Digital Modulation Lecture 04

Filters Digital Modulation Techniques Richard Harris

Objectives
To be able to discuss the purpose of filtering and determine the properties of well known filters. You will be able to:
Describe I/Q diagrams and their uses Provide an overview of digital modulation application areas Describe the characteristics of the various forms of filters and their use in digital transmission

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Presentation Outline
Filtering methods
Raised cosine Square-root raised cosine Gaussian filters

Detection methods for standard Digital Modulation techniques PSDs for common Digital Modulation schemes

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References
Digital Modulation in Communication Systems An Introduction (Hewlett Packard Application Note 1298) Principles of Digital Modulation, by Dr Mike Fitton, mike.fitton@toshiba-trel.com Telecommunications Research Lab Toshiba Research Europe Limited

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Filtering 1
Filtering allows the transmitted bandwidth to be significantly reduced without losing the content of the digital data. Spectral efficiency of the signal is improved using filtering. Many possible varieties:
Raised cosine Square-root raised cosine Gaussian filters

Any fast transition in a signal, irrespective of whether it is amplitude, phase or frequency, will need wide occupied bandwidth. Thus, if we have a technique that can help to slow down these transitions then it will narrow the occupied bandwidth.
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Filtering 2
Filtering helps to smooth these transitions (in I and Q). It also reduces interference since it lowers the tendency of one signal to interfere with another. On the receiver side, the reduced bandwidth increases the sensitivity because more noise and interference are rejected. Tradeoffs may be necessary though:
Some types of filtering may cause the trajectory of the signal (the paths of transitions between states) to overshoot . Overshooting implies more carrier power and phase from the transmitter amplifiers
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Filtering 3
Other problems
Filtering may make radios more complex and larger. Filtering can create ISI problems
Can occur if heavy filtering so that the symbols blur together and each symbol affects those around it . This is determined by the time response or the impulse response of the filter.

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Nyquist or Raised-Cosine Filters

The following graph shows the impulse or time domain response of a Nyquist filter.
We have seen this figure before.

Nyquist filters have the property that their impulse response rings at the symbol rate. The filter is chosen to ring or have the impulse response of the filter cross through zero at the symbol clock frequency.
Communication Systems 143.332 - Digital Modulation

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Nyquist or Raised-Cosine Filters

The time response of the filter goes through zero with a period that exactly corresponds to the symbol spacing. Adjacent symbols do not interfere with each other at the symbol times because the response equals zero at all symbol times except the centre (desired) one. Nyquist filters heavily filter the signal without blurring the symbols together at the symbol times. This is important for transmitting information without errors caused by Inter-Symbol Interference. Note that Inter-Symbol Interference does exist at all times except the symbol (decision) times. Usually the filter is split, half being in the transmit path and half in the receiver path. In this case root Nyquist filters (commonly called root raised cosine) are used in each part, so that their combined response is that of a Nyquist filter.
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Nyquist or Raised-Cosine Filters

Sometimes filtering is desired at both the transmitter and receiver. Filtering in the transmitter reduces the adjacentchannel-power radiation of the transmitter, and thus its potential for interfering with other transmitters.

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Nyquist or Raised-Cosine Filters

Filtering at the receiver reduces the effects of broadband noise and also interference from other transmitters in nearby channels. To get zero Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI), both filters are designed until the combined result of the filters and the rest of the system is a full Nyquist filter. Potential differences can cause problems in manufacturing because the transmitter and receiver are often manufactured by different companies.
The receiver may be a small hand-held model and the transmitter may be a large cellular base station. If the design is done correctly, the results are the best data rate, the most efficient radio, and reduced effects of interference and noise.

This is why root-Nyquist filters are used in receivers and transmitters as Nyquist x Nyquist = Nyquist. Matched filters are not used in Gaussian filtering.
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Gaussian Filter - 1
In contrast, a GSM signal will have a small blurring of symbols on each of the four states because the Gaussian filter used in GSM does not have zero Inter-Symbol Interference. The phase states vary somewhat causing a blurring of the symbols as shown in the figure below. Wireless system architects must decide just how much of the Inter-Symbol Interference can be tolerated in a system and combine that with noise and interference.

