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ta

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, :
.1
.2
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.4 //
.5 //
.6 ;
.7 ,
.8 ,
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
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.15 )(
.16 )(
.17 )(
.18 ) (


.moodle )
( , , .
, .
,
, .
, .
,
) (.

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.11

 :'

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.
,k ,

'h
'v

'h

=k

'v

:
)(1.1

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?
, , :

' v = z

)(1.2

' h = k ' v = kz

)(1.3

12 . :

) ' v (1 + k

= c mc

2
) ' (1 k
R= v
2

)(1.4

'v = z

cmc

k 'v

.12

) (:

' R = c mc sin

)(1.5

) ' v (1 + k

) ' v (1 k

' sin
2
2
' (1 k ) = (1 + k ) sin
=

' 1 k = sin '+ k sin

' 1 sin
' 1 + sin

)(1.6

=k

 :'

- ' 1

k , ) , "" ( ,
:

' 1 sin
' 1 + sin

= ka

?
, .p

.13

.14

k 'v

cmc

'v = z

.15

 :'

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) ' v (1 + k

= c mc

2
) ' (k 1
R= v
2

)(1.7

) (:

' R = c mc sin

)(1.8

' sin

) ' v (1 + k
2

) ' v (k 1
2

' ( k 1) = (1 + k ) sin

)(1.9

' k 1 = sin '+ k sin

' 1 + sin
' 1 sin

=k

k , ) , "" " ( ,
:

' 1 + sin
' 1 sin

= kp

.16

 :'

- ' 1

- :
, .

'u +
vu
dv
v
'v
'v +
dv
v

dv

'u
du
u

'v
vu

'u

vu +

.17

, dvdu

dvdu cos

dvdu

dvdu sin
.18

:v

' v

dvdu + uv dudv = dvdu cos

v
u
' v uv
+
= cos
v
u

)(1.10

:u

' u

dudv + uv dvdu = dvdu sin

u
v
' u uv
+
= sin
u
v

)(1.11

 :'

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, ,u :

' v
= cos
v
uv
= sin
v

)(1.12

' v = cos v + c1
uv = sin v + c 2
. c1 = c 2 = 0

:z

)(1.13

v = z cos

)(1.14

' v = cos v = z cos

2

)(1.15

uv = sin v = z cos sin

:

'v = z cos 2
uv = z cos sin

.18

w
= tan
'w
:

= R2

2
w

)(1.16

( ' w c mc ) +
2

c mc ) + (z cos sin ) 2 = R 2
2

(z cos

)(1.17

,4 .3 ?

' R = c mc sin

)(1.18

' cos cos cos

2

cos 2

' cos + cos cos

2

' w = z
)(1.19

cos sin

' cos cos 2 cos 2

' cos + cos 2 cos 2

w = z

 ' :

1 ' -

:
,

R
c

c
tan '

k 'v

cmc

'v = z

.19

(1.20)

cmc






' + '

c
v
h
sin ' = ' v ' h
+

2
tan '
2

(1.21)

' h sin '+ ' v sin '+2c cos ' = ' v ' h

(1.22)

1 sin '
2c cos '
'h =
'v
1 + sin '
1 + sin '

,2

cos ' sin 2 + cos 2 = 1 cos = 1 sin 2 = (1 + sin )(1 sin )

'h =

(1.23)

1 sin '
(1 sin ' )(1 + sin ' )
' v 2c
1 + sin '
(1 + sin ' ) 2

'h =

1 sin '
1 sin '
' v 2c
1 + sin '
1 + sin '

' h = k a ' v 2c k a

:
(1.24)

' h = k p ' v +2c k p

 :'

- ' 1

:
11 ) .(11

2c k a

k a

2c k p

k p

.20

.21

. :

zc

k a
1

2c k p

k p
1

.22

10

 :'

- ' 1

' h = T = 0 k a z c 2c k a = 0

2c

ka

2c k a
ka

)(1.25

= zc

) (:

(H zc ) 2
= Pa
k a
2

)(1.26

11

 :'

- ' 2

. ) (1857 80 .(1776) 1
,
.
) ( .
,
. ,
.

1
)( . ,

) (.
'

.1

.2
L

N = n dl
0
L

)(2.1

T = dl
0

1' ,  )
 , (.

 :'

- ' 2

, :

' = n tan

)(2.2

) (2.1 :
L

' T = dl = n tan ' dl = tan ' n dl = N tan

0

)(2.3

=T
Nt
an

=T
Nta
n

.3

)' Pa = W tan (

)(2.4

:H

)' tan (

2 tan

= Pa

)(2.5

)Pa/( H2/2
.4

,?

Pa
1
)' tan (
'
=

= 0 = 45 +
2
2

2
) ' tan cos (
sin

)(2.6

 :'

- ' 2

'
'

tan 45 + '
tan 45
2
H
2
' 2 H 2 1 sin

= H

= Pa
=
'
'
2
2
' 2 1 + sin

tan 45 +
tan 45 +
2
2

)(2.7

) ( .
:

Nta
n
=T

.5

:H

)' tan ( +

2 tan

= Pp

)(2.8

)Pp/( H2/2
.6

' H 1 + sin
' 2 1 sin
cr = 45 ' / 2
2

= Pp

)(2.9

 :'

- ' 2

H/
sin
cL
=c

Nt
an
.6

H
sin = 0
sin

= 0 W N cos N tan ' sin c

= 0 N sin N tan ' cos c

H
cos Pa = 0
sin

)(2.10

zc

.7

w = w tan

)(2.11

.8

 :'

- ' 2

cL
=c
H/s
in

Nta
n
.8

, :

.9

H 2
2

Pa = k a

) cos 2 ( '
2

sin( '+ ) sin( ' )

cos cos( + ) 1 +

cos( + ) cos( )

= ka

)(2.12

:
2

H
2

Pp = k p

) cos 2 ( '+
2

sin( '+ ) sin( '+ )

cos cos( ) 1

cos( ) cos( )

= kp

)(2.13

 :'

- ' 2

:
" .
. .

.9 DOWN -TOP

:
" .9

P1
P2
P3

.10

) ' ' " :(28.5.08

. 45 .
.
:

s( x, z ) = 2.5 z + 2.5 x
) (x,z . .20kN/m3
.1
.2

) (25% .
) (25% " ".

 ' :

2 ' -

5m
:

W = N cos 45 + c( z ) 2 z sin 45
N sin 45 = c( z ) 2 z cos 45 + P
P = W 2c( z ) 2 z 2 / 2
P=

z 2

2c( z ) z
2
P
(c ( z ) z )
(c( z ))

ph =
= z 2
= z 2 z
+ c( z )
z
z

c( z ) = 2.5 z
P
(c ( z ) z )
ph =
= z 2
= z 2( z 2.5 + z 2.5)
z
z
= 20 z 10 z = 10 z

 :'

- ' 2

.
.
)
(.

.

' r ( ) = r0 e tan
.11

' , . ,
.

 - ' 2

:'

.12 - ) (Navdocks

 :'

- ' 3

. .
, :
.


.


,
)
(.

.1 ""

:
3

c = 25kN / m
' = 30 o
c=0

t = 20kN / m 3
1
3

= = 10 o
5:1 -
3:2 -
.2

, .

.3

kaH 2
2

= Pa

, .
?

 :'

- ' 3

.4

R tan "? , "".

) (?
,

= Pah

. R tan m ? m "

tg
m = arctg

FS
Factor of Safety -FS

.5

. ,
. , ,
. , .
. m
?

) ( m

. ,

.:

FS 1.5
-

f
m

= FS

, , . m

' FS - .
,FS=1 .

 :'

- ' 3

0.9973
0.65
1.52

)cos 2 (3
2

sin 40 sin 30
cos 2 33 cos 431 +

cos 43 cos 33

) cos 2 ( '
2

sin( '+ ) sin( ' )

cos 2 cos( + ) 1 +

cos( + ) cos( )

k a H 2
= 104kN / m
2
Pah = 104 cos(10 o + 33o ) = 75kN / m
= Pa

Pav = 104 sin(43o ) = 72kN / m

0.8 4
2.7 4
25 = 50 + 40 + 135 = 225kN / m
25 +
2
2

W = 0.5 4 25 +

FS :

R tan
= 72kN / m
FS
) 280 tan(10 o
= FS
= 0.69
72
= R tan m

.6

) F.S.<1.5 - ( .
:
 - .
 .

) 280tg (30
= 2.24
72

= FS

, .
- .

= ka

 :'

- ' 3

.7

, . .

