Trng i hc S phm Thnh ph H Ch Minh Khoa Vt l &

B mn: QUANG HC

Tiu lun:

NHIU X TIA X BI CC TINH TH

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn L Anh Nguyn T i Nguyn Quc Khnh Nguyn Ngc Phng Dung Trn Hu Cu Trnh Ngc Dim GVHD: C Nguyn Th Ho

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 5 nm 2012

Li m u
Ngy nay, vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut ngi ta ch to nhng my nhiu x tia X vi phn gii cao v xy dng c th vin s v ph nhiu x ca cc hp cht, cho nn chng ta hiu c cu trc ca vt liu v xm nhp vo cu trc tinh vi ca mng tinh th, do to c nhng vt liu tt p ng c yu cu trong cc lnh vc khc nhau v phc v i sng con ngi. V vy, vic nghin cu phng php nhiu x tia X cng nh vic ch to my nhiu x hin i l rt quan trng trong vic to ra nhng vt liu mi trn th gii hin nay. Nh vy, tia X c to ra nh th no v n c ng dng ca phng php nhiu x tia X nh th no? Bi tiu lun ca nhm s gip chng ta hiu r thm v iu . Thnh vin nhm Nguyn L Anh Nguyn T i Nguyn Quc Khnh Nguyn Ngc Phng Dung Trn Hu Cu Trnh Ngc Dim

I.

TNG QUAN V TIA X

1. Tia X Tia X hay X quang hay tia Rntgen l mt dng ca sng in t,

n c bc sng trong khong t 0,01 n 1 nm tng ng vi dy tn s t 30 PHz n 30 EHz v nng lng t 120 eV n 120 keV. Bc sng ca n ngn hn tia t ngoi nhng di hn tia Gamma. - Nhng tia X c bc sng t 0,01 nm n 0,1 nm c tnh m xuyn mnh hn nn gi l tia X cng. c gi l tia X mm.
Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen (18451923)

- Nhng tia X c bc sng t 0,1 nm n khong 1 nm c tnh m xuyn yu hn

Cc tnh cht ca tia X: - Kh nng xuyn thu ln. - Gy ra hin tng pht quang mt s cht. - Lm en phim nh, knh nh. - Ion ha cc cht kh. - Tc dng mnh ln c th sng, gy hi cho sc khe.

3 2. Cch to ra tia X Tia X c pht ra khi cc electron hoc cc ht mang in khc b hm bi mt vt chn v xut hin trong qu trnh tng tc gia bc x vi vt cht. Thng thng to ra tia X ngi ta s dng electron v gia tc electron i hi in th nh hn so vi cc trng hp dng cc ht mang in khc. Tia X c to ra trong ng pht Rntgen thng lm bng thu tinh hay thch anh c chn khng cao, trong c hai in cc catt bng vofram hay bch kim s pht ra electron v ant dng a nghing 450 so vi tia ti (H1).

Hnh v mt ct cu to ca ng pht tia X (H.1)

Cc electron c to ra do nung nng catot. Gia catot v anot c mt in p cao nn cc electron c tng tc vi tc ln ti p vo anot. Nu electron ti c nng lng ln lm bt ra cc electron lp bn trong nguyn t ca anot th nguyn t s trng thi kch thch vi mt l trng trong lp electron. Khi l trng c lp y bi mt electron ca lp bn ngoi th photon tia X vi nng lng bng hiu cc mc nng lng electron c pht ra. Nu ton b nng lng ca electron u chuyn thnh nng lng ca photon tia X th nng lng photon tia X c lin h vi in th kch thch U theo h thc:

4 E= hc hc = eU l = l eU

Khi photon tia X c nng lng ln nht hay bc sng ngn nht. Thc t, ch khong 1% nng lng ca tia electron c chuyn thnh tia X, phn ln b tiu tn di dng nhit lm anot nng ln v ngi ta phi lm ngui anot bng nc. 2p 2 me e0 4 F2 1 Ta c: DE = hf = 2 2 h2 n1 - n2 Trong , me: khi lng tnh ca electron e0: in tch ca electron F: in tch ht nhn hiu dng tc dng ln electron v F = Z , l h s chn. n1, n2: cc s lng t chnh (n1 < n2) Ch rng: f 1 1 1 2 = vi c l vn tc nh sng, ta c: = R ( Z - s ) 2 2 c l l n1 - n2 R: hng s Rydberg (109737) Z: in tch ht nhn ca kim loi dng lm i catot.