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Gaussian Filter 2

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Gaussian Filter 3
Gaussian filters are used in GSM because of their advantages in carrier power, occupied bandwidth and symbol-clock recovery. The Gaussian filter is a Gaussian shape in both the time and frequency domains, and it does not ring like the raised cosine filters do. Its effects in the time domain are relatively short and each symbol interacts significantly (or causes ISI) with only the preceding and succeeding symbols. This reduces the tendency for particular sequences of symbols to interact which makes amplifiers easier to build and more efficient.
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Filter Bandwidth Parameter r - 1

The sharpness of a raised cosine filter is described by the value of r the roll-off parameter. Thus r gives a direct measure of the occupied bandwidth of the system and is calculated as Occupied bandwidth = Symbol rate X (1 + r). If the filter had a perfect characteristic with sharp transitions and r = 0, the occupied bandwidth would be:
Occupied bandwidth = Symbol rate X (1 + 0) = symbol rate.

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Filter Bandwidth Parameter r - 2

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Filter Bandwidth Parameter r - 3

An r-value of one uses twice as much bandwidth as an r-value of zero. In practice, it is possible to implement an r-value below 0.2 and make good, compact, practical radios.
Typical values range from 0.35 to 0.5, though some video systems use an r-value as low as 0.11. The corresponding term for a Gaussian filter is BT (bandwidth time product).

Occupied bandwidth cannot be stated in terms of BT because a Gaussian filters frequency response does not go identically to zero, as does a raised cosine. Common values for BT are 0.3 to 0.5.
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Different Filter Bandwidths

Different filter bandwidths show different effects. For example, look at a QPSK signal and examine how different values of r effect the vector diagram. If the radio has no transmitter filter as shown on the left of the graph, the transitions between states are instantaneous. No filtering means an r of infinity.

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Power Spectral Densities and Detection Methods for Digital Modulation

Richard Harris

Coherent Reception
An estimate of the channel phase and attenuation is recovered. It is then possible to reproduce the transmitted signal, and demodulate. It is necessary to have an accurate version of the carrier, otherwise errors are introduced. Carrier recovery methods include:
Pilot Tone (such as Transparent Tone in Band) Less power in information bearing signal High peak-to-mean power ratio

Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation

Less power in information bearing signal

Carrier Recovery (such as Costas loop)

The carrier is recovered from the information signal
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Differential Reception
In the transmitter, each symbol is modulated relative to the previous symbol, for example in differential BPSK:
0 = no change 1 = +180o

In the receiver, the current symbol is demodulated using the previous symbol as a reference.
The previous symbol acts as an estimate of the channel.

Differential reception is theoretically 3dB poorer than coherent. This is because the differential system has two sources of error:
a corrupted symbol, and a corrupted reference (the previous symbol).

Non-coherent reception is often easier to implement.

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Computing the PSD of OOK

The Power Spectral Density of the complex envelope is computed using our PSD formula as:
2 sin fTb A ( f ) + Tb Pg ( f ) = 2 fTb 2 c

Assuming that m(t) has a peak value of 2 The PSD of OOK is then given by
1 Pg ( f f c ) + Pg ( f f c ) 4

Note: We have already considered this in a tutorial

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Plot of PSD for OOK

The null-null bandwidth is 2R The transmission bandwidth of OOK is BT = 2B where B is the baseband bandwidth With raised cosine rolloff filtering, B= (1+r)R, hence
BT = (1+r)R

Note:
For binary signalling, D = R.

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Detection of OOK 1
The following set up is used to detect OOK signals: OOK in Envelope Binary output detector

Non-coherent Detection OOK in Low-pass Binary output filter

Coherent Detection with Low-Pass Filter Processing

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Detection of OOK 2
Note:
When the received OOK signal is corrupted by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN), the optimal detection (to obtain the lowest possible Bit Error Rate BER ) requires coherent detection with matched filter processing.