4m
a
=
a = 0.949m
o
) sin(47 ) sin(10 o

h = 0.949 cos(33o ) = 0.795m

(4 + 0.795) 2
= 1.43
42

43%Pa-

Pa -

4 0.795 25
= 40kN / m
2
265 + 103
arctan
= 73.78
107
) m = 6.22 o (= 90 o 10 o 73.78 o
= W

.8

FS

tan

FS
tan
) tan(10 o
= FS
=
= 1.61 > 1.5 OK
) tan m tan(6.22 o

m = arctan

- .

 :'

- ' 3

2 :
.


.

:
, )' .(A
.FS>2 -

MS
MO

= FS

. 1 ).(A

:
, , , .
- ,

1
B
6

) B (.

2
-
3

)( ) (.

1
4.795
3

= )(0.8 + 0.795

.9

x - :

2
1
1
R x = 40 0.8 + 50 (0.8 + 0.5) + 135 (0.8 + 0.5 + 2.7) 107 0.8 +
3
2
3
~
2 2
2
103 (0.8 + 0.5 + 4.795) + 40 4 = 745kNm / m
3 3
3

R = (107) 2 + (103 + 265) 2 cos(6.22 o ) R = 381kN / m

745 kNm / m
= 1.96m
381 kN / m

=x

 :'

- ' 3

4.58' . , 2.3' . 1.5

' , .
- .
, .
!
?
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.
:
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.
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 :'

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//
.
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1 )
( . .

.1

2 ) 0, c = 0

,(

, ) (.

.2

 :'

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, .
3 .

.3

:
D
x
" :

.4

k p x 2

= P4

2
)P5 = k a x( D x

k a ( D x ) 2
2

= P6

k a ( H + x) 2

= P1

2
)P2 = k p ( H + x)( D x

k p ( D x) 2
2

)(4.1

= P3

 :'

- ' 4

= P1 + P2 + P3 ( P4 + P5 + P6 ) = 0

)(4.2

) (:

)( H + x
)( D x
2
1
)( D x
2
P2
P3 ( D x) P4 x + P5
+ P6 ( D x) = 0
3
2
3
3
2
3

, ,

ka

M = P

)(4.3

. k p :

kp

ka
1 :
1
)(4
)(5

x
D
0.88

0.9

x
H
1.6
1.12
0.87
0.62
0.49
0.41

)(3

D
H
1.8
1.26
0.98
0.69
0.54
0.45

)(2

19.47 20
25.3 25
30
36.8
41.8
45.5

)(1

4
6.25
9
16
25
36

' ) (5 10% .

P2 + P3 + P6

P5

.R
5 .

.4

R ".

 :'

- ' 4

" . . D

=0

k a

k p D 3
6

k a ( H + D ) 3
6

= M

)(4.4

~
( H + D) 3
=
~
D3
)(4.5

~
~
( H + D) 3
H
D
1
1/ 3
= ~ = 1
= 1/ 3
~3
H 1
D
D

1 :
2
)(5
)(6
)(7

~
D
D
95%
94%
94%
96%
94%
95%

~
D
H
1.7
1.18
0.92
0.66
0.51
0.43

x
D
0.88

0.9

)(4

)(3

x
H
1.6
1.12
0.87
0.62
0.49
0.41

D
H
1.8
1.26
0.98
0.69
0.54
0.45

)(2

19.47 20
25.3 25
30
36.8
41.8
45.5

)(1

4
6.25
9
16
25
36

, , :
.1 20% ) .(5%
.2 , 20% .
.3

1 . 1.4

kp

 :'

- ' 5

//
. ,
.
.
15-20 . " ,
.

.1

2 . . )
( , 125% , .150%
) 100% ? ?( . ,
150% 175% , 90% .
) (26 . ' 2
6 100% ) (.

.2 ,

 :'

- ' 5

3 .

zT
T

ka
kp

.3

" .
2
k a ( H + D ) 2 k p D

T = 0
2
2

= Fx

)(5.1

2
k a ( H + D) 2 2
2
k p D
( H + D) zT
H zT + D = 0
= M
2
2
3
3

, k p

ka

kp

)(5.2

ka

zT 1
=
H 3

, :

4 + 8 + 1 1
)16( 1

T = H 2

D 3 + 8 + 1
=
H
)4( 1

)(5.3

 :'

- ' 5

" .
1
)(3
)(4
)(5

D
H
0.73
0.48
0.36
0.23
0.17
0.14

~
D
H

D
H

1.7
1.18
0.92
0.66
0.51
0.43

1.8
1.26
0.98
0.69
0.54
0.45

)(2

19.47 20
25.3 25
30
36.8
41.8
45.5

)(1

4
6.25
9
16
25
36

- D ) (
):(Rowe
, )?(.
Rowe ,

= (H + D )4 / EI

.4 ) (Navdocks

. " " .
)" , 5 ( .
4 . .
.

 - ' 5

:'

.5 ) (USS United State Steel design manual

 :'

- ' 5

) (:
, ,
.
" , ,
. ," .6
.6

wHw

Hw

)i Hw/(3D

.6

.
, :

' = sub i w
Hw
3D

=i

)(5.4

 :'

- ' 5

)(:

3m

6m

2m

.7 .
(10%) .1 .
(10%) .2 .
(15%) .3 .
(5%) .4 ?

.6

:
1

5 20 0.27 = 27kPa

6m

2m

1 sin 35
= 0.27
1 + sin 35

= ka

w H w = 10 3 = 30kPa

) 27 + 10(3 + D)0.27 = 35.1 + 2.7 D(kPa

3
10) D 3.7
3D

' Dk p = (10

.7

 :'

- ' 5

2
:

icr sub / w
=
Hw
i
3D

= FS

1.5

1.5 H w
1
= 1.5
=D
= 1.5m
Hw
3
3D

2m

6m

27 5 / 2 = 67.5kN / m

30 3 / 2 = 45kN / m

30 D / 2 = 15 DkN / m

( D + 3) 2
2

27 (3 + D ) = 81 + 27 D

2.7
3
D2
10) 3.7
3D
2

(10

2
3+ D
( D + 3) 2
2
M
=
67
.
5
(
5

2
)
+
(
81
+
27
D
()
+
3
)
+
2
.
7
))(3 + (3 + D

3
2
2
3
2
2
D
3
D
2
10) 3.7
+ 45 (3 + 3) + 15 D (6 + ) (10
(6 + D ) = 0
3
3
3D
2
3

11.433d 3 = 0

M = 740.25 + 411.6D 68.0166D

d = 4.68
d = 9.11
d = 1.5

 :'

- ' 5

( D + 3) 2
2
3
D2
+ 45 + 15 D (10
10) 3.7
= 151kN / m
3D
2

T = 67.5 + (81 + 27 D) + 2.7

151kN
= 156kN / m
cos15
500kN
= 3.2m
156kN / m

=S

50 3.2.

 :'

- ' 6

- , ,

.1

:
) ( ) .(2

.2

3 .

 :'

- ' 6

L
m

+c

W
tan
N

.3

4 .

90o

L
m

L
c

90o + m
m

n
ta

n
ta
N

.4

1
H
W=
) L sin(
2 sin

)(6.1

cm L
W
=
) sin( m ) sin(90 o + m

)(6.2

cm

. H

) c m 1 sin( m ) sin(
=

H 2
sin
cos m

=N

cm
H

=N
)(6.3

N .

 - ' 6

:'

, : N

c
) 1 cos( m
N
1
= = 0 c = ( + m ) N c = m

2
H 4 sin cos m

)(6.4

N c N .
?
:
.5
) 1.5 (.

c = 20kPa

= 25 o
= 20kN / m 3
.5

tan
o
= 17.27
1.5

m = arctan

20
= 13.33kPa
1.5
c
) 1 cos( m
4 sin cos m
H cr
1
= Nc = m

=
=
H cr 4 sin cos m
cm
) N c 1 cos( m

= cm

) 4 cos(17.27 o
= 3.62m
) 1 cos(90 o 17.27 o

cm

= H cr

:
, / :
.1 . FS
.2

.3

.4
.5

tan
m
= arctan
FS

) 1 cos( m
= Nc
N c : m
4 sin cos m
c
c
= . FS c

=
c m HN c
) ( 1 FS = FS c .