II.

TINH TH
1. Cu to Trong khong vt hc v tinh th hc, mt cu trc tinh th l mt s sp xp c bit

ca cc nguyn t trong tinh th. Mt cu trc tinh th gm c mt n v v rt nhiu cc nguyn t sp xp theo mt cch c bit; v tr ca chng c lp li mt cch tun hon trong khng gian ba chiu theo mt mng Bravais. Kch thc ca n v theo cc chiu khc nhau c gi l cc thng s mng hay hng s mng. Ty thuc vo tnh

5 cht i xng ca n v m tinh th thuc vo mt trong cc nhm khng gian khc nhau. Cu trc v i xng ca tinh th c vai tr rt quan trng vi cc tnh cht lin kt, tnh cht in, tnh cht quang,... ca ca tinh th. a. n v: n v l mt cch sp xp ca cc nguyn t trong khng gian ba chiu, nu ta lp li n th n s chim y khng gian v s to nn tinh th. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong n v c m t bng mt h n v hay cn gi l mt h c s bao gm ba thng s tng ng vi ba chiu ca khng gian (xi, yi, zi). i vi mi cu trc tinh th, tn ti mt n v quy c, thng c chn mng tinh th c tnh i xng cao nht. Tuy vy, n v quy c khng phi lun lun l la chn nh nht. nguyn t mi l mt la chn nh nht m t ta c th to nn tinh th bng cch lp li nguyn t. Wigner Seitz l mt loi nguyn t m c tnh i xng ging nh ca mng tinh th. b. H tinh th H tinh th l mt nhm im ca cc mng tinh th (tp hp cc php i xng quay v i xng phn x m mt im ca mng tinh th khng bin i). H tinh th khng c cc nguyn t trong cc n v. N ch l nhng biu din hnh hc m thi. C tt c by h tinh th. H tinh th n gin nht v i xng cao nht l h lp phng, cc h tinh th khc c tnh i xng thp hn l: h su phng, h bn phng, h ba phng (cn gi l hnh mt thoi), h thoi, h mt nghing, h ba nghing. Mt s nh tinh th hc coi h tinh th ba phng l mt phn ca h tinh th su phng. c. Phn loi mng tinh th Mng Bravais l mt tp hp cc im to thnh t mt im duy nht theo cc bc ri rc xc nh bi cc vc t c s. Trong khng gian ba chiu c tn ti 14 mng

6 Bravais (phn bit vi nhau bi cc nhm khng gian). Tt c cc vt liu c cu trc tinh th u thuc vo mt trong cc mng Bravais ny (khng tnh n cc gi tinh th). Cu trc tinh th l mt trong cc mng tinh th vi mt n v v cc nguyn t c mt ti cc nt mng ca cc n v ni trn. 2. Ch s Miller ca mt tinh th Ch s Miller ca mt phng tinh th c xc nh l nghch o giao im phn s ca mt tinh th ct trn trc tinh th x,y v z ca ba cnh khng song song ca c bn. Ch s Miller c xc nh nh sau: - Chn mt mt phng khng i qua gc ta (0,0,0). - Xc nh cc ta giao im ca mt phng vi cc trc x, y v z ca n v. Ta giao im s l cc phn s. - Ly nghch o cc ta giao im ny. - Quy ng cc phn s ny v xc nh tp nguyn nh nht ca cc t s. Cc s ny chnh l ch s Miller, k hiu l h, k v l. Mt b ch s (hkl) biu din khng phi mt mt phng m l biu din mt h cc mt phng song song nhau. Trong cu trc tinh th khong cch gia cc mt phng song song gn nhau nht c cng ch s Miller c k hiu l dhkl trong h, k, l l ch s Miller ca cc mt. T hnh hc ta c th thy rng khong cch dhkl gia cc mt ln cn song song trong tinh th lp phng l: 1 h2 + k 2 + l 2 = vi a di vect c s ca mng lp phng (cn 2 d hkl a2

gi l hng s mng). Cc mt phng (hkl) v (nh nk nl) , n l s nguyn, l song song nhau, nhng khong cch gia cc mt phng ca mt phng (nh nk nl) bng 1/n khong cch gia cc mt phng (hkl).

