Tong quat ve he thong thong tin ien t

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TONG QUAT VE HE THONG THONG TIN IEN T

1.1 CAC THANH PHAN HE THONG THONG TIN IEN T
Thong tin ien t (TTT): Thong tin t ni nay en ni khac bang thiet b ien t. S o khoi c ban he thong TTT:
In p u t m
(t)

V io c e , D a ta , P ic tu r e s , . . .

M a y pha t Tx

M o i tr ng tr u y e n

M a y th u R x

O uput

( t)

N h ie u

Hnh 1.1 S o khoi c ban he thong TTT

May phat: tap hp cac linh kien va mach ien t c thiet ke e bien oi tin tc thanh tn hieu phu hp moi trng truyen. Moi trng truyen: co the co day (hu tuyen nh cap ong truc, cap quang) hay khong day (vo tuyen). May thu: tap hp cac linh kien va mach ien t c thiet ke e nhan tn hieu t moi trng truyen, x ly khoi phuc lai tn hieu ban au. Nhieu: (tap am) tn hieu ngau nhien khong mong muon, xen vao tn hieu hu ch, lam sai dang tn hieu thu. Nhieu - mot van e quan trong cua TTT. S o khoi may phat:
A In p u t m
( t) TX

fc

ie u che

o i ta n

K hue c h a i co ng sua t c a o ta n

To n g h p ta n so

D ig ita l c o n tr o l

Hnh 1.2 S o khoi may phat hien ai.

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S o khoi may thu:

fc A
R x

R F Am p (L N A )

o i ta n 1

IF

o i ta n 2

IF

K hue ch a i AG C

O u tp u t m
( t)

o ng ch nh

To n g h p ta n so

D ig ita l c o n tr o l

R x

LN A

G ia i ie u c h e s o

X l y tn h ie u

Hnh 1.3 S o khoi may thu hien ai

May thu thanh va thu truyen hnh dan dung oi tan mot lan. May thu thong tin chuyen dung oi tan hai lan tang o chon loc va loai nhieu tan so anh. Tn hieu tng t (analog) - tn hieu co bien o lien tuc theo thi gian. V du, tn hieu thoai, ca nhac, video.... Tn hieu so (digital) - tn hieu co bien o ri rac theo thi gian thng bieu dien dang nh phan 0 va 1. V du, tn hieu may tnh, CD, VCD, tn hieu PCM.... Tn hieu tng t co the truyen dang tn hieu so nh x ly so tn hieu. Cac tn hieu ban au (nguyen thuy) dang tng t hay so goi la tn hieu bang goc (bang goc - baseband signals). Tn hieu dai goc co the truyen trc tiep trong moi trng truyen nh ien thoai Intercom, tn hieu truyen gia cac may tnh trong mang LAN... hoac gian tiep bang ky thuat ieu che. ieu che (modulation) - qua trnh bien oi mot trong cac thong so song mang cao tan hnh sin (bien o, tan so, pha) ty le vi tn hieu ieu che bang goc (hoac con goi la tn hieu ieu che tan thap). Co ba loai ieu che c ban: ieu bien AM, ieu tan FM, ieu pha PM va nhieu bien the cua chung nh SSB, MGSK, DSB, FSK, PSK, QPSK, MPSK... oi tan (tron tan - mix) - qua trnh dch chuyen pho tn hieu a ieu che len cao ( may phat Tx) hoac xuong thap ( may thu Rx) ma khong thay oi cau truc pho (dang tn hieu) cua no e thuan tien x ly tn hieu.