, ' ) , FS c

. m

(FS

, ,1:1

.6

 :'

- ' 6

.6

: ? ? ?
:
.7

c = 20kPa

= 25 o
= 20kN / m 3
.7

FS = 1.5 m = 17.27 o
)1 cos( m ) 1 cos(90 17.27
=
= 0.184
4 sin cos m 4 sin 90 cos17.27
20
= 1.81
0.184 20 3

c
N c H

= Nc

= FS c

FS = 1.81 m = 14.44 o
)1 cos(90 14.44
= 0.194
4 sin 90 cos14.44
c
20
= FS c
=
= 1.72
N c H 0.194 20 3
= Nc

FS = 1.72 m = 15.17 o
)1 cos(90 15.17
= 0.1912
4 sin 90 cos15.17
c
20
= FS c
=
= 1.74
N c H 0.1912 20 3
= Nc

FS = 1.74 m = 15.00 o
)1 cos(90 15.00
= 0.1918
4 sin 90 cos15..00
c
20
= FS c
=
= 1.738
N c H 0.1918 20 3
= Nc

1.74

 ' :

6 ' -

.
.
. ,

0.35
(A)

Typical cross section

and failure arc in
Zone A Critical
circle passes
through toe and
stability number
represented in chart
by full lines

DH=H , D=1

0.30

Case 1
Case 3

nH
Case 2

Zone B
Zon e A

Typical cross section showing various cases

considered in Zone B
Case 1: The most dangerous of the circles passing
through the toe, represented by full lines in chart.
Where full lines do not appear, this case is not
appreciably different from Case 2
Case 2: Critical circle passing below the toe, represented
by long dashed lines in chart. Where long dashed lines
do not appear, the critical circle passes through the toe
Case 3: Surface of ledge or a strong stratum at the
elevation of the toe (D= 1), represented by short
dashed lines in chart

0.25
Stability Number c / HF

DH (Case 2)

(B)

0.20

= 0 , D=

Nc

For = 0 and 1<D<

see companion Fig.

0
=

5
10
15

0.15

20
25
0
=

=
,D

D=
1

=
0

=
5

0.05

,D
=1

0.10

0
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Slope Angle
i (degrees)

.8

.8 , N c ,
:
. :A
. . :B

 :'

- ' 6

' .9

c = 20kPa

= 25 o
= 20kN / m 3
.8

FS = 1.5 m = 17.27

)1 cos( m ) 1 cos(45 17.27

=
= 0.0425
4 sin cos m 4 sin 45 cos17.27
20
= 2.35
0.0425 20 10

c
N cH

m = 15.0 ; FS = 1.74
o

N c = 0.082

= Nc

20
= 1.22
0.082 20 10

= FS c

= FSc

FS = 1.75 m = 14.92 o

m = 25 ; FS = 1.0

N c = 0.049

N c = 0.043

20
= 2.02
0.049 20 10

c
N cH

20
= 2.32
0.043 20 10

= FS c

= FSc

FS = 2.2 m = 11.96 o

m = 20o ; FS = 1.28

N c = 0.058

N c = 0.061

20
= 1.71
0.058 20 10

c
N cH

20
= 1.63
0.061 20 10

= FS c

= FS c

2.5
2
1.5

FSc
1

0.5
0

2.5

1.5

0.5

FS
.9 ) ,FS=1.9 (FS=1.4

?
?

 :'

- ' 6

70 , , ,
.

/ , . .
, .
.

.10

, .
) (:
-z .
-b .

W = z b t

-W .

-U .

= w mz cos 2

.u

) (FS . -

f
c + ( z - w mz ) cos2 tan
=
m
z sin cos

= FS

)(6.5

' - c .

= '. c

) ( , ,
. :

' tg
tg

. FS

 :'

- ' 7

:
.
n
.

.1

.
- X
E
- y E
T
N
d N
L
b

Xi
Xi-1

Ei

Ei-1

Wi
yi

yi-1
Ti
Ni

di
L
b

.2

:
n N

T
n d i
n-1 X
n-1 E
n-1 yi
1 FS
n

"

6n 2

' :
- 3n
"

N i ' tan + cLi

n
FS

4n

= Ti

' ' , n .1-

, ) ' .(5

 :'

- ' 7

) : (
.
:
) (1 )~ (.
) (2 ) , E (X
) (3 -

Ni

. ,

, )
(.
) (4 .
. -

= 0; Fx = 0

. Fy

N i = wi cos i
N 'i = wi cos i ui Li
N 'i tan '+ c' Li
FS

= Ti

Wi

Ti
Ni N
i
U

Ti
Wi
Ni

.3

, .
:
n

i =1

i =1

M o = 0 wi sin i R Ti R = 0

)(7.1

: Ti
Ni

6
474
} 8
( wi cos i u i Li ) tan '+ c ' Li
= wi sin i

FS
i =1
i =1
Ui

)(7.2

:
n

u i Li ) tan '+ c' Li

( w cos
i

i =1

w sin

= FS

)(7.3

i =1

 ' :

7 ' -

:
:
.( 1)
.
.

X i1 + X i = 0

Xi

Ni

-( 2)

( 3)

. ,( 4)
: ,

.4

1
( N ' tan + c' Li )
FS
N 'i = N i ui Li

Ti =
(7.4)

= 0 wi = N 'i cos i + ui Li cos i +

sin i
N ' tan sin i
c' Li + i
FS
FS

: N'

c' Li
wi
sin i u i Li cos i
FS
N 'i =
tan sin i
cos i +
FS
bi
Li =
cos i
(7.5)

c' bi tan i
c' b tan i

u i bi
wi i
u i bi

1
FS
FS
N 'i =
=

tan sin i
tan
tan i
cos i

cos i +
1+

FS
FS
c' b tan i

w i
u i bi
c' bi
1 i
FS

tan +
tan tan i
cos i
cos i

1+

FS

Ti =
FS
wi

 ' :

7 ' -

1
1

Ti =
tan i
tan
FS cos i 1 +
FS

(7.6)

[c' bi + ( wi ui bi ) tan ]

1
wi sin i

i =1
i =1 FS cos i
n

(7.9)

i =1

i =1

M o = 0 wi sin i R Ti R = 0

(7.7)

(7.8)

1 + tan tan i
FS

n
1
1
FS = n
cos i
wi sin i i =1

i =1

[c' bi + ( wi ui bi ) tan ] = 0

1
[c' bi + (wi u i bi ) tan ]

tan tan i
1 +

FS

. .FS FS ;

:
:

' = 30 o
c' = 20kPa
kN
t = 20 3
m
.

.5

 - ' 7

22.5

:'

4.47
4.32

10m

2.77

.6

wi sin i

wi cos i tg + c' Li

15.5
119.3
240.7
186.7
562.2

180
298.6
340.2
247.1
1066

bi

Li
5.03
5.31
5.89
7.33
Sum:

5
5
5
5

wi

6.42
19.67
32
47

138.5
354.5
454.5
255.38

1
2
3
4

" :
n

1066
= 1.89
562.2

u i Li ) tan '+c' Li

(w cos
i

i =1

w sin

= FS

i =1

 :'

- ' 7

1
1

] [c' bi + (wi uibi ) tan

cos i tan tan i
1 +

FS

FS .1.89-

wi sin i

1
1
] [c' bi + ( wi uibi ) tan

cos i tan tan i

1 +

FS

175
291
259
273
1098

15.5
119.3
240.7
186.7
562.2

Li

bi

wi

5.03
5.31
5.89
7.33
Sum:

5
5
5
5

6.42
19.67
32
47

138.5
354.5
454.5
255.38

1
2
3
4

, :

1
[c' bi + (wi u i bi ) tan ] = 1098 = 1.92 1.96

562.2
tan tan i
1 +

FS

n
1
1
FS = n
cos i
wi sin i i =1

i =1

, FS ) , .(1.89
FS . FS , FS ." 3-4
.

.
i

ci .

n , cn

i , ci
2 , c2
1 , c2

.7

 :'

- ' 8

;


.

.1

.
Q

T
Xi-1-Xi
Q
Xi

Wi

Ei

Ei-1-Ei
(Ntan +cL)/FS

Xi-1

Wi

Ei-1
Ntan +cL
T

Ni

Ni

.3

.2

: ) (Q ).(T
, .
) ' :(7
n

u i Li ) tan '+ c' Li

( w cos
i

i =1

= FS

n
i

)(8.1

w sin
i

:
. , ) ?(:
n

u i Li ) tan '+ c ' Li

(w cos
i

i =1

n
dxi
da
Ti i
R i =1
R

= FS

)(8.2

wi sin i + Qi
i =1

i =1

, , ".

 :'

- ' 8

:
, .
,
:

h = v k a 2c k a
v = zc
2c

ka

= zc
.4

, . ,
, .

) (k s

a
g

= ks

.5

- a .
) ( :
n

u i Li ) tan '+ c ' Li

( w cos
i

i =1

dy c
R
- dy c

+ Wk s

= FS

)(8.3

w sin
i

i =1

:
- F .S . = 1.3 .
- F .S . = 1.5 .

a max
ks = 1 1
- F .S . = 1 1.2 .
3
2 g

a max = Peak Ground Acceleration.

ks

( 13 1 2 ) a g

max

amax

 :'

- ' 8

kc

(.
- k max ' .

kc
> 1
k max

, .,

6

.