7 3. Mng o Mt phng trong khng gian thc c th biu din bng mt nt mng trong khng uu r uu r uu r gian o. c bn ca mng o c xc nh bi cc vect a* , b* , c* tha mn h r r r a* .a = b* .b = c* .c = 1 rr uu r r uu rr , trong a , b , c l cc vect n v tinh th. thc sau: uu * * * a .b == b .c = c .a = 0 Mng o c nhng tnh cht sau: - Mi nt mng o tng ng vi mt mt (hkl) ca tinh th. uu r uu r uu r uuur - Vect mng o g hkl = ha* + kb* + lc* vung gc vi mt phng mng (hkl) ca mng tinh th v g hkl = 1 . Trong dhkl l khong cch gia cc mt phng d hkl

(hkl) trong mng tinh th. Mng o xc nh mt khong cch v tr mng c kh nng dn n s nhiu x. Mi cu trc tinh th c hai mng lin hp vi n, mng tinh th v mng o v nh nhiu x ca tinh th l mt bc tranh mng o ca tinh th.

III.

NHIU X TIA X
1. Hin tng nhiu x tia X Nhiu x tia X l hin tng cc chm tia X nhiu x trn cc mt tinh th ca cht

rn do tnh tun hon ca cu trc tinh th to nn cc cc i v cc tiu nhiu x. K thut nhiu x tia X (thng vit gn l nhiu x tia X) c s dng phn tch cu trc cht rn, vt liu... Xt v bn cht vt l, nhiu x tia X cng gn ging vi nhiu x electron, s khc nhau trong tnh cht ph nhiu x l do s khc nhau v tng tc gia tia X vi nguyn t v s tng tc gia electron v nguyn t.

8 Nhiu x l c tnh chung ca cc sng b thay i khi tng tc vi vt cht v l s giao thoa tng cng ca nhiu hn mt sng tn x. Qu trnh hp th v ti pht bc x electron cn gi l tn x. Mi photon c nng lng E t l vi tn s f ca n: E = hf Mt khc tn s f lin quan ti bc sng theo cng thc sau: l = hc , trong h l E

hng s Planck (h = 6,626.1034 J.s), c l vn tc nh sng (c = 3.108 m/s), theo tnh ton bc sng tia X khong 0,2 nm (2). m t hin tng nhiu x ngi ta a ra ba thut ng sau: - Tn x (Scattering): l qu trnh hp thu v ti bc x th cp theo cc hng khc nhau. - Giao thoa (Interference): l s chng cht ca hai hoc nhiu sng tn x to thnh sng tng hp. - Nhiu x (Diffraction): l s giao thoa tng cng ca nhiu sng tn x. Chiu ln tinh th mt chm tia Rnghen, mi nt mng tr thnh tm nhiu x v mng tinh th ng vai tr nh cch t nhiu x. Nu tia X chiu vo nguyn t lm cc electron dao ng xung quanh vtcb ca chng, khi electron b hm th pht x tia X. Qu trnh hp th v ti pht bc x electron ny c gi l tn x, hay ni cch khc photon ca tia X b hp th bi nguyn t v photon khc c cng nng lng c to ra. Khi khng c s thay i v nng lng gia photon ti v photon pht x th tn x l n hi, ngc li nu mt nng lng photon th tn x khng n hi. Khi hai sng ri vo nguyn t (c nhiu electron) m chng b tn x bi electron theo hng ti . Hai sng phn x theo hng ti cng pha ti mt phng ti v chng c cng qung ng i trc v sau tn x. Nu cng hai sng ny s c mt sng c cng bc sng nhng c bin gp i. Cc sng tn x theo cc hng khc s khng