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Binary Phase-Shift Keying

Computing the PSD for the complex envelope of BPSK gives the following:

sin fTb Pg ( f ) = A T fT b
2 c b

Assuming that m(t) has peak values of 1 The PSD of BPSK is then given by

1 [Pg ( f f c ) + Pg ( f f c )] 4
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The PSD of BPSK

The bandwidth for BPSK is the same as for OOK. Raised cosine-rolloff filtering can be used to conserve bandwidth
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Detection of BPSK

[ s (t )( sin c t ]LP recovers m(t) Coherent detection must be used.

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Orthogonal Signalling 1
Consider transmitting a binary 1 over the bit interval 0<t<Tb using an FSK signal given by: s1 (t ) = Ac cos(1t + 1 ) The binary 0 is transmitted using the signal s2 (t ) = Ac cos(2t + 2 ) Where 1 = 2 for continuous phase FSK, the two signals are orthogonal if

That is:

Tb

s1 (t ) s2 (t )dt = 0

0 Communication Systems 143.332 - Digital Modulation

Tb

Ac2 cos(1t + 1 ) cos(2t + 2 )dt = 0

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Orthogonal Signalling 2
This means that

Ac2 sin[(1 2 )Tb + (1 2 )] sin(1 2 ) 2 ( ) 1 2 Ac2 sin[(1 + 2 )Tb + (1 + 2 )] sin(1 + 2 ) + =0 2 (1 + 2 )

The second term is negligible since we assume 1+2 is large. Therefore sin[2 h + (1 2 )] sin(1 2 ) =0 2 h
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Orthogonal Signalling 3
Where
(1 2 )Tb = 2 (2F )Tb and h = 2FTb For 1 = 2 the minimum value for orthogonality is h=0.5, or a peak frequency deviation of 1 1 F = = R 4Tb 4 For 1 2 the discontinuous phase FSK case, the minimum value for the orthogonality is h=1, or a peak frequency deviation of 1 1 F = = R 2Tb 2
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Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

Minimum Shift Keying is continuous phase FSK with a minimum modulation index (h=0.5) that will produce orthogonal signalling. The complex envelope is
g (t ) = Ac e
j ( t ) m( )d = Ac e
t

Where F= R and m(t) = 1 MSK is a constant amplitude signal

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MSK 2
MSK can be generated by using a simple FM modulator, viz: FM Transmitter F= R MSK is equivalent to OQPSK with sinusoidal pulse shaping.

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PSD of MSK

The PSD of the complex envelope is given by:

16 Ac2Tb cos 2 2 Tb f Pg ( f ) = 2 [1 (4Tb f ) 2 ]2

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GMSK 1
Gaussian-filtered MSK
The data (rectangular shaped pulses) are filtered by a filter having a Gaussian shaped frequency response

H( f ) = e

( f / B )2 (ln 2 / 2)

Where B is the 3dB bandwidth of the filter

The PSD of GMSK can be obtained via computer simulation

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GMSK 2
BTb = 0.3 (ie. the 3dB bandwidth is 0.3 of the bit rate) gives a good compromise for relatively low side-lobes and tolerable ISI GMSK has a constant envelope GMSK with BTb = 0.3 is the modulation format used in GSM cellular telephone systems GMSK and MSK can be detected either coherently or non-coherently

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Detection of DPSK

Partially coherent detection:

Does not require carrier phase synchronisation

Receiver detects the relative phase difference between the waveforms of en and en-1 to determine dn In the previous example, dn=1 if phase difference is and dn=0 if no phase difference
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PSD of FSK

h is the digital modulation index, the peak frequency deviation F = D f / 2 for m(t) having values of 1. (See pages 349-351 for the mathematical expression for the PSD in this case)
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Bandwidth of FSK
The approximate bandwidth is given by Carsons rule:
BT = 2( + 1) B

Where = F / B and B is the bandwidth of the squarewave data waveform. Using the first null bandwidth, B=R, thus
BT = 2(F + R)

With raised cosine filtering, B = 1/2 (1+r)R, hence

BT = 2F + (1 + r ) R
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Detection of FSK

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