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PHNG TRNH V T
1. Bin i tng ng
* 2n f ( x ) = 2n g ( x ) f ( x ) = g ( x ) 0
g ( x) 0
* 2n f ( x ) = g ( x )
2n
f ( x) = g ( x)

* 2n+1 f ( x) = g ( x) f ( x) = g 2n+1( x)

f ( x) 0

* 2n f ( x ) < g ( x ) g ( x ) 0

2n
f ( x) < g ( x)
g ( x)< 0

f ( x) 0
2n
f(x)>g(x)
*
g ( x) 0

f ( x ) > g 2n ( x)

* 2n+1 f ( x) > g ( x) f ( x) > g 2n+1( x)

* 2n+1 f ( x) < g ( x) f ( x) < g 2n+1( x)

V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) x 2 x + 3 = 0
2) x + 4 1 x = 1 2 x
3)

2x + 6x2 + 1 = x + 1

4)

x2
3x 2 = 1 x
3x 2

5)

4x 1 + 4x2 1 = 1

V d 2:Gii cc bt sau
1) 2x 2 -6x+1-x+2>0
2) ( x + 5)(3x + 4) > 4( x 1)
3) ( x 2 3 x) 2 x 2 3 x 2 0
4)

x + 2 x +1 x

5)
6)

x2
(1 + 1 + x ) 2
2( x 2 16)

x3

>x4
+ x3 >

7x
x3

Bi tp:
Gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh sau.
4) 3(2 + x 2) = 2 x + x + 6
1) 7 x 13 3x 9 5 x 27
x
x2
5) 1 + x 1 x x
2) 2 =
2
2
2(1 + 1 + x )
6) 5 x 1 x 1 > 2 x 4
3) x( x 1) + x( x + 2) = 2 x 2
7) 2 x + 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 = 4
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8)

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x + 12 x 3 + 2 x + 1

9) 8 x 2 6 x + 1 4 x + 1 0
10) 3x 3 5 x = 2 x 4
11) 2 x + 7 5 x 3x 2

12) ( x 3) x 2 + 4 x 2 9
13) 1 + x 1 x x
14)

x 2 4 x + 3 2 x 2 3x + 1 x 1

2. t n ph a v phng trnh
Ta thng t n ph cho cc biu thc ng dng
V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau
1) ( x + 5)(2 x) = 3 x 2 + 3 x
2) x 2 + x 2 + 11 = 31
3) 3 + x + 6 x = 3 + (3 + x)(6 x)
4) 2 x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 (2 x + 3)( x + 1) 16
V d 2: Gii cc bpt sau
1)

5)

4 x + 1 3x 2 =

x+3
5

6) x 2 + 3 x + 1 =( x + 3) x 2 + 1

5 x 2 + 10 x + 1 > 7 2 x x 2

2) 7 x + 7 + 7 x 6 + 2 49 x 2 + 7 x 42 181 14 x
3) 3 24 + x + 12 x 6
Bi tp: Gii cc pt v bpt sau
Bi 2: Tm m cc pt v bpt sau c no:
1) x + 1 + 4 x + ( x + 1)(4 x) = 5
1) x x 1 > m
2) 3x 2 + x 1 = 4 x 9 + 2 3x 2 5 x + 2
2) m + x = m m x
3) x( x 4) x 2 + 4 x + ( x 2)2 = 2
3) x 2 + 2 x + m 5 2 x x 2 = m 2
3
2
4
4) x 1 + x + x + x + 1 = 1 + x 1 4) x 2 2mx + 1 = m 2
5) 2 x 2 + x 2 5 x 6 > 10 x + 15
5) x + 3 + 6 x (3 + x)(6 x) = m
2
6) x 2 x + 8 4 (4 x)( x + 2) 0
6) x 2 2 x + 2 = 2m + 1 2 x 2 + 4 x
2
7) 1 + x x 2 = x + 1 x
Bi 3: Tm m pt: 2 x 2 + mx 3 = x + 1
3
c hai nghim phn bit.

8) x + 9 x = x 2 + 9 x + 9
9) ( x 3)( x + 1) + 4( x 3)

x +1
+3=0
x3

10) 4 x x 2 1 + x + x 2 1 = 2

Bi 4: Cmr vi m 0 th pt sau lun c

nghim:
5
x 2 + (m 2 ) x 2 + 4 + 2 m3 = 0
3

Bi 5: Tm m pt sau c nghim:
m( 1 + x 2 1 x 2 + 2) = 2 1 x 4 + 1 + x 2 1 x 2

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H PHNG TRNH
I. H i xng loi 1

f ( x; y ) = a
1. nh ngha: L h c dng
(I) trong f(x;y),g(x;y) l cc biu thc
(
;
)
g
x
y
=
b

i xng
2. Cch gii: t S=x+y, P=xy. biu din f(x;y),g(x;y) qua S v P ta c h
F ( S ; P) = 0
gii h ny ta tm c S,P. Khi x,y l no ca pt: X2-SX+P=0 (1).