9 cng pha ti mt sng nu hiu quang trnh khng bng mt s nguyn ln bc sng. Nu ta cng hai sng ny th bin s nh hn bin sng tn x theo hng ti. Nh vy, cc sng tn x t mi nguyn t s giao thoa vi nhau, nu cc sng cng pha th xut hin giao thoa tng cng, nu lch pha 1800 th giao thoa trit tiu. 2. nh lut Vulf Bragg Khi chiu tia X vo vt rn tinh th th xut hin cc tia nhiu x vi cng v hng khc nhau. Cc hng ny b khng ch bi bc sng ca bc x ti v bi bn cht ca mu tinh th. nh lut Vulf Bragg c a ra nm 1913 th hin mi quan h gia bc sng tia X v khong cch gia cc mt phng nguyn t. Theo l thuyt v cu to tinh th, nhng nguyn t hay ion phn b mt cch trt t u n trong khng gian theo mt quy lut xc nh. Khong cch gia cc nguyn t (ion) khong vi . Khi chm tia X p vo tinh th th xut hin cc tia nhiu x vi cng v cc hng khc nhau. nh lut Bragg gi thit rng mi mt phng nguyn t phn x sng ti c lp nh phn x gng. Gi s c hai mt phng song song AA v BB (H.2), c cng ch s Miller h, k, l v cch nhau bi khong cch gia cc mt phng nguyn t dhkl.
Nhiu x tia X bi cc mt phng ca nguyn t (H.2)

Gi thit rng tia ti l tia n sc song song v cng pha vi bc sng chiu vo hai mt phng ny vi mt gc . Hai tia 1 v 2 b tn x bi nguyn t Q v P cho hai tia phn x 1 v 2 cng vi mt gc so vi cc mt phng A, B. iu kin nhiu x l hiu quang l: = (2Q2) (1P1) = n.

10 Suy ra: = SQ + QT = 2dhklsin = n vi n l s nguyn (n = 1, 2, 3,) Phng trnh Vulf Bragg: nl = 2d hkl sin q (n c gi l bc phn x). Phng trnh ny biu th mi quan h gia gc cc tia nhiu x v bc sng tia ti , khong cch gia cc mt phng nguyn t d. Nu nh lut Bragg khng c tha mn th s khng xy ra hin tng giao thoa. Khi n > 1 cc phn x c coi l phn x bc cao v phng trnh Bragg c th vit d d nh sau: l = 2 sin q . Thng s l khong cch gia cc mt phng (hkl) v nh, nk, n n nl l cc ch s Miller c khong cch bng 1 cch khong gia cc mt h, k, l. n

nh lut Bragg l iu kin cn nhng cha cho nhiu x tia X, v nhiu x ch c th chc chn xy ra vi cc n v c cc nguyn t gc mng. Cn cc nguyn t khng gc mng m trong cc v tr khc, chng hot ng nh cc tm tn x ph lch pha vi cc gc Bragg no , kt qu l mt i mt s tia nhiu x theo phng trnh phi c mt. H mt c ch s Miller cng nh c khong cch gia hai mt k nhau cng ln v c mt cc nt mng cng ln. 3. Cng nhiu x C th tnh ton c cng nhiu x bng cch cng sng hnh sin vi pha v bin khc nhau. Hng ca tia nhiu x khng b nh hngbi loi nguyn t tng v tr ring bit v hai mng n v c cng kch thc nhng vi s sp xp nguyn t khc nhau s nhiu x tia X trn cng mt hng. Tuy nhin cng ca cc tia nhiu x ny khc nhau.
Nhiu x tia X t cc mt ca mng tinh th

11 xc nh cng nhiu x thng tin hnh theo 3 bc sau: - Nhiu x tia X bi in t t do. - Nhiu x tia X bi nguyn t. - Nhiu x bi mng c bn. a. Nhiu x bi in t t do Thomson chng minh c cng thc xc nh cng nhiu x tia X bi mt in t c in tch e v khi lng me ti khong cch r khong cch gia tn x in t n u d detector l: e4 I = I 0 2 2 4 sin 2 ( 2q ) r me c Trong I0 l cng tia X ti; c l tc nh sng; 2 l hng tn x. Biu thc trn cho thy nng lng tn x t cc in t n l rt nh. b. Nhiu x bi nguyn t Nguyn t c nhiu m my in t quay xung quanh ht nhn. Tia ti b tn x bi in t v ht nhn. Nhng ht nhn ca nguyn t rt ln cho nn c th b qua tn x bi ht nhn, do tn x ton phn ch yu bi cc in t ring bit. Cc in t quay quanh ht nhn cc v tr khc nhau s sinh ra sng tn x vi pha khc nhau v s giao thoa vi nhau. i lng tha s tn x nguyn t f m t hiu sut tn x trn mt hng ring bit c xc nh bng t s sau: =

Gi tr f bng s in t trong nguyn t khi = 0, hay f = Z l nguyn t s, song gi tr ny gim khi tng hay gim.