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Tong hp tan so (frequency synthesizers): bo tao nhieu tan so chuan co o on nh cao t mot hoac vai tan so chuan cua dao ong thach anh. Khuech ai cong suat cao tan (KCSCT - RF power amp): Khuech ai tn hieu a ieu che tan so nao o en mc cong suat can thiet, loc, phoi hp tr khang vi anten phat ATX. Anten phat ATX: phan t bien oi nang lng ien cao tan thanh song ien t bc xa vao khong gian. Anten thu ATX: phan t bien oi nang lng song ien t thanh tn hieu cao tan ngo vao may thu R x. Anten co tnh thuan nghch. Bo khuech ai cao tan tn hieu nho (RF amp) - thng la bo khuech ai nhieu thap LNA (low noise amp). No khuech ai tien chon loc tn hieu thu t anten thu en mc can thiet oi tan xuong trung tan (IF). Bo khuech ai trung tan (IF amp - intermediate frequency amp): bo khuech ai co o chon loc cao, o khuech ai ln tn hieu nho sau oi tan tan so trung tan en mc can thiet giai ieu che. Giai ieu che: qua trnh khoi phuc lai tn hieu ban au (tn hieu ieu che tan thap) t tn hieu cao tan b ieu che. Mach ien t thong tin lien quan en tan so cao, tai chon loc tan so khong thuan tr, phoi hp tr khang, anten, x ly tn hieu... Cong nghe hien ai a chuan hoa vi mach hau het phan cao tan tn hieu nho may thu va modul cho may phat. Mot trong nhng hng phat trien cua ien t thong tin trong tng lai la phan mem vo tuyen software radio.

1.2 PHO TAN SO

Pho tan so chia ra nhieu dai tan vi muc ch phan loai s dung co hieu qua.
Ten dai tan Extremely Low Frequency - ELF Voice Frequency - VF Very Low Frequency - VLF Low Frequency - LF Medium Frequency - MF High Frequency - HF Tan so 30 300 Hz 300 3000 Hz 3 30 kHz 30 300 kHz 300 3000 kHz 3 30 MHz Bc song 107 106 m 106 105 m 105 104 m 104 103 m 103 102 m 102 101m

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Very High Frequency - VHF Ultra High Frequency - UHF Super High Frequency - SHF Extremely High Frequency - EHF Infrared The visible spectrum (light) 30 300 MHz 300 3000 MHz 3 30 GHz 30 300 GHz

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101 1 m 1 101 m 101 102 m 102 103 m 0,7 10 m 0,4 0,8 m

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Dai tan viba (microwave) co tan so t 1GHz ti 40GHz chia lam nhieu dai nho: L band: 12GHz S band: 24GHz C band: 4 8GHz X band: 812GHz Ku band: 1218GHz K band: 1827GHz Ka band: 2740GHz.

1.3 BANG THONG

Bang thong la hieu gia tan so ln nhat va nho nhat cua tn hieu. o la khoang tan so ma pho tn hieu chiem gi, hoac la khoang tan so tn hieu truyen t may phat ti may thu. Khi tn hieu ieu che tan thap c ieu che len song mang cao tan, pho cua tn hieu cao tan b ieu che se chiem gi mot bang thong quanh tan so song mang. Tuy theo kieu ieu che ma bang thong cao tan co o rong khac nhau. Ngay nay cac ky thuat vien thong eu hng ti giam bang thong truyen tin, giam nhieu, tiet kiem pho tan so, bi le pho tan so la tai nguyen co gii han cua nhan loai can c s dung co hieu qua. moi quoc gia eu co c quan giam nh, phan bo tan so hoat ong cho cac thiet b ien t vien thong nam trong hiep hoi vien thong quoc te ITU (international telecommunication union) - mot to chc do Lien Hp Quoc ieu phoi. Mc cong suat dBm va dBW la hai mc cong suat chuan thng dung trong thong tin; dBm chuan theo 1mW, con dBW chuan theo 1W: P P PdBm = 10 lg PdBW = 10lg ; 1 mW 1W o li khuech ai cong suat tnh theo dB la:

P PdB = 10lg out = Ap (dB) Pin

Viec s dung cac chuan tren lam viec tnh toan tr nen n gian. V (mV ) dBmv = 20 lg 1 mV

1.4 CAC NG DUNG KY THUAT THONG TIN IEN T

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1- Thong tin mot chieu (simplex) - Phat thanh quang ba AM, FM - Truyen hnh quang ba - o xa, ieu khien xa - Nhan tin - Truyen hnh cap - nh v toan cau GPS.... 2- Thong tin hai chieu (duplex) - ien thoai cong cong - ien thoai vo tuyen di ong hoac co nh - ien thoai di ong te bao - Thong tin ve tinh - Thong tin hang khong - Thong tin so lieu gia cac may tnh....

