Interface between user &computer; APIS are used in this layer; allows apps to use network access messages

sent between layers.

Protocols: SNMP,FTP,TELNET,WWW,HTTP,SMB, NCP,TCP, TFTP,NFS;SMTP

 Translates data into understandable format for transmission

Data compression and encryption determines data structure, redirection works at this layer; communicates through gateways and API:S services: TELNET,FTP use TCP,TFTP,NFS,SNMP,SMTP use TCP

Protocols: JPEG,MIDI,MPEG,VISUAL MUSICAND NCP

 opening/closing session; provides synchronization between communicating computers (nodes)

Sends messages between layers; places checkpoints on data flow; handles remote procedures calls; communicates through gateway

 Package handling; ensures error-free delivery; repackages messages; divides messages into smaller packets; ensure proper sequencing; data flow

 Does routing between hosts & networks; determines best routing; moves info to correct address, sends report errors per packet.

Flow of data over single link between devices; controls communication channel access; organizes data in logical frames; IDS

 Data sent across physical media; responsible for coding schemes; defines cables, cards & physical aspects .

End