12 c. Nhiu x bi mng c bn By gi ta hy xem xt nh hng ca v tr nguyn t trong c bn n bin sng tn x. V c bn l phn t nh nht lp li tun hon to thnh tinh th nn y l bc cui cng trong trnh t xc nh cng ca tia nhiu x. Phng php tnh ton cng tng t nh i vi tn x bi cc in t ti cc v tr khc nhau trong nguyn t song y c s khc pha do nguyn t cc v tr khc nhau trong c bn. Cng nhiu x cho bi cng thc: I g = (y g ) ( Fg )
2 2

Vi g l hm sng ca chm nhiu x, cn Fg l tha s cu trc (hay cn gi l xc sut phn x tia X), c cho bi: Fg = fi e -2p ig ri , y, g l vect tn x ca chm
i

nhiu x, ri l v tr ca nguyn t th i trong n v, cn fi l kh nng tn x ca nguyn t. Tng c ly trn ton n v. Cng nhiu x khng ch ph thuc vo tha s cu trc m cn vo cc tha s khc. V c th biu din bng biu thc tng qut sau: 1 + cos 2 2q 2 I = F p 2 sin q cos q Trong , p l tha s lp, e
2

-2 m e

1 + cos 2 2q l tha s nhit, l tha s Lorentz. sin 2 q cos q

IV.

CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH TINH TH BNG TIA X

1. Nhiu x n tinh th Hai phng php chnh thc hin nhiu x n tinh th l phng php nh Laue

v phng php xoay n tinh th. tha mn iu kin nhiu x Bragg n = 2dhklsin, trong phng php xoay n tinh th chm tia X n sc ( khng i) c chiu ln

13 n tinh th quay ( thay i) quanh mt phng tinh th no , trong phng php nh Laue chm bc x vi ph lin tc ( thay i) c ri ln n tinh th ng yn ( khng i). a. Phng php Laue Chm tia X lin tc c chiu ln mu n tinh th v tia nhiu x c ghi nhn bi cc vt nhiu x trn phim. Bc x tia X lin tc s cho gii bc sng cn thit v chc chn tha mn nh lut Bragg cho mi mt phng. Trn nh Laue ta thy cc vt nhiu x phn b theo cc ng cong dng elip, parabol hay hypebol i qua tm nh. Cc ng cong ny gi l cc ng vng bi mi ng cong cha cc vt nhiu x ca cc mt thuc mt vng mt phng trong tinh th. C th l gii hin tng ny nh khi nim mng o. Nh ta bit, mt vng mt phng gm cc mt tinh th ct nhau theo mt giao tuyn chung gi l trc vng v vect mng o ghkl vung gc vi mt (hkl) tng ng trong mng tinh th. Nh th vect ghkl phi vung gc vi trc vng [uvw] . Bi vy cc vect ghkl hay cc php tuyn ca cc mt phng thuc vng s cng nm trn mt mt phng vung gc vi trc [uvw] ca vng. Bng phng php v cu Ewald d dng thy rng mt phng php tuyn ca mt vng s ct cu Ewald theo mt ng trn giao tuyn v ch nhng nt o nm trn giao tuyn ny mi cho tia nhiu x. Nh vy, cc tia nhiu x s to nn mt hnh trn tia c trc l trc
Phim t sau tinh th chp tia X (H.3) Mt cu Ewald

