oc dng l lp u 192.168.1.0 v lp sau cng l a ch broadcast), nh vy netmask mi ca bn by gi s l: 255.255.255.224, bn ly 256224=32, nh vy cc lp mng con ca bn s l: 192.168.1.0,192.168.1.32,192.168.1.64, 192.168.1.96....