)(feet

M~8
M~7
M~6

kc/kmax
.6
) (Makdisi and Seed 1978

.7

, )) (1 ( , .
)) (2 ( , .
.

.

.
) 2
(:

s L
w sin
i

ui

= FS

- s u .

.8

 :'

- ' 8

:
9 .
,
.10

.
) (1
)" .(1
) (2 ,
.
) (3
su .
) (4 FS " .

.9

, "
.

.10

:
12 11 .:13

.11

 :'

- ' 8

.12 .

.13

" ?

 :'

- ' 9

.
) 1.5 ( ,
) ,?1.45 .(1.5
, )) ('m, cm
( ) .(1

m
2m

1m

m
2m

1m

cm

.1

) ( . ,
"" ,
. 100% ,

m c

m c

, c m

, c m .

,1.01 .

0 .1

4sd

2s d

0 .4

0 .3

0.2

-2s

-4s

, .
, , . , .
1 , " .

m
2m

1m

.2

 :'

- ' 9

, m :

] p ( f ) = P[ m
,p(f)=50% , . m =

)(9.1

, ,

0.3

0.4
0.4

0.2

0.3

4s
d

2
sd

0.1

2sd

4sd

4s
d

2sd

0.1

0.2

-2s

.3

.3

, , :

]p( f ) = P[ m ] = P[ m 0] = P[ FS 1 0] = P[ FS 1

)(9.2

, ) 1 .(4

.4

 :'

- ' 9

" .
:

FS
FS
FS
FS
( ) +
( ) +
(c c ) +
(h h )...

h
c

FS ( , , c, h,...) = FS ( , , c , h ,...) +

)(9.3

) (.
) (variance :

] V [a + bx + cy ] = b 2V [ x] + c 2V [ y ] + 2bc cov[ x, y

:
2

FS
FS
FS
FS
V [ ] +
V [ ] +
= ])V [ FS ( , , c, h,...
V [c ] +
V [h].....
c
h

)(9.4

FS ( + , , c , h ..) FS ( , , c , h ..) 2

= ])V [ FS ( , , c, h,...

FS ( , + , c , h ..) FS ( , , c , h ..) 2

+

)(9.5

FS ( , , c + c , h ..) FS ( , , c c , h ..) 2
c
+
2 c

FS ( , , c , h + h ,..) FS ( , , c , h h ..) 2
h
+

2
h

) FS ( + , , c , h ..) FS ( , , c , h ..

= ])V [ FS ( , , c, h,...

) FS ( , + , c , h ..) FS ( , , c , h ..

) FS ( , , c + c , h ..) FS ( , , c c , h ..

+
2

)(9.6

) FS ( , , c , h + h ,..) FS ( , , c , h h ..

+
2

:
2

FS c FS h
+
+ ...
+
2
2

FS i

FS
+
2

FS
2

= FS

)(9.7

i .

 :'

- ' 9

, ,5 .1.5
) ?(.
9.1 ) ( .

c = 10kPa

= 35 o
= 20kN / m 3

45

.5
9.1

)(%
12
40
3

FS i

+
20.6
14
39.2

19.4
6
30.8

+
1.49
1.70
1.67

1.52
1.29
1.36

)(FS i / 2
0.000225
0.04202
0.024025

FS = 0.000225 + 0.04202 + 0.24025 = 0.257

)(9.8

( x FS MLV ) 2
exp
dx = 0.0258
2
2

2
FS

FS

= ]P[ FS 1

)(9.9

:
2
2

FS

1
ln x ln FS MLV + ln 2 + 1

2 FS MLV


exp
dx = 0.0107
2
FS

2 ln 2 + 1

FS MLV

x 2 ln FS
+ 1
2
FS MLV

= ]P[ FS 1

)(9.10

.6

1 Harr, M.E. (1985) "Reliability based design in civil engineering," Dover Publications, New York

 :'

- ' 9

9.3 9.4 .
) (ETL 1110-2-547 :
9.2

)(%

)(performance

0.00003
0.003
0.1
0.6
2.3
7
16

1.1% .
?1.5

9.3 ) (
0.8
47.63
45.48
43.52
41.75
40.13
38.65
37.29
36.05
34.9
33.85
32.87
31.96
31.12
30.34
29.61
28.93
28.29
27.69
27.13
26.6
26.1
25.63
25.19
24.77
24.37
23.99
23.64
23.29
22.97
22.66
22.37
22.09
21.82
21.56
21.32
21.08
20.86
20.64
20.43
20.23

0.6
46.84
43.98
41.4
39.06
36.94
35.03
33.28
31.7
30.25
28.93
27.71
26.6
25.57
24.63
23.75
22.94
22.19
21.49
20.84
20.23
19.66
19.13
18.63
18.17
17.72
17.31
16.92
16.55
16.2
15.87
15.55
15.25
14.97
14.7
14.44
14.2
13.97
13.74
13.53
13.33

0.5
46.21
42.79
39.71
36.94
34.46
32.22
30.2
28.39
26.74
25.25
23.9
22.66
21.54
20.51
19.57
18.7
17.91
17.17
16.49
15.87
15.28
14.74
14.24
13.77
13.33
12.91
12.53
12.17
11.83
11.51
11.21
10.92
10.65
10.4
10.16
9.927
9.71
9.504
9.308
9.121

0.4
45.26
41.01
37.22
33.85
30.85
28.2
25.84
23.75
21.89
20.23
18.75
17.43
16.23
15.16
14.2
13.33
12.54
11.82
11.16
10.56
10.02
9.518
9.058
8.634
8.243
7.882
7.548
7.237
6.949
6.681
6.43
6.197
5.978
5.774
5.582
5.401
5.232
5.072
4.921
4.779

0.3
43.69
38.09
33.19
28.93
25.25
22.09
19.37
17.05
15.05
13.33
11.84
10.56
9.457
8.495
7.656
6.924
6.282
5.717
5.22
4.779
4.388
4.04
3.73
3.452
3.202
2.978
2.775
2.592
2.426
2.275
2.138
2.012
1.897
1.792
1.695
1.606
1.524
1.448
1.378
1.313

0.25
42.45
35.81
30.09
25.25
21.19
17.8
14.99
12.65
10.72
9.121
7.79
6.681
5.754
4.977
4.324
3.772
3.304
2.906
2.566
2.275
2.024
1.807
1.62
1.456
1.313
1.188
1.078
0.982
0.896
0.82
0.752
0.692
0.638
0.589
0.546
0.506
0.471
0.439
0.41
0.383

0.2
40.59
32.47
25.71
20.23
15.87
12.43
9.744
7.656
6.036
4.779
3.802
3.04
2.444
1.976
1.606
1.313
1.08
0.893
0.743
0.621
0.522
0.441
0.374
0.319
0.274
0.236
0.204
0.177
0.154
0.135
0.119
0.105
0.093
0.082
0.073
0.065
0.059
0.053
0.047
0.043

FS/FSMLV
0.16
38.3
28.5
20.75
14.88
10.56
7.461
5.258
3.707
2.621
1.861
1.329
0.955
0.691
0.503
0.37
0.274
0.204
0.154
0.116
0.089
0.068
0.053
0.041
0.033
0.026
0.021
0.017
0.013
0.011
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.002

0.14
36.69
25.81
17.58
11.69
7.656
4.964
3.202
2.063
1.332
0.863
0.563
0.37
0.245
0.163
0.11
0.075
0.052
0.036
0.025
0.018
0.013
0.009
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
9E-04
7E-04
6E-04
4E-04
3E-04
3E-04
2E-04
2E-04
1E-04
1E-04
1E-04

0.12
34.57
22.44
13.85
8.243
4.779
2.724
1.537
0.863
0.485
0.274
0.155
0.089
0.051
0.03
0.018
0.011
0.006
0.004
0.002
0.002
1E-03
6E-04
4E-04
3E-04
2E-04
1E-04
8E-05
6E-05
4E-05
3E-05
2E-05
1E-05
1E-05
8E-06
6E-06
4E-06
3E-06
2E-06
2E-06
1E-06

0.1
31.7
18.17
9.606
4.779
2.275
1.051
0.476
0.214
0.096
0.043
0.019
0.009
0.004
0.002
9E-04
4E-04
2E-04
1E-04
6E-05
3E-05
2E-05
8E-06
4E-06
2E-06
1E-06
8E-07
5E-07
3E-07
2E-07
1E-07
6E-08
4E-08
2E-08
2E-08
1E-08
6E-09
4E-09
3E-09
2E-09
1E-09