14 vng v gc m l 2, trong l gc to bi tia X vi trc vng. Giao tuyn ca nn tia nhiu x vi phim chnh l dng hnh hc ca cc ng vng trn nh Laue. Khi < 450 ng vng c dng elip (H.3), l nh truyn qua ca mu mng. Nu = 450 ng vng l parabol (H.4). Khi > 450 ng vng c dng l hypebol v khi = 900 mt nn tr thnh mt phng, ng vng l mt ng thng, l nh Laue ngc trong trng hp mu dy. Bi vy, nh Laue c to nn bi tp cc ng vng trn phn b cc vt nhiu x ca cc vng mt phng tng ng trong tinh th. Phng php nh Laue cho php xc nh hng v tnh i xng ca tinh th. Ngy nay, phng php ghi nh nhiu x bng phim khng c ph bin v mt k thut hin i ghi cng vi nhy cao v chnh xc hn c s dng rng ri nghin cu n tinh th, l nhiu x k tia X. K thut phn tch n tinh th trn nhiu x k v cng phc tp, tuy nhin vi s tr gip ca my tnh th nhiu x k tia X cho php xc nh tnh i xng, nh hng tinh th, hng s mng chnh xc v cc c trng khc ca n tinh th, k c khi cha bit trc cu trc v cc thng s ca c bn. b. Phng php n tinh th quay Gi nguyn bc sng v thay i gc ti . Phim c t vo mt trong ca bung hnh tr c nh. Mt n tinh th c gn trn thanh quay ng trc vi bung. Chm tia X n sc ti s b nhiu x trn mt h mt nguyn t ca tinh th vi khong cch gia cc mt l d khi trong qu trnh quay xut hin nhng gi tr tha mn iu kin Bragg. Tt c cc mt nguyn t song song vi trc quay s to nn cc vt nhiu x trong mt phng nm ngang. Ph nhiu x s l s ph thuc ca cng nhiu x vo gc quay 2.
Phim t trc tinh th chp tia X (H.4)

15 Th d: di y (H.5) l ph ca NaCl vi catot l Cu, gc qut 2 t 00 n 900:

Ph ca NaCl vi catot l Cu (H.5)

2. Nhiu x a tinh th bng phng php nhiu x bt K thut nhiu x tia X c s dng ph bin nht l phng php bt hay phng php Debye. Trong k thut ny, mu c to thnh bt vi mc ch c nhiu tinh th c tnh nh hng ngu nhin chc chn rng c mt s ln ht c nh hng tha mn iu kin nhiu x Bragg. B phn chnh ca nhiu x k tia X (H.6) l: Ngun tia X, mu, detector tia X. Chng c t nm trn chu vi ca vng trn (gi l vng trn tiu t). Gc gia mt phng mu v tia X ti l gc Bragg. Gc gia phng chiu tia X v tia nhiu x l 2. Ngun tia X c gi c nh cn detector chuyn ng sut thang o gc. Bn knh ca vng tiu t khng phi l mt hng s m tng khi gc 2 gim. Thang qut 2 thng quay trong khong t 300 n 1400, vic la chn thang qut ph thuc vo cu trc tinh th ca vt liu. Mu c to di dng lp mng c vi miligam bt tinh th tri trn phng. Tia X n sc c chiu ti mu v cng tia nhiu x c thu bng detector. Mu c quay vi tc cn detector quay vi tc 2, cng tia nhiu x c ghi t ng trn giy, v t v c gin nhiu x ca mu. Kt hp vi nh lut Bragg,
Nhiu x k tia X (H.6)

16 ta suy ra c cu trc v thng s mng cho tng pha cha trong mu bt v cng ca tia nhiu x cho php xc nh s phn b v v tr nguyn t trong tinh th. Phng php bt cho php xc nh c thnh phn ha hc v nng cc cht c trong mu. Bi v mi cht c trong mu cho trn nh nhiu x mt pha c trng (cho mt h vch nhiu x tng ng trn gin nhiu x). Nu mu gm nhiu pha (hn hp) ngha l gm nhiu loi mng th trn gin nhiu x s tn ti ng thi nhiu h vch c lp nhau. Phn tch cc vch ta c th xc nh c cc pha c trong mu l c s phn tch pha nh tnh. Phng php phn tch pha nh lng bng tia X da trn c s ca s ph thuc cng tia nhiu x vo nng . Nu bit mi quan h v o c cng th c th xc nh c nng pha. Cc pha cha bit trong vt liu c th xc nh c bng cch so snh s liu nhn c t gin nhiu x tia X t thc nghim vi s liu chun trong sch tra cu, t ta tnh c t l nng cc cht trong hn hp. y l mt trong nhng ng dng tiu biu ca phng php bt phn tch pha nh lng. Cng thc Sherrer: t = Kl , trong t l dy tinh th con, K l hng s ph B cos q

thuc vo dng ca tinh th con (0,89), l bc sng tia X, l gc Bragg,

2 2 B 2 = BM + BS vi BM l rng ca vch na cao (rad), BS l rng tng ng

ca vt liu khi chun (kch thc ht ln hn 200 nm) Nhng hn ch ca phng php bt - Tp 3D ca cc vt nhiu x thu c t th nghim trn n tinh th c tp trung thnh hnh nh 1D trong phng php Debye Scherrer . iu ny dn n s chng cht ngu nhin v chnh xc cc vch lm cho vic xc nh cng ca cc vch tr nn phc tp. - S i xng ca tinh th khng thy c trc tip t nh nhiu x. - Cc hn hp a pha c th gp kh khn.

