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Chng I Tng quan v to mu nhanh

I. Gii thiu chung v k thut to mu nhanh Cng ngh to mu nhanh l mt cng ngh mi pht trin trong khong hn 15 nm gn y. Mc d n l cng ngh mi nhng do kh nng ng dng rng ri ca n nn tc pht trin ca lnh vc ny rt nhanh. Mc d vy Vit Nam s hiu bit ca nhiu ngi v lnh vc ny cn hn ch. To mu nhanh (RP Rapid Prototyping) l tn gi chung cho cc cng ngh to hnh c lin quan n vic s dng cc d liu c xy dng t phn mm CAD to nn vt th. c trng chung nht ca cc cng ngh ny l vt th c to nn bng vic gn kt tng lp mng vt liu cho n khi hnh thnh nn sn phm theo nguyn l bi p dn. Chnh vic bi p dn vt liu to nn vt th gip cho cc nh ch to thc hin tng ca mnh trn m hnh vt th ba chiu. Vi cng ngh to mu nhanh c th gip cho vic xy dng cc m hnh chc nng n vic xy dng cc m hnh phn tch k thut mt cch nhanh chng thit thc v tn km. II. Ngun gc ca nguyn l to mu nhanh To mu nhanh c pht trin t phn mm CAD, c th hn l m hnh ha vt th c ca CAD. M hnh khi rn l mt phn ca thit k CAD trong khng gian 3 chiu c thuc tnh c. Hay ni cch khc CAD to ra cc vt th 3 chiu dng in t. M hnh khi rn c th tch, c bao kn hon ton bi cc mt. N c th n nh cc c tnh ca vt liu nh khi lng, t trng. D liu hnh hc c th xut ra di dng STL hoc cc nh dng khc ph hp cho RP, vi cc phn mm chuyn dng c

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th phn tch ng sut cng nh s dng cc d liu ny cho vic gia cng trn cc my CNC. Trc nhng nm cui ca thp k 80 m hnh 3D c to ra t m hnh khung dy v m hnh b mt. M hnh khung dy biu din gn ng vt th 3 chiu nh bc v phc bng bt ch trn giy hoc bng phn trn bng. Sau m hnh khung dy c pht trin ln m hnh b mt n gip ngi thit k quan st r v phn tch c th hn. V nh khi lp phng c th hin bi su hnh vung c giao tuyn trong khng gian l cc cnh theo 3 chiu ox, oy, oz, m hnh b mt ca hnh lp phng c cc cnh v cc mt (c th tch) nhng khng c cc c tnh v khi lng. Vo nm 1986 Charles Hull tm ra h thng 3D v nghin cu pht trin qu trnh RP u tin. Nguyn l ny c gi l: nguyn l to mu nhanh hay cn gi l k thut in khi khng gian. Vt th c to ra bng cch lu ha cc lt ct mng lin tip bng ngun sng laze chiu vo vt liu ch to. III. Cc bc cng ngh trong qu trnh to mu nhanh(SL) 1. Bc 1: M hnh ho CAD y l cng vic u tin trong qu trnh to mu nhanh, p dng cho tt c cc h thng khc. N gn vi vic to ra m hnh 3D ca vt th c thit k trn my tnh. M hnh vt th c to dng, thit k t cc phn mm CAD, SCANER (qut) hoc to dng vt th theo to c cung cp bi my o to . 2. Bc 2: Xut sang dng STL

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Sau khi thit k xong m hnh vt th cc file CAD cn chuyn ti b dch RP&M. Bc ny nhm m bo d liu CAD a vo my SL c nh dng STL, dng m hnh biu din cc b mt di dng cc tam gic lin k. Song gn y ngi ta nghin cu tin hnh ct lt ngay trn m hnh ca CAD gim kch thc file. 3. Bc 3: nh hng vt th, thit k kt cu v ct lt (Slicing) Cn c vo kt cu, vt th c nh hng mt cch ti u (thng theo trc Z) sao cho vic ct lt v ch to vt th sau ny t c mc tiu t ra. a s cc vt th trong qu trnh gia cng u cn phi c cc kt cu trnh bin dng, rung ng trong qu trnh gia cng, m bo cho cc li gt khng b va vo bn t chi tit, d ly sn phm ra khi bn khi ch to xong. Sau m hnh vt th cng kt cu c tin hnh ct lt trc tip trn m hnh CAD hoc dng STL. Vt th c ct lt ton hc trn my tnh bi mt chui cc mt phng song song. Vic ct lt c tin hnh cn c vo mt trong cc ch tiu t ra nh cht lng b mt, chnh xc ch to, thi gian ch to. 4. Bcc 4: Ch to Tu theo phng php gia cng vic ch to c thc hin vi phn cng v phn mm cng vt liu thch hp. Nhng nguyn tc ca qu trnh ch to vn l gia cng vt liu theo tng lp, lp ny k tip lp kia. Vt th c hnh thnh theo cch bi p vt liu hay tch b vt liu theo lp. Mt lp c th c to ra cng mt lc (phng php LOM) hay c to ra bng cch qut theo nhiu ng (phng php SLA hay SLS). Thng kt cu c