0.08
27.58
12.79
5.15
1.861
0.621
0.196
0.06
0.018
0.005
0.002
5E-04
1E-04
4E-05
1E-05
4E-06
1E-06
5E-07
2E-07
6E-08
2E-08
8E-09
3E-09
1E-09
5E-10
2E-10
8E-11
3E-11
2E-11
7E-12
3E-12
1E-12
7E-13
4E-13
2E-13
9E-14
4E-14
2E-14
1E-14
1E-14
0

0.06
21.37
6.487
1.486
0.274
0.043
0.006
8E-04
1E-04
1E-05
1E-06
2E-07
2E-08
3E-09
3E-10
5E-11
6E-12
9E-13
1E-13
2E-14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.04
11.69
1.152
0.056
0.002
3E-05
4E-07
5E-09
5E-11
4E-13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.02
0.863
3E-04
3E-09
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

FSMLV
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.85
2.9
2.95
3

 ' :

9 ' -

( ) 9.4

FSMLV
1.05
1.1
1.15
1.2
1.25
1.3
1.35
1.4
1.45
1.5
1.55
1.6
1.65
1.7
1.75
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
2
2.05
2.1
2.15
2.2
2.25
2.3
2.35
2.4
2.45
2.5
2.55
2.6
2.65
2.7
2.75
2.8
2.85
2.9
2.95
3

0.02
0.755
1E-04
1E-10
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.04
11.5
0.905
0.025
3E-04
1E-06
3E-09
4E-12
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.06
21.65
5.938
1.068
0.13
0.011
7E-04
3E-05
1E-06
3E-08
8E-10
2E-11
3E-13
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.08
28.4
12.44
4.364
1.246
0.295
0.059
0.01
0.002
2E-04
2E-05
3E-06
3E-07
2E-08
2E-09
2E-10
1E-11
9E-13
7E-14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.1
33.02
18.26
8.831
3.771
1.437
0.494
0.154
0.044
0.012
0.003
7E-04
2E-04
3E-05
7E-06
1E-06
3E-07
5E-08
9E-09
2E-09
3E-10
4E-11
7E-12
1E-12
2E-13
3E-14
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.12
36.38
23.05
13.37
7.146
3.543
1.64
0.714
0.294
0.115
0.043
0.016
0.005
0.002
6E-04
2E-04
6E-05
2E-05
6E-06
2E-06
5E-07
1E-07
4E-08
1E-08
3E-09
9E-10
2E-10
7E-11
2E-11
5E-12
1E-12
4E-13
1E-13
3E-14
1E-14
0
0
0
0
0
0

0.14
38.95
26.95
17.53
10.77
6.276
3.488
1.856
0.95
0.47
0.225
0.105
0.048
0.021
0.009
0.004
0.002
7E-04
3E-04
1E-04
5E-05
2E-05
7E-06
3E-06
1E-06
4E-07
2E-07
7E-08
3E-08
1E-08
4E-09
1E-09
6E-10
2E-10
8E-11
3E-11
1E-11
5E-12
2E-12
7E-13
3E-13

FS/FSMLV
0.16
41.01
30.15
21.2
14.29
9.275
5.813
3.53
2.083
1.199
0.674
0.371
0.201
0.107
0.056
0.029
0.015
0.008
0.004
0.002
9E-04
5E-04
2E-04
1E-04
5E-05
3E-05
1E-05
6E-06
3E-06
1E-06
7E-07
3E-07
2E-07
7E-08
3E-08
2E-08
8E-09
4E-09
2E-09
9E-10
4E-10

0.2
44.14
35.11
27.2
20.57
15.2
11.01
7.834
5.48
3.777
2.569
1.726
1.148
0.756
0.494
0.32
0.206
0.132
0.084
0.053
0.034
0.021
0.013
0.008
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.001
8E-04
5E-04
3E-04
2E-04
1E-04
7E-05
4E-05
3E-05
2E-05
1E-05
7E-06
4E-06
3E-06

0.25
47.01
39.59
32.83
26.85
21.68
17.3
13.66
10.69
8.288
6.38
4.878
3.707
2.802
2.108
1.579
1.178
0.876
0.65
0.481
0.355
0.262
0.193
0.141
0.104
0.076
0.056
0.041
0.03
0.022
0.016
0.012
0.009
0.006
0.005
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
1E-03
7E-04

0.3
49.23
42.94
37.1
31.76
26.98
22.75
19.06
15.88
13.16
10.85
8.913
7.294
5.949
4.838
3.924
3.176
2.566
2.069
1.666
1.34
1.077
0.864
0.693
0.556
0.445
0.357
0.286
0.229
0.183
0.147
0.118
0.094
0.075
0.06
0.048
0.039
0.031
0.025
0.02
0.016

0.4
52.63
47.82
43.24
38.95
34.95
31.26
27.88
24.8
22.01
19.49
17.23
15.21
13.41
11.81
10.38
9.125
8.013
7.032
6.168
5.407
4.739
4.153
3.638
3.187
2.792
2.446
2.142
1.877
1.645
1.442
1.264
1.108
0.972
0.853
0.748
0.657
0.577
0.507
0.446
0.392

0.5
55.29
51.37
47.62
44.05
40.66
37.48
34.49
31.7
29.1
26.69
24.46
22.4
20.5
18.75
17.14
15.67
14.32
13.08
11.95
10.91
9.967
9.103
8.314
7.594
6.937
6.338
5.791
5.293
4.838
4.423
4.045
3.7
3.386
3.099
2.837
2.598
2.38
2.181
1.999
1.833

0.6
57.51
54.2
51.01
47.94
45.02
42.23
39.59
37.09
34.72
32.49
30.39
28.42
26.57
24.84
23.21
21.69
20.27
18.94
17.69
16.53
15.45
14.44
13.5
12.62
11.8
11.03
10.32
9.654
9.033
8.454
7.914
7.41
6.94
6.502
6.093
5.711
5.354
5.021
4.71
4.419

0.8
61.11
58.56
56.08
53.68
51.37
49.15
47.01
44.96
42.99
41.11
39.3
37.58
35.93
34.36
32.85
31.42
30.05
28.74
27.5
26.31
25.18
24.1
23.07
22.08
21.15
20.26
19.4
18.59
17.82
17.08
16.37
15.7
15.06
14.45
13.86
13.3
12.77
12.26
11.77
11.31

 :'

- ' 10

. , "
."016421 , , .
.
.
.1 - ) ( .
, .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 .
:
.1 .
.2 .
.3 .
.4 . ) ,CPT ,SPT'( ,
, , ) (.
:
.5 ) , , (.
.6 ) , ,'(.
:


, .

10% . 1

.
2 6 .

.
.
1.5 , .

)> D+1.5(2S+B

S<5B

> D+1.5B

> 2/3D+1.5B

.1

 :'

- ' 10

:
- , . "" .
. )( "
.

.2

:S.P.T
" .Standard Penetration Test ,
. )
(.

.3 SPT

.4 SPT

. 2.
45" " . ' 15"
. ) 64"( 75".

 - ' 10

:'

30" . '
15" .
" 15"; 5-6-6
.N=12 SPT / , 50- , . , 15-
" 50- . , :
50/28

100- , 100/45 : . "
.50-

:
- D R .

emax e
emax emin

= DR

)(10.1

. - emax .

DR = 0
D R = 1 .
D R , .
.

( min ) max

max min

= DR

)(10.2

60%

55%

50%

45%
40%

SPT DR" .

.5 ) SPT (

 :'

- ' 10

:
SPT 5.

N = 20

t = 20 kN

m3
v = 100kPa
DR = 72%
, :

7.16
2.24
= 1000 N
P' v +0.66 Dr

1000

)(10.3

- N .SPT
- P' v .kPa

) (

.6

SPT .

 :'

- ' 10

.7 ,Cu , ,SPT ) (Stroud, 1974

) : (
, ,
, . ) 1919"
' (.
:

"

ASTM D2573-72
BS 1377:part 9: 1990
AS F2.2 -1977
DIN 4096 1980

4 , . ,
. , ."
" )?(.
" ,75kPa .

.1
.2
.3

:
.

) 6 12 / min

( 6 / min

:
.1 , .
.2 .
.3 10 , , ) (.
, .

 :'

- ' 10

.8

:
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6

.
.
.
.
, ,
, ) ?(.
D

2
D2 H D3
D

M = cu DH + 2 cu 2r 2 dr = su
+
2
6
2
0

)(10.4

D3
M
cu = 0.2728 3
H = 2 D M = cu D 3 +
6
D

)(10.5

 :'

- ' 10

:CPT
, , ) ( . , CPTU
.