17 - nh hng u tin c th dn n vic xc nh cng ca cc vch khng chnh xc.

V.

NG DNG

Tia X c kh nng xuyn qua nhiu vt cht nn thng c dng trong chp nh y t, nghin cu tinh th, kim tra hnh l hnh khch trong ngnh hng khng. Tia X cng c pht ra bi cc thin th trong v tr, do nhiu my chp nh trong thin vn hc cng hot ng trong ph tia X. Vic s dng tia X c bit hu dng trong vic xc nh bnh l v xng, nhng c th gip ch d ra cc bnh tt v phn mm. Mt vi v d ng ch nh l kho st ngc, c th dng chn on bnh v phi nh l vim phi, ung th phi hay ph n phi, v kho st vng bng, c th d ra s tc rut (tc ng thc qun), trn kh (t lng ni tng), trn dch (trong cc khoang bng). Trong vi trng hp, s dng tia X gy tranh ci, nh l si mt (t khi cn tia X) hay si thn (thng thy nhng khng phi lun lun). Hn na, cc t th chp tia X truyn thng t s dng trong vic ha hnh cc phn mm nh no hay c. Vic ha hnh c thay th cho phn mm bng k thut chp hnh tnh ton quanh trc (computed axial tomography, CAT hay CT scanning) ha hnh bng chp nh cng hng t (MRI) hay siu m. Tia X cn c s dng trong k thut "thi gian thc", nh l khm nh thnh mch mu hay nghin cu tng phn ca l hng trong ni tng (l cht lng cn quang trong cc ng rut ln hay nh) s dng dng c nhn trang b hunh quang. Cc gii phu thnh mch mu, nh cc s can thip y t ca h thng ng mch, da ch yu vo cc my o nhy vi tia X nh v cc thng tn tim tng c th cha tr. X tr tia X, mt s can thip y t, hin nay dng chuyn bit cho ung th, dng cc tia X c nng lng mnh.

18 My nhiu x tia X dng phn tch cu trc tinh th rt nhanh chng v chnh xc, ng dng nhiu trong vic phn tch cc mu cht, s dng trong nghin cu, trong cng nghip vt liu, trong ngnh vt l, ha hc v trong cc lnh vc khc. Tuy nhin tia X c kh nng gy ion ha hoc cc phn ng c th nguy him cho sc khe con ngi, do bc sng, cng v thi gian chp nh y t lun c iu chnh cn thn trnh tc hi cho sc khe.

19

Ti liu tham kho

1. K thut phn tch vt liu rn L Khc Bnh 2. Vt l i cng Lng Duyn Bnh 3. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%85u_x%E1%BA%A1_tia_X 4. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A5u_tr%C3%BAc_tinh_th%E1%BB%8 3 5. http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinh_th%E1%BB%83_h%E1%BB%8Dc_tia_X

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Ph lc
Li m u ........................................................................................................................... 0 I. Tng quan v tia x...................................................................................................... 2 1. Tia X ....................................................................................................................... 2 2. Cch to ra tia X ..................................................................................................... 3 II. Tinh th ...................................................................................................................... 4 1. Cu to .................................................................................................................... 4 2. Ch s Miller ca mt tinh th ................................................................................ 6 3. Mng o ................................................................................................................ 7 III. Nhiu x tia X ......................................................................................................... 7

1. Hin tng nhiu x tia X ...................................................................................... 7 2. nh lut Vulf Bragg ........................................................................................... 9 3. Cng nhiu x................................................................................................ 10 IV. Cc phng php phn tch tinh th bng tia X ................................................... 12

1. Nhiu x n tinh th ........................................................................................... 12 2. Nhiu x a tinh th bng phng php nhiu x bt .......................................... 15 V. ng dng ................................................................................................................. 17 Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................................................. 19 Ph lc ................................................................................................................................ 20