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ch to trc trn bn (cng c th c ch to cng vt th), sau vt th c gia cng trn . Tu theo phng php, sau khi lp th nht c hnh thnh bn c h xung hoc nng ln gia cng lp tip theo. Cc chuyn ng ca bn v dng c (Tia laze, u phun vt liu, u cp vt liu) u c lp trnh v iu khin bng my tnh. 5. Bc 5: Loi b vt liu tha, hon thin v lm sch vt th ch to Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ch to, vt liu tha (bt tha trong phng php thiu kt, nha lng tha, cc lp vt liu c ct b trong phng php LOM ) c ly ra khi vng gia cng. Vt th sau khi ch to c ly ra khi vng gia cng v c lm sch bng cc phng php nh phun kh, ra, sa v lm sch bng phng php c kh hoc c th ph thm mt lp mng tng cht lng b mt. 6. Bc 6: X l sau ch to Kt thc bc trn vt th mi c Polyme ho mt phn v cn trng thi cha n nh. Mt phn bn ca chi tit SL t c khng phi nh nng lng ca chm tia Laser chiu vo. V vy cc chi tit SL va c ch to xong cn cha n nh cn c lu ho tip thc hin qu trnh Polyme ho hon ton v ci thin bn ca mu ch to. Lu ho sau ch to c thc hin bng bc x t ngoi (UV) di rng hay lin tc to ra nh cc thit b lu ho sau ch to c thit k c bit. Hu ht cc chi tit ch to c th lu ho sau ch to trong vng 1 n 2 gi, cc chi tit ln c th lu ho sau ch to trong 10 gi. 7. Bc 7: Hon thin ln cui

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Tu theo yu cu t ra, c th s dng nhiu mc hon thin chi tit nhm m hnh ho quan st v m hnh ho khi nim, ch cn loi b cc chn sn phm l c. C nhiu phng php hon thin nh mi bng tay, phun bn cc ht knh nh, hay bin php thch hp nht l kt hp c hai phng php ny. Cc chi tit cng c th c nh bng, sn hay ph kim loi. Hn na vi mt s nha c bit c th gia cng tip nh khoan, tar, doa, phay... tu theo mc ch s dng ca chi tit ch to v c tnh ca nha ch to. III. Nhng u im ca cng ngh to mu nhanh 1. Qu trnh ch to vt th 3D n gin Nh trn ni cc cng ngh RP u to nn vt th bng cch bi p vt liu theo lp. Cc lp c xp chng ln nhau lin tip cho ti khi hnh thnh nn vt th. iu khc nhau ca cc cng ngh ny l cch thc gn kt cc lp vi nhau. Chnh iu ny a n vic n gin ha vic to ra vt th ba chiu, ta ch cn to ra cc lt ct hai chiu (tit din ca chi tit khi dng mt phng ct vung gc vi mt trc - thng l trc Z)) ri ghp chng li. Chng hn cn to ra mt chi tit nh hnh v

Theo cch gia cng thng thng ngi ta thng dng phng php ct gt to nn chi tit. Song vi cng ngh RP th vic ch to ch n gin l cc hnh trn c to ra trn my RP c kch thc khc nhau v xp cho chng chng ln nhau theo mt cch thc nht nh. R rng vic ch to rt n gin so vi cc

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phng php trc y. Chnh nh vy m cc vt th cn ch to c hnh dng phc tp c th d dng c to ra. c bit l cc vt th c kt cu bn trong phc tp, c nhiu gn, g hay c thnh mng c th ni cng d dng to dng ging nh to dng vt th n gin. 2. Gim thi gian thit k, ch to mu Do c th s dng cc d liu c to lp t phn mm CAD nn vic thit k, thay i mu m c tin hnh rt nhanh, chnh xc c bit c th s dng mng my tnh lin h, hp tc thit k. Vic ch to chi tit cng nh to mu cn phi lp tin trnh cng ngh, g, ch to khun ... iu ny thng tn rt nhiu thi gian cng sc. Nhng vi cng ngh RP ngi thit k ch cn thit k trn my tnh ri kt ni vi cc my RP l c th to c mu cho lot sn phm. Chnh nh vy m ngi thit k c th lp i lp li qu trnh to mu cho n khi t yu cu ra. 3. Tit kim thi gian v kinh ph ch to chi tit Thng thng khi cc my RP hot ng th t cn n s gim st trc tip ca ngi vn hnh v cc my hot ng vi s iu khin ca cc chng trnh lp. Tt nhin sau khi ch to xong cng cn cn phi c bc hu x l xong thi gian vn t hn cc phng php gia cng truyn thng. Thng thng cc m hnh c ch to xong trong vi gi, c th ni t hn nhiu so vi thi gian ch to bng cc phng php truyn thng nht l khi ch to cc chi tit phc tp. Vt liu dng trong cng ngh RP thng l r. Kch c ca mt s loi my nh gn, c th t ngay trong phng lm vic nn khng cn din tch nh xng m vn em li hiu qu kinh t cao.

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Vi nhng iu va trnh by trn chng ta c th thy mc d mi ra i nhng cng ngh RP , ang v s pht trin rt nhanh. Cng ngh ny cho php ngi thit k tip cn vi cc mu to ra ban u mt cch chnh xc, thc t c th kim tra, thm nh li cc thit k trong giai on u ca d n. ng thi n cng cho php nhanh chng sa i mu thit k mt cch d dng.

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Tm li:

1. Cng ngh RP c tin hnh theo chu trnh sau: Bt u

t vic thit k vt th ngi ta gi l m hnh ho CAD xut sang phai c nh dng STL y l file tiu chun u vo cho tt c cc thit b to mu nhanh Thit k cc kt cu , nh hng vt th v ct lt Ch to vt th Loi b vt liu tha, hon thin v lm sch vt th X l sau ch to Hon thin ln cui 2. Cng ngh to mu nhanh gp phn thc y, rt ngn qu trnh to ra sn phm bt u t tng n vic ch to v cui cng l tung sn phm ra th trng. N to iu kin cho cc nh thit k th hin tng ca mnh cng nh bin tng thnh hin thc mt cch nhanh chng nhng tit kim c thi gian ln tin bc

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