CAPITOLUL 3

1R LXQHDGHYDULDELOLWLSXULGHYDULDELOH
2YDULDELO HVWHXQLGHQWLILFDWRUQXPHGDWGXSGRULQ GHFWUHXWLOL]DWRUXQHL]RQH
din memorie cu care se va lucra (stoca sau modifica datele utile programului) pe
SDUFXUVXOVFULHULLFRGXOXLVXUV
Q OLPEDMXOXL & SRW IDFH DVHPHQHD UHIHULUL GLUHFWH OD R ]RQ GH PHPRULH SULQ
intermediul SRLQWHULORU DYkQG WRWRGDW DYDQWDMXO VLQWD[HL IDFLOH D XQXL OLPEDM GH QLYHO
mediu.
3URJUDPXO VDX FRGXO VXUV HVWH WUDGXV SULQ LQWHUPHGLXO FRPSLODWRUXOXL & vQWUXQ
program executabil. n cadrul acestui proces se face identificarea dintre numele variabilei
L XQ DQXPLW QXPU GH ORFD LL GH PHPRULH 7RW vQ VDUFLQD FRPSLODWRUXOXL UPkQH L
JHQHUDUHD GH LQVWUXF LXQL FDUH V VH RFXSH GH VFULHUHD VDX FLWLUHD vQ EORF D PDL PXOWRU
ORFD LLGHRGDW2YDULDELOSRDWHRFXSDPDLPXOWGHRORFD LHGHPHPRULH
Caracteristicile variabilelor sunt :
1. )LHFDUHYDULDELODUHXQQXPH
2. )LHFDUHYDULDELODSDU LQHXQXLWLSGHGDW
3. )LHFDUH YDULDELO UH LQH R YDORDUH VDX XQ VHW GH YDORUL XWLOH SHQWUX SURJUDP $FHVWH
valori pot fi:
- GHSXVHvQPHPRULHSULQLQL LDOL]DUHvQSURJUDP
- SRWILFLWLWHGHODWDVWDWXUVDXGHODDOWGLVSR]LWLYGHLQWUDUH
/HJDWGHQXPHOHXQHLYDULDELOHVHSRWIDFHFkWHYDREVHUYD LL
1. 1XPHOH XQHL YDULDELOH VH DOHJH GH RELFHL DVWIHO vQFkW V GHVFULH FH vQVHDPQ SHQWUX
programator, din punct de vedere al SVHXGRFRGXOXL vQWUR IRUP FDUH SRDWH IL
SUHVFXUWDW VDX QX GXS SUHIHULQ  'H H[HPSOX vQ FD]XO SUREOHPHL GLQ ILJXUD 
QXPHOH XQHL YDULDELOH FH UH LQH R QRW SXWHD IL  QRWDB VDX Q VDX 1RWDB &D
REVHUYD LH OLPEDMXO & HVWH FDVH VHQ]LWLY DGLF IDFH GLVWLQF LH vQWUH OLWHUHOH PLFL L
PDUL IRORVLWH vQ VFULHUHD FRGXOXL VXUV GHFL 18 6( &216,'(5 $ ),,1'
$&(/$, 180( '( 9$5,$%,/ 1 &$=8/ 1 &$5( (67( 6&5,6 &8
LITERE MARI SAU CU LITERE MICI. Mai concret nota_1 Nota_1NOTA_1.
2. &kQGVHGRUHWHFDXQQXPHGHYDULDELOVILHFRPSXVGLQGRXFXYLQWH186(9$
/6$ 63$,8 175( (/( FFL YRU IL FRQVLGHUDWH GRX FXYLQWH VHSDUDWH HOH
WUHEXLHVFXQLWHFXOLQLHLQIHULRDUunderscore).
3. 1XPHOHGHYDULDELOHVXIHULGHXUPWRDUHOHUHVWULF LL
QXSRWvQFHSHFXXQQXPUM
nu pot ncepe cu $
( $ abc )
nu pot fi cuvinte rezervate ( int )
nu pot FRQ LQHcaractere speciale ( bab*#*@l ) excep LHIFQGunderscore
ex. bad_babe