CPT .9

:

)ASTM D3441 (1986
BS 1377:part 9: 1990

"

:
.1
.2
.3

,Fc , , . Ac=10cm2
,Fs , .As= 150cm2
) (.

Fc
Ac

= qc

Fs
As

= fs

)(10.6

- qc ) ( .

fs

- .

f
Rf = s
qc

)(10.7

 :'

- ' 10

.10 ) (Searle 1979

, .

q c = N k cu + v

)(10.8

N k )? , ( . " Teh and Houlsby

):(1991

G
N k = 1.25 + 1.84 ln + 2 f
cu

)(10.9

G f .
CPT :SPT

.11 SPT ) CPT (Thorburn, 1971

 :'

' 11

,
. su
P
.

.1

.2

B
B
su RRd = 0 P = 2 0 R 2 su
2
2

0 = arctan
)(11.1

R = B2 + H 2

2
B B 2 + H 2
B H
qB = P = 4 arctan
s u q = 4 arctan 1 + su
B
H B
H

H
1
= q = 4 arctan 1 + 2 su
B

)(11.2

q
1
= 8 arctan 4 = 0 = 0.42

)(11.3

, :

= 5.52su

.q

 :'

' 11
:

2.5

1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

.3 ) (

q = ( + 2) su = 5.14su

)(11.4

, :
B
?=Pult

?=Pult
p0

p0

?=Pult

?=Pult

p0

PP

Pa

45+ /2

p0

p0

45- /2
.4

H = B tan 45 +
2

q = Pult / B

)(11.5

z = q + z
h = (q + z )k a 2c k a

B 2 tan 2 45 + k a
2

Pa = q k a B tan 45 + 2c k a B tan 45 + +
2
2

)(11.6

 ' 11

B 2 tan 2 45 + k p
2

PaPp -

:'

Pp = p 0 k p B tan 45 + + 2c k p B tan 45 + +
2
2

)(11.7

: q

1
2.5
0.5
+ B k p k p
2

2
p

]+ p k
0

0.5

+ 2k p

1.5

q = c 2k p

)(11.8

1
qult = cN c + p 0 N q + BN
2
,

Nq , Nc

)(11.9

::

Nq

Nc

0
1.21
4.5
13.8

1
2.02
4.16
9

4
5.8
8.68
13.8

0
10
20
30

".
:

Nq

Nc

0
0.5
1.2
2.5
19.7
36
42.4
100.4
297.5
780.1
1153.2

1
1.6
2.7
4.4
22.5
36.5
41.4
81.3
173.3
287.9
415.1

5.7
7.3
9.6
12.9
37.2
52.6
57.8
95.7
172.3
258.3
347.5

0
5
10
15
30
34
35
40
45
48
50

1
qult = cN c s c + p0 N q + BN s
2

)(11.10

. , ,D<B D , B-
.



1.0
1.3
1.3
s
c

0.8

0.6

1.0

 :'

' 11
:

1
qult = cN c sc d c + p0 N q s q d q + BN s d
2

-.

- .

- .

)(11.11

1
qult = cN c S c ic + p0 N q S q iq + BN S i
2

-i .

)(11.12

, ).(d

Nq , Nc

) N q = exp( tan ) tan 2 (45 +

2
N c = ( N q 1) cot

)(11.13

) N = ( N q 1) tan(1.4

N
0
0.1
0.4
2.9
15.7
93.6
:Shape Factor -

1 + sin
1 sin

= kp

Nq

Nc

1
1.6
2.5
6.4
18.4
64.1

5.14
6.49
8.34
14.83
30.13
75.25

'B
L

> 10 o

= 0o

0
5
10
20
30
40

'B
L

S c = 1 + 0.2k p

S q = S = 1 + 0 .1k p

S q = S = 1.0

:Depth Factor -

D
B

> 10 o

= 0o

D
B

d c = 1 + 0.2 k p

d q = d = 1 + 0.1 k p
d q = d = 1.0

-B .
-L -D . .

i :

 :'

' 11
2

0
ic = iq = 1 o
90
2

> 0o

= 0o

i = 1 o

i = 0

:
)'(B-2e)= (B
- )(e=M/V

M
V

=e

, .
.
.

2e

.5

:
:

m3

= 20 kN
= 30 o

c = 20kPa
:
?

.6

 :'

' 11
, X :Y

My

360
= 0.2m
V
1800
M
450
= ey = x
= 0.25m
V
1800

0.5m

1.8m

B=1.3m

= ex

.7

' .A
. B ' = 1.3m; L' = 1.4m :

)qult -

' L .( L

qult = 20 30.13 1.55 + 0.5 20 1.3 22.4 1.28 = 1306kPa

1.3
1.4

S = 1 + 0.1 3

'B

S c = 1 + 0.2 3 0.928

) 3- (

1800
= 989kPa
1.3 1.4

= q act

qult 1306
=
= 1 .3
q act
989

= FS

?
# .
# .
:

989 3 = 2963 = 934 d c + 20 D 18.4 1.23d q + 372d

S

Nq

 :'

' 11

D
D
D

2963 = 9341 + 0.34 + 471 D1 + 0.17

+ 3721 + 0.17

1 .8
1 .8
1 .8

D = 2.10m
, ,2.1m .3-

?

. sub:

p 0 = D sub

p0

-H .

H = 0.5 B tan 45 +
2

.8

,H- . t -

) (d w D ,H- -

dw
+ sub2 (H d w )2
2 t
H
H

) e = (2 H d w

e (d w = 0) = sub
e (d w = H ) = t

1 3
1
H = + sub
2 4
4

= e dw

 :'

' 11

M ,H ) V *( .

f ( H ,V , M ) = 0
.9

.9 VHM

)( .

= Vmax = cN c d c + DN q d q + BN d B
2

354
8
6444474444

1
10 30.13 1 + 0.2 3 +

2 = 2190kN / m
644447
400
341
44448 644447
44448

20 1 18.4 1 + 0.1 3 1 + 1 20 2 15.71 + 0.1 3 1

2 2
2

)(11.14

.
.

o = arctan
V = (354ic + 400iq + 341i )2

o
+ 3411 0

H
arctan

+ 3411
V

30 0

o
+ 4001 0

90

= 3541 0

90

H
H

arctan
arctan

V + 4001
V
= 3541
0

90
90 0

)(11.15

 :'

' 11

2
]min[ ,1

647
48

2
2

H
H
H

arctan
arctan
arctan

V
V
V 2 = 0

V 354 1
341
1
400
1
+

30 0
90 0
90 0

)(11.16

Vmax

2 = 0

H / Vmax
arctan

V /V
max
+ 0.1561

0
30

H / Vmax

arctan
V /V

V
max

0.3441
0
Vmax
90

)(11.17

.10 VH

M
V

B ' = B 2e = B 2

 ' :

(11.18)

11 '

V = cN c d c + DN q d q + B ' N d B'
2

B
B
}

1
1 }
M
M

= 754 + 20 (2 2 ) 15.71 + 0.1 3 (2 2 )

2
2
V
V

B
}B

1
1 }
M
M

= 754 + 20 (2 2 ) 15.71 + 0.1 3 (2 2 )

2
2
V
V

M
M
= 2190 + 682 2872
V
V
2

M
M
V 2190 682 + 2872
=0
V
V

Vmax
2

(11.19)

V
682 M 2872 M
1
+

Vmax
Vmax V
Vmax V

V
682 M / Vmax

1
Vmax
Vmax V / Vmax

(11.20)

=0

2872 M / Vmax
+

Vmax V / Vmax

M
2
V
682 B BVmax
1
Vmax
Vmax V / Vmax

BVmax
V
1 1.25
V / Vmax
Vmax

= 0

+ 2872 B BVmax

Vmax V / Vmax

+ 2.62 BVmax

V / Vmax

=0

=0

MV .11

10

 ' :

11 '

? H-M-V

M
1

V = cN c d c ic + DN q d q iq + ( B 2 ) N d i
V
2

(11.21)

(11.22)

(11.23)

11

( B 2 )
V

2
min[ ,1]

647
48

arctan
arctan

M
V

V ( B 2 M )

= 754 1
+ 170.5( B 2 )1

V
V
90
30 0

H / Vmax

arctan
V /V

V
max

7541
0
Vmax
90

M
H / Vmax

arctan
+ 170.5( B 2 B BVmax )1
V / Vmax

V
V
/
30 0
max

H / Vmax

arctan

V / V

max

7541

0
90

Vmax
H / Vmax
M

arctan

BV

V / Vmax
+ 170.5( B 2 B max )1
V / Vmax
30 0

BVmax

B 2B V / V
max

=0
Vmax

BVmax

B 2B
V / Vmax

=0
2
Vmax

 :'

' 11

.12 VHM

M/BVmax
H/Vmax

0.0

0.04
0.08
0.12

0.16

V/Vmax
.13 VHM

) (:

12

 :'

' 11

H/Vmax
0.15

}V
M,
,
={H

0.10

F
0.05

S
F/F
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

V/Vmax
.14

13

 :'

- ' 12

"" . .
.