G ( S ; P ) = 0
3. Mt s biu din biu thc i xng qua S v P
x 2 + y 2 = ( x + y )2 2 xy = S 2 2 P
x3 + y 3 = ( x + y )( x 2 + y 2 xy ) = S 3 3SP
x 2 y + y 2 x = xy ( x + y ) = SP
x 4 + y 4 = ( x 2 + y 2 )2 2 x 2 y 2 = ( S 2 2 P) 2 2 P 2
4. Ch : *Nu (x;y) l nghim ca h (I) th (y;x) cng l nghim ca h
* H c nghim khi (1) c nghim hay S 2 4 P 0 .
5. Cc v d
V d 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
x + y xy = 3
3)
x + y + 2 xy = 2
1) 3
x + 1 + y + 1 = 4
3
+
=
x
y
8

x( x + 2)(2 x + y ) = 9
x + y = 3( 3 x 2 y + 3 xy 2 )
4) 2
x + 4 x + y = 6
2)
3
3
x + y = 6
V d 2: Tm m h pt sau c nghim
x + y = m
x + y = 1
1) 2
3)

2
x + y = 2m + 1
x x + y y = 1 3m
x + 1 + y 1 = m
x + y = m
2)
4)
gi (x;y) l
2
2
2
2
x + y = m 4m + 6
x + y = m + 6

nghim. Tm Max v Min ca

F=xy+2(x+y).
V d 3: Cho x+y=1. Tm GTNN ca A = x3 + y 3 .

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1
1
V d 4: Cho x, y 0 tha mn: ( x + y ) xy = x 2 + y 2 xy . Tm Max A = 3 + 3 .
x
y
Bi tp:
Bi 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
x y 13
x + y = 2
+ =
1) 3
3
4)
y x 6
x + y = 26
x + y = 5

x + xy + y = 2
2) 2
2
1 1

x + xy + y = 4
x + y + x + y = 5

5)
x y + y x = 30
3)
x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 = 9
x
x
y
y
+
=
35

x2 y2
x 4 + y 4 = 34
6)
x + y = 2
Bi 2: Tm m h pt sau c nghim
x + y + xy = m
x + y = 2m 1
2)
1) 2
v xc nh Min ca xy.
2
2
2
2
x y + y x = 3m 8
x + y = m + 2m 3
Bi 3: Cho x,y tha mn x 3 y + 2 = 3 x + 1 y. Tm gtln v gtnn ca x+y.
II. H i xng loi 2
f ( x; y ) = a
1. nh ngha:L h c dng
(II)
f
y
x
=
a
(
;
)

2. Cch gii: Tr hai pt ca h cho nhau ta c f ( x; y ) f ( y; x) = 0

x = y
( x y ) g ( x; y ) = 0
.
g ( x; y ) = 0
3. Cc v d

V d 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau

x 2 = 3 x + 2 y
1)
2
y = 3 y + 2 x
3
x 2 = 2 x + y
2)
3 = 2y + x
y 2

x + 9 + y 7 = 4
3)
y + 9 + x 7 = 4

y2 + 2
3 y =
x2

4)
2
3 x = x + 2

y2

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V d 2: Tm m h pt sau c nghim
x + 4 2 y = m
2 x + y 1 = m
1)
2)
2 y + x 1 = m
y + 4 2 y = m
Ch : Nu h (II) c nghim (x0;y0) th (y0;x0) cng l nghim ca h nn h (II) c
nghim duy nht th iu kin cn l x0=y0.
V d 3: Tm m h pt sau c nghim duy nht
x = y 2 y + m
3 x 2 = y 3 2 y 2 + my
1)
2) 2
3
2
2
3 y = x 2 x + mx
y = x x + m
Bi tp:
Bi 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
x3 = 2 x + y
1)
3
y = 2 y + x
x2 2 y2 = 2x + y
2) 2
2
y 2x = 2 y + x
x3 + 1 = 2 y
3) 3
y + 1 = 2x
2 1
2 x = y + y
4)
2 y 2 = 1 + x

5)

6)

7)

8)

x + 2 y = 2

y + 2 x = 2
x + 4 2 y = 2

y + 4 2 x = 2
x + y + 1 = 1

y + x + 1 = 1
2y

x = 1 y 2

y = 2x

1 x2

Bi 2: Tm m h pt sau c nghim
x + y 3 = m
1)
y + x 3 = m

x + 1 + y 2 = m
2)
y + 1 + x 2 = m

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Bi 3:Tm m h pt sau c nghim duy nht
( x + 1)2 = y + m
y 2 = x3 4 x 2 + mx
1)
3)
2
3
2
2
x = y 4 y + my
( y + 1) = x + m
m2
2
x3 = 2 y + x + m
2
x
=
y
+
4)

y
3
2)
y = 2 x + y + m
2
2 y 2 = x + m

x
III. H ng cp
1.nh ngha:
*Biu thc f(x;y) gi l h ng cp bc k nu f (mx; my ) = m k f ( x; y )
f ( x; y ) = a
*H:
trong f(x;y) v g(x;y) ng cp gi l h ng cp
(
;
)
g
x
y
=
b