,QL LDOL]DUHDYDULDELOHORU
QOLSVDXQHLLQL LDOL]ULH[SOLFLWHRYDULDELOORFDOYDFRQ LQHRYDORDUHRDUHFDUHDOHDWRDUH
QXPLWvQPRGFXUHQW JDUEDJH $FHDVW YDORDUH VH JVHD vQ PHPRULD DORFDW UHVSHFWLYHL
YDULDELOHODODQVDUHDvQH[HFX LDDSURJUDPXOXL
,QL LDOL]DWRULLH[SOLFL LVHSODVHD]GXSGHFODUDWRUXOODFDUHVHUHIHUVHSDUD LGH
acesta prin semnul egal (de exemplu nr1=234).
H H
OYDOXH

UYDOXH

'DFRELHFWXOLQL LDOL]DWHVWHXQDJUHJDWXQFRQJORPHUDWGHGDWHUHFXQRVFXWVXEXQ

QXPHFRPXQSHQWUXLQL LDOL]DUHVHIRORVHWHROLVWGHH[SUHVLLvQFKLVvQDFRODGHXQGHOD
ILHFDUHFRPSRQHQWFRUHVSXQGHFkWHRH[SUHVLH
7UHEXLHUHVSHFWDWHXUPWRDUHOHUHJXOL
1. QXPUXO GH LQL LDOL]DWRUL QX SRDWH IL PDL PDUH GHFkW QXPUXO GH FRPSRQHQWH GH
LQL LDOL]DW
2. QXVHSRWLQL LDOL]DGHFkWRELHFWHVDXWDEORXULFXGLPHQVLXQHGHILQLWDGLFVHFXQRDWH
QXPUXOPD[LPGHYDORULGHLQWUDUHFHSRWILGDWHGHXWLOL]DWRUSHQWUXDILSURFHVDWH
3. H[SUHVLLOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXLQL LDOL]DUHWUHEXLHVILHFRQVWDQWHvQXUPWRDUHOHVLWXD LL
ODLQL LDOL]DUHDXQXLRELHFWGHWLSVWDWLFvQ&QHVHPDLDSOLF
ODLQL LDOL]DUHDXQXLWDEORXXQHLVWUXFWXUL sau unei uniuni.
4. QX VH SRW LQL LDOL]D LGHQWLILFDWRUL FX YDODELOLWDWH vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL EORF GDU FX OHJDUH
H[WHUQVDXLQWHUQ
5. GDF R OLVW vQFKLV vQWUH DFRODGH DUH PDL SX LQH HOHPHQWH GHFkW FRPSRQHQWH DUH
DJUHJDWXOLQL LDOL]DWUHVWXOFRPSRQHQWHORUVHYRULQL LDOL]DDXWRPDW
2ELHFWHOHGHWLSVFDODURVHULHGHGDWHGHDFHODLWLSDFURUGHILQL LHSRDWHILGDWFD
R vQLUXLUH GH GDWH FH SRW IL LGHQWLILFDWH SULQ SR]L LD ORU vQWUR vQLUXLUH VH LQL LDOL]HD]
IRORVLQGRVLQJXUH[SUHVLHFDUHSRDWHILHYHQWXDOvQFKLVvQDFRODGH8QLXQLOHJUXSULGH
PDL PXO L EL L GH GLPHQVLXQH GLYL]LELO FX GRL VH LQL LDOL]HD] FX R VLQJXU H[SUHVLH
corespunznd ca tip primului membru al uniunii.
6WUXFWXULOHJUXSULGHGLYHUVHGDWHGHWLSXULGLIHULWHVXEXQQXPHFRPXQLXQLXQLOH
VHSRWLQL LDOL]DFXRH[SUHVLHGHWLSVWUXFWXUVDXXQLXQHFRUHVSXQ]WRDUH9DORDUHDLQL LDOD
structurii sau uniunii va fi valoarea obiectului citat.
3UH]HQ DXQHLLQL LDOL]ULvQWURGHFODUD LHLQGLFRGHFODUD LHGHILQLWRULHFHVSHFLILF
FXFHYDILXPSOXWUHVSHFWLYXOVSD LXGHPHPRULH0DLMRVHVWHSUH]HQWDWXQH[HPSOX
int zile [7] = { 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1 } ;
char name1 [] = { "Costica" } ;
char name2 [] = "Dragan" ;
struct datep
{
int i ; // nr. ani
char str [21] ; //nume
double d ; //salar
} vas = { 28, "Vasile", 1500000.0 } ;