.1

w x y x y .

) (:

) p ( x, y ) = k ( w + y x + x y

)(12.1

:
L/2 B/2

x + x y )dxdy =kwBL

p( x, y )dxdy = k (w +
L / 2 B / 2

L/2 B/2

1 3
B L
12

x + x y ) xdxdy =k y

1
BL3
12

x + x y ) ydxdy =k x

L/2 B/2

L / 2 B / 2

L/2 B/2

p( x, y ) xdxdy = k (w +
L / 2 B / 2

L / 2 B / 2

L/2 B/2

L/2 B/2

p( x, y) ydxdy = k (w +
L / 2 B / 2

= V

= My

)(12.2

= Mx

L / 2 B / 2

x w

: y

V
kBL
12 M y

=w

= y

kB 3 L
12 M x
= x
kBL3

)(12.3

 :'

- ' 12

:p

12 M y

12 M x
V
+ 3 x+
y
BL
B L
BL3

= ) p ( x, y

)(12.4

.2

: ?
:

V
pmax

My
XR

.3

p max LX R
2
p LX
B X
) M y = max R ( R
2
2
3

= V
)(12.5

4V 2
=
) 3L( BV 2 M y
) 3( BV 2 M y
2V

p max
)(12.6

= XR

 :'

- ' 12

pmax

ylim

xlim
.4

) p ( x, y ) = p max x (B x ) y (L y

)(12.7

,4 :
) xlim ylim (1 x / xlim

B L

P = p ( x, y )dydx

p( x, y)dydx

0 0

) xlim y lim (1 x / xlim

B L

)(12.8

p( x, y ) ydydx

Pe y = p( x, y ) ydydx
0 0

) xlim y lim (1 x / xlim

p( x, y) xdydx

)(12.9

B L

Pe x = p ( x, y ) xdydx
0 0

ylim xlim x y
p max = x ( B xlim ) + y L
)(12.10

) p max = x B + y ( L y lim
= ( ylim , xlim , pmax , y , x ) 5

, .5

) p( x, y ) = p max x (B x ) y (L y

, .

 :'

- ' 12

.5

 :'

- ' 13

qB
(1 2 ) I s
E

B
E

)( -

Is

- ) , '( ) (

I s

)(13.1

, .q

)(L=B
)( L=2B
)( L=5B

0.56
1.12
0.76
1.52
1.05
2.10
0.64
1.00
)?(

0.96
1.30
1.83
0.85

qB
0 1
E

0
1

)(13.2

. - .

.1 13.2

 - ' 13

:'

)( :

P
qd 2
qd
2
=
= ) (1
= ) (1 2
) (1 2
Ed
4 Ed
4 E

)(13.3

78% 92% .

.2 " 13.1-13.3

 - ' 13

:'

.3 , Bardet Experimental Soil Mechanics

 :'

- ' 13

' ) Burland and Burbridge (1985 :

200 .
:

(mm) = qB 0.7 I c f s

)(13.4

(q 2 / 3 ' c ) B I c f s

I
qB 0.7 c f s

)(13.5

q > 'c
q 'c

0.7

(mm) =

- )(kPa

q
B
'c
Ic
fs

SPT - z I

)(m )(kPa -

1.25 L / B
fs =

L / B + 0.25
1.71
N 1.4

0.8

z I (m) = 0.9 B

)(13.7

)(13.8

3 .
. :

H
2
zI

= Ic

)(13.6

H
zI

= f1

)(13.9

N .
) SPT ( ":

1
)(N 15
2

N ' = 15 +

)(13.9

 :'

- ' 13

:
)3'*3'( 1.5 . 3' .
SPT:
SPT
)'(
8
0.75
7
1.55
9
2.3
13
3.0
12
3.7
16
4.45
20
5.20
25" . " '.

z I = 0.9 30.8 = 2.16m

7 + 9 + 13 + 12
= )N ( z = 1.5 3.66
= 10.25
4
1.71
= Ic
= 0.0658
10.251.4
(mm) = qB 0.7 I c f s

25 = q3 0.7 0.0658
25
q = 0 .7
= 176kPa
3 0.0658
P = qB 2 = 1585kN

) :(SPT

7.16
2.24
1000 N =
P' v +0.66 Dr
100

0.446

0.75
1.55
2.3
3.0
3.7
4.45
5.20

8
7
9
13
12
16
20

)P'v (tom/m2

)Dr(%

)E (kPa

1.35
2.8
4.15
5.4
5.96
6.56
7.16

63
55
60
67
64
71
77

40000-50000

18kN/m3
SPT
)'(

Dr = 21.84
0.0716 P' v +0.66

q 300cm
(1 0.3 2 )0.96
40000
2.5
40000
=q
= 382kPa
300 (1 0.3 2 )0.96

2.5cm

!!

 :'

- ' 13

Dr 60-80% 35.

1
qult = cN c s c d c + p 0 N q s q d q + BN s d
2
'B
S q = S = 1 + 0.1k p
L
D
d q = d = 1 + 0.1 k p
B

64444444
41337
744444444
8 644444441343
744444448
1.37
1.096
.37
.096
4744
8 644
47444
8
417
44
8 644
417
444
8
N q 64
N 64
}
}
3
1.5 1
3
1.5
q ult = 18 1.5 33(1 + 0.1 3.7 )(1 + 0.1 3.7
) + e 3 38(1 + 0.1 3.7 )(1 + 0.1 3.7
) = 2680kPa
3
3
2
3
3
d
d

e = (2 H d w ) w2 t + sub2 ( H d w ) 2 = (2 H d w ) w2 t + sub2 ( H d w ) 2
H
H
H
H

H = 0.5 B tan 45 + = 2.88m

2

)d w = 1.5m(= 3 1.5
.77
0.23
644
407
444
8
64447
444
8
1.5
1
) e = (5.76 1.5
+
(2.88 1.5) 2 sub = 15.7 kN / m 3
2 t
2
2.88
2.88

qult 2680
=
= 893kPa
3.0
3.0

= qa

: " . 25
" 3.0.

 :'

- ' 14

)(
.
) ( ) .(1 ,
. ,
.
) ( ) ( .Winkler Models

2 .
, .
. . ,
) 3.0 ( .

:
.
.
.
.
.

 :'

- ' 14

3 ) ( k .EI S ,
M , u .

p = k u

S
dz
z

dz

S+
M
dz
z

M+

, .
:

= k u

= S + z dz S + k u dz = z dz + k u dz = 0 z

)(14.1

M
dz
dz M S dz + k u dz
z
2

M
dz
=
dz S dz + k u dz
=0
z
2
dz
M
dz
S + k u
=0
z
2
dz
M
=S
z

= M +
)(14.2

) (2 ):(1

2
)(14.3
z = k u M = ku
z
z 2
2
2
)( , M = EI u / z .
2
2
. M = EI u / z , ) ,(3 EI ,:
4u
)(14.4
EI 4 + ku = 0
z
. ) (:

4u
+ 44 u = 0
4
z
k
=4
4EI

)(14.5

)) (5 (:

) (c1 cos z + c2 sin z ) + e z (c3 cos z + c4 sin z

u=e

)(14.6

) (c1,c2,c3,c4 . )(:

 :'

- ' 14

=0

=0

z=L

3u
z 3

u
z 2

z=L

)(14.7

z =L

z=L

u
z 3

= EI

u
z 2

= EI

)(14.8

=P

=M

z =0

z =0

)(14.9

z =0

z =0

)(14.10

(c3 + c 4 + ( c1 + c 2 )e 2 L ) cos L (c3 c 4 + (c1 + c 2 )e 2L ) sin L = 0

)(14.11

(c 4 + c 2 e 2L ) cos L + (c3 c1e 2 L ) sin L = 0

)(14.12

P
23 EI

= c1 + c 2 + c3 + c 4

)(14.13

= c2 c4

)(14.14

M
22 EI

u ( z = 0) = c1 + c3
) sinh (2L ) sin (2L
) cosh (2L ) cos(2L
= )u ( z = 0
P+
M
3
2
) 2 EI (cosh (2 L ) + cos(2 L ) 2
) 2 EI (cosh (2 L ) + cos(2 L ) 2

)(14.15

u / z ( z = 0) = (c1 + c 2 c3 + c 4 )
) cosh (2L ) cos(2L
) sin (2L ) + sinh (2L
u ' ( z = 0) =
P
M
2
) EI (cosh (2 L ) + cos(2 L ) 2
) 2 EI (cosh(2 L ) + cos(2 L ) 2

)(14.16

4 5 ) ( .