2. Cch gii:
*Xt x=0 thay vo h kim tra
k
f ( x; tx) = a
x f (1; t ) = a
* vi x 0 t y=tx thay vo h ta c:

k
g ( x; tx) = b
x g (1; t ) = b
a
f (1; t ) = g (1; t ) t x, y .
b
3. Cc v d
V d 1: Gii cc h pt sau
( x y )2 y = 2
x 2 4 xy + y 2 = 1
2)
3)
3
3
2
y 2 = 13

=
19
x
y

y 3 xy = 4
5 x 2 4 xy + 2 y 2 3

V d 2:Tm a h bpt sau c nghim 2

2a 1 .
2
x
xy
y
7
+
4
+
2

2a + 5

Bi tp: Gii cc h pt sau

2
2
2
2
2
2
3 x + 5 xy 4 y = 38
x + 2 xy + y = 4
( x y )( x y ) = 3
1)
2)
3)
2
2
2
2
2
2
5 x 9 xy 3 y = 15
2 x + xy + 2 y = 4
( x + y )( x + y ) = 15
2
x 3xy +
1)
3x 2 xy +

y 2 = 1

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IV. Mt s h khc
V d 1: Gii cc h phng trnh sau
x + y = 3 x + y
1)
x y = 3 x y 12
y (1 + x 2 ) = x 1 + y 2

2)
x 2 + 3 y 2 = 1

1 + x3 y 3 = 19 x3
3)
2
2
y + xy = 6 x

3
3
x + 3 y = y + 3 x
4)
2
2
x + y = 1
x3 y = 16
5)
3 x + y = 8
1
1

x x = y y
6)
2 y = x3 + 1

Bi tp: Gii cc h pt sau

3 x y = x y
3 x y = x y
1)
2)
x
+
y
=
x
+
y
+
2
x + 4 1 y = 1 2 x

2 x + y + 1 x + y = 1
3)
3 x + 2 y = 4

V. Gii phng trnh bng cch t n ph a v h

1. Cc dng thng gp
x n + b = at
* x + b = a ax b t t = ax b ta c h
n
t + b = ax
n

u v = c
a f ( x) m b + f ( x) = c t u = n a f ( x), v = m b + f ( x) ta c: n
m
u + v = a + b
2. Cc v d

V d 1: Gii cc phng trnh sau

1) x3 + 1 = 2 3 2 x 1
2)

x + 4 17 x = 3

3)

x 2 + x +1 = 3

V d 2:Tm m pt sau c nghim

1) 3 1 2 x + 3 1 + 2 x = m
2)

4)

x = 4 x +1 4 x 1

5) 8 x 2 + 8 x 5 =

2 x + 15
16

x + 3 + 6 x (3 + x)(6 x) = m .

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Bi tp

Bi 1. Gii cc phng trnh sau

1)

(2-x)2 + 3 (x+7) 2 - 3 (2-x)(x+7)=3

x+3
2

2) 2 x 2 + 4 x =
3)

7)

8) 4 17 x8 3 2 x8 1 = 1

2 x3 = 3 x 2 2

10)

5) x 3 35 x3 ( x + 3 35 x3 ) = 30
6)

x 1 + x + x + x +1 =1+ x 1
2

Bi 2: gii cc h sau
x + y x y = 2
1)
x 2 + y 2 + x 2 y 2 = 4
1 + x3 y 3 = 19 x3
2)
2
2
y + xy = 6 x
y + xy 2 = 6 x 2
3)
2 2
2
1 + x y = 5 x
x 3
x 2
(
)
+
(
) = 12
y
y
4)
( xy )2 + xy = 6

2x
2y
+
=3

5) y
x
x y + xy = 3

x
2 1
x + y2 + y = 3

6)
x + x + 1 = 3

y y

x+4
2
x 2 + 4 x = x 2 6 x + 11

9) 2 x 2 + 8 x + 6 =

4) 3 1 2 x + 3 1 + 2 x = 2
3

4
1
5
+ x = x + 2x
x
x
x

11) 3 x(2 + 9 x 2 + 3) + (4 x + 2)(1 + 1 + x + x 2 ) = 0

x+ y + x y =2

7)
y + x y x = 1

1
x+ + x+ y 3 =3
y

8)
2 x + y + 1 = 8

x
( x y ) y =
9)
2
( x + y ) x = 3 y

x2 2x + y = 1

10)
x 2 + y = 1
x + y = 3 x + y
11)
x y = 3 x y 12

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