$FHHDL YDULDELO QX VH SRDWH LQL LDOL]D FX GRX YDORUL GHFkW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH VH
UHQXQ ODYDORDUHDDQWHULRDUFXFDUHDIRVWLQL LDOL]DW
1XSRWH[LVWDGRXGHFODUD LLGHILQLWRULLFDUHvLVSHFLILFFRQ LQXWXOvQWU-un program.
3.2.Tipuri de variabile
8QD GLQ FHOH PDL GLILFLOH SUREOHPH FDUH DSDU vQ FDGUXO vQY ULL XQXL OLPEDM GH
SURJUDPDUHHVWHGHVFULHUHDXQHLVLWXD LLGLQOXPHDUHDOIRORVLQGHOHPHQWHOHUHVSHFWLYXOXL
limbaj.
Q DIDU GH SURSXQHUHD XQXL DOJRULWP SHQWUX D UH]ROYD R SUREOHP UHDO
SURJUDPDWRUXO PDL HVWH FRQIUXQWDW L FX XQ DOW DVSHFW GLILFLO DOHJHUHD WLSXOXL GH GDW
SHQWUXRYDULDELOWUHEXLHIFXWvQFRQFRUGDQ FXYDORULOHFDUHOHSRDWHOXDDFHDVWD
'H DFHHD SULPXO SDV HVWH V YHGHP FH WLSXUL IXQGDPHQWDOH GH GDWH QH SXQH OD
GLVSR]L LHOLPEDMXO& SUHFXP L JDPD GH YDORUL vQ FDUH HYROXHD] DFHVWHD 2 GDW WLXWH
DFHVWHOXFUXULSXWHPvQFHSHVYHGHPFDUHHVWHOHJWXUDFXH[HPSOHOHGLQYLD DUHDO
'LQDQDOL]DLQIRUPD LHLFDUHFLUFXOFXUHQWvQWUHRDPHQLUH]XOWFH[LVWGLQSXQFW
GHYHGHUHDOSURFHVULLGRXWLSXULGHLQIRUPD LH
- LQIRUPD LH RE LQXW SULQ PVXUWRUL DVXSUD IHQRPHQHORU UHDOH FDUH VXQW H[DFWH L
DVXSUDFURUDVHIDFSUHOXFUULPDWHPDWLFHGHRELFHL
- LQIRUPD LH VXE IRUP FRQGHQVDW FDUH GH RELFHL HVWH UHFRPSXV DVRFLDWLY vQ PLQWHD
XPDQFXPDUILOLPEDMXOVLLQIRUPD LDVFULV
'HDLFLUH]XOWFvQWUXQOLPEDMGHSURJUDPDUHDYHPQHYRLHGHGRXWLSXULGHYDULDELOH
FDUHVSRDWILIRORVLWHSHQWUX
-

stocarea unor valori numerice.

VWRFDUHDXQRUFDUDFWHUHLQIRUPD LHVFULV

&RQIRUP DFHVWRU QHFHVLW L OLPEDMXO & D IRVW SUHY]XW FX XUPWRDUHOH WLSXUL
fundamentale de date:
-

intVWRFKHD]QXPDLQXPHUHvQWUHJL
float, doubleSHQWUXQXPHUH]HFLPDOHFDOFXOvQYLUJXOPRELO
charSHQWUXDVWRFDFRGXOXQXLFDUDFWHUVDXXQQXPUvQWUHJUHSUH]HQWDWSHPD[LPXP
RSWEL LLQFOX]kQGLVHPQXO
2EVHUYD LHchar[QU@YDUH LQHXQLUGHnr caractere sau ntregi.

8QDGLQWUHXWLOL]ULOHLUXULORUGHFDUDFWHUHDUILPHVDMHOHGHGLDORJFXXWLOL]DWRUXOXQXL
SURJUDPVDXPHVDMHOHGH HURDUH Q DFHVWFD]QXQHLQWHUHVHD] FRQ LQXWXO GLQ SXQFW GH
vedere al valorii lor numerice ca atare.
)XQF LH GH QHFHVLW LOH SURJUDPDWRUXOXL SXWHP VSXQH F H[LVW GRX FODVH GH WLS GH
date care pot fi folosite n cazul unui limbaj de nivel mediu sau nalt:
1. tipuri de date predefinite
tipuri de date definite de utilizator.