1.5 S O KHOI THIET B IEN T THONG TIN HIEN AI THE KY XXI DUNG SOFTWARE RADIO
Ngay nay cac he thong thong tin c hien ai hoa, chuyen oi nhanh chong t analog sang digital, ng dung nhieu ky thuat cong nghe mi. Nhieu chc nang cua he thong vo tuyen ng thi c thc hien bang phan mem. Mot khai niem mi ra i trong thi gian vai nam tr lai ay dung e goi cho cac cau truc mi nay la phan mem vo tuyen ( software radio hay software defined radio ). Thuat ng nay viet tat cho cum t mang ngha la cac thiet b vo tuyen c xay dng bi phan mem, bi hau het cac chc nang x ly tn hieu. Trong he thong bay gi eu c thc thi bang phan mem tren cac chip x ly so tn hieu DSP ( digital signal processing ), FPGA ( field programmable gate array ) hay chip ASIC (application specific integrated circuits ). ay la nhng cong nghe tien tien cung cap mot phng thc thiet ke va x ly cac he thong so mot cach nhanh chong va tien li, no ac biet thch hp vi viec nghien cu th nghiem trc khi a vao san xuat ai tra quy mo ln. ieu nay giup cho cac he thong chat lng hn, gon nhe hn, tieu thu cong suat t hn, cac thiet b a nang hn, linh hoat - tng thch

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nhieu chuan.
W id e b a n d A n te n a I BP F W id e b a n d A n te n a LN A Q L O a n d m ix e r I H ig h S peed D AC H ig h S peed A D C
D ig ita l IF P r o c e s s in g B aseband M odem P r o c e s s in g M ux/ D e -m u x B it s t r e a m P r o c e s s in g

R F L in e a r i t y P ow er A m p l if i e r

P e r ip h e r y

Hnh 1.4 S o khoi he thong vo tuyen software radio

A T X 1 ,6 : 3 0 M h z R X .1 : 3 0 M h z H a r m o n ic filte r ALC P ow er Am p F ro n t end AG C R e fe re n c e fr e q u e n c y S y n th e s iz e r I F1
4 5 ,1 M H z

X
M ix 1

X
M ix 2 1 ,0 7 M H z D ig ita l S S B M o d u la to r

450 KHz

I F2

X
M ix 3

AG C

AG C AD C I F3 20 K H z

E x c ite r

A G C c o n tr o l D is p la y a n d k e y b o a r d c o n tr o l

D S P a n d c o n tr o l

>
Load speaker

M ic

Hnh 1.5 S o khoi he thong vo tuyen SSB dung DSP

1.6 BAI TAP CHNG 1

1.1 Ve va giai thch s o khoi he thong ien t

thong tin. 1.2 Ve va giai thch s o khoi may phat. 1.3 Ve va giai thch s o khoi may thu oi tan mot lan, hai lan.

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1.4 ong chnh may thu va digital control e lam g? 1.5 Bang thong la g? Bang thong tn hieu cao tan

co g khac so vi bang thong tn hieu bang goc? 1.6 Tai sao can ieu che?
1.7 Anten thu co ien ap ra 10 V noi vi ngo vao

may thu co tr khang 75. Xac nh mc cong suat dBW va dBm ngo vao may thu. 1.8 Cap ong truc RG58U suy hao 7dB tren 100ft tai fo = 160MHz. Xac nh cong suat phat tai anten, biet rang cong suat ra may phat la 25W tan so 160MHz va cap dai 50ft. 1.9 Cong suat microphone 109W ngo vao bo khuech ai, tao nen dong 1,5A tren tai 8. Tnh he so khuech ai cong suat (dB)? 1.10 Mot he thong am thanh co tien khuech ai 35dB, suy hao 10dB, khuech ai 70dB. Tnh o li he thong? Neu Microphone co cong suat ra 60 dBm noi vao bo khuech ai am thanh tren, tnh cong suat ra cua he thong.