 :'

- ' 14

" )( . 6 7
.

 :'

- ' 14

,
P .M
L L .3
"" "".
15 16 :

P
M
+
3
2 EI
2 EI2

= )u ( z = 0

)(14.17

) (:

P
M

2
EI
2 EI

u ' ( z = 0) =

)(14.18

:
0.5' 20' .30000kPa
100kN .50kNm
.
:

30000
30000
1
=
= 0.53
4
4
4
m
0.25
0.25
4 3 10 7
4 3 10 7
4
4

=
4

4
0

4E

k
=
4 EI 4

=4

L 3

L = 0.53 20 = 10 > 3
, .17
0.0036
.001
644
7448 64407
448
P
M
100
50
= )u ( z = 0
+
=
+
= 0.0046m = 4.6mm
2 EI3 2 EI2 2 92039 0.533 2 92039 0.53 2

 :'

- ' 14

) (:

100
= P / 0.32 + M 0 0.7
0.32 + 50 0.7 = 95.4kNm
0.53

M max

,96.65kNm .8

 :'

- ' 15

)(
.
) ( Pult .1
:

" .
" ) (Broms ,
.
:
2 , .
, .
.
:
1.5
)?(.

.9cuD

Pult
e
1.5D
f

- cu
- D
g/2

g
g/2

9cuD
2

:
,f :

 :'

- ' 15

P
g
g
9cu D 9cu Df = 0 f = ult
2
2
9c u D

+ 9c u D

=P

)(15.1

ult

f2
f Pult
= Pult (e + 1.5 D + f ) 9cu D
= Pult (e + 1.5D + f ) 9cu D
2
2 9cu D
Pult
)
9cu D

M max
)(15.2

= Pult (e + 1.5 D + 0.5 f ) = Pult (e + 1.5D + 0.5

)(:

g
g
g g
= 9cu D 0.75 g 9cu D 0.25 g = 9cu D
= 2.25cu Dg 2
2
2
2 2

M max

L = g + f + 1.5 D

)(15.4

) (15.3 ) (15.4 ) (15.2 Pult

)(15.3

9
)cu D 18D 2 + 24 De + 16e 2 + 16eL + 8 L2 (3D + 4e + 2 L
2

= Pult

)(15.5

3 . Pult 4 .

e/D=0
e/D=1
e/D=2
e/D=4
e/D=8
60
e/D=16
50

30

Pult/cuD2

40

20
10
0
30

25

20

15

10

L/D
3

 :'

- ' 15

500

50

10

Mmax/cuD3

16
=D
/
0
e
=D
/
e

100

1
5.0 7.0 10.0 15.020.0

3.0

L/D
4

3 4 .
.4

?
) .(5 4 )
( . , . M max = M y
, 4 .

 :'

- ' 15

. ,
.6

6 ) (

)Pult = 9cu D( L 1.5D

)(15.6

) (:

)M max = Pult (0.5L + 0.75 D

)(15.7

) (
) ( . 7 .
, :

f2
=0
2

2M y Pult ( f + 1.5 D) + 9cu D

)(15.8

) , ,
:(0

Pult = 9cu Df

)(15.9

 - ' 15

) (15.8 ) (15.9:

:'

+ 16cu DM y 9cu d 2

( 81c D
2
u

3
= Pult
2

)(15.10

7 ""

, :

(15.5) . ,2 3

,5 4

(15.6) . 6

(15.10) . 7

M max = M y

:
1.0' 20' . cu = 50kPa
. M y = 150kNm .

) (
):(4

9
)cu D 18D 2 + 24 De + 16e 2 + 16eL + 8 L2 (3D + 4e + 2 L
2

= Pult

9
50 1 18 12 + 8 20 2 (3 1 + 2 20) = 3088kN
2

P
150
= 3 ult 2 = 2 Pult = 100kN
50
cu D

My
3

cu D

, !
, 3 .

 :'

- ' 15

:
8 .

, .R
:

0.5DL3 K p
LL
= Pult
23
) (e + L

Pult (e + L) = 3DLK p

)(15.11

. f

Pult
3
Pult DK p f 2 = 0 f = 0.82
DK p
2

)(15.12

2
) = Pult (e + f
3

M max

)(15.13

. M max = M y
,e=0 :

3
Pult = (DK p )1 / 3 M y2 / 3
2

)(15.14

) (e .9

 :'

- ' 15

500

100
50

10
5
1
2
4
8
16

1
10000

1000

10

100

My/Kp D

) (:

3
DK p L2
2

= Pult

)(15.15

) (:

3
(DK p )1 / 3 (2M y ) 2 / 3
2

= Pult

, :

(15.11) .

(15.15) .

)(15.16

(15.14) . ,e=0
9
(15.16) .

 - ' 16

:'

) (
.
.

Continuous Flight Auger - CFA

CFA

 :'

- ' 16

Pult

) ' (?

Pult = PSu + PBu W

- PSu .
- PBu .
- W .

.1

PBu

Pult = 2r0 (c a + v k s tan a ')dz + r0 (c N c + vb ' N q + 0.5 2r0 N ) W

L

' = c a + h tg a
)

(-

ks

PSu

h = ks v

:
= 0; c = cu r02 vb W

- cu ) = (su

= 0 N = 0; N q = 1
L

Pult = 2r0 c a dz + r0 cu N c
2

? c a
, .

c
= 0.45; a = 0.25 0.77

cu

ca

c
u
2

 :'

- ' 16

,
. , .
. . , . ,
,

) = c a / cu

cu

.2

)(
? = k s = ?; ' a = ?; v ' = ?; c a
, :


:

ks = k0

) - k 0 ( ,

= 1 sin OCR

1 1
= ' , c a = c
3 2

= 1 sin

. k0

. k0

. 'a

,
.
.
.
- z c .

.3

zc

zc

- 1 ) . (

3
4

= 1 '+10 o

 - ' 16

:'

= 1 '3o

-d

.4

:
-

' tan a

. k s" .

.5 ) (

.6 ) (

 :'

- ' 16

. N q - ,

1 '+40 o
2

= 1 '3o

.7 Nq

" , :
L

PSu = 2ro v k s tg a dz
0
2

PBu = v N q r0

 :'

- ' 17

) (
. ) (Floating
).(end bearing

)( ) (
- .

I
Es d

=P

-d ) (.
- E s .
- E p .
- s .

I = I 0 Rk Rh R

.1

- I 0

s = 0.5

= Ep

) ( , ) ( -

) .(2

- Rk ) .(3
- Rh ) .(4
- R ) .(5

 :'

- ' 17

.2 ) I0 ,db/d=1 (

.3 ) Rk

E p RA
Es

,K

Ap
2

= Ap , R A

- (

 :'

- ' 17

.4 L ) Rh , h (1

.5 R

 :'

- ' 17

I
I R R R
= P 0 k h
Es d
Es d

=P

E p = 3 10 7 kPa
E s = 50000kPa
K .

= 600

1.0
67
8
E p Ap

d2

Es

=K

2 I0=0.075 ,L/d=25
3 K=600 Rk=1.3 ,L/d=25
4 .Rh=1.0 ,L/h=0

.6

5 K=600 R=0.93 ,s=0.3

:

I R R R
0.075 1.3 1 0.93
I
= P 0 k h = 1500kN
= 2.72mm
kN
Es d
Es d
50000 2 1m
m

=P

, ) " ' 12

)( (:
0.91
647
4
8
1500
P
2
= ) (1
(1 0.3 2 ) = 27 mm
=
50000 1
Ed

 :'

- ' 17

)( ) (:
- .

I
Es d

=P

-d ) (.
- E s .
- E p .

Es,

- s .

I = I 0 Rk Rb R

, .

- Rk )
.(3
- R

Eb ,
.7

) .(5
- Rb )
.(8

 :'

- ' 17

.8 Rb

 :'

- ' 18

. )
' 15 .(16

:
PGu = N P1

PGu

'

.1

: )( 1/16 .
" .2
4 2 4) A( , 2) B(,
2) C( 4) D( " .12
" :

3
5
8
5
PGu = 41 + 21 + 21 + 41 P1
16 16 16 16
13 11 8 11
= 4 + 2 + 2 + 4 P1 = 8.375 P1
16 16 16 16
:

PGu 8.375
=
= 0 .7
NP1
12

. .

 :'

- ' 18

(n 1)m + (m 1)n

mn

90

= 1

d
s

= arctan
-s .
-d
-m
-n
:

= arctan(1 / 5) = 11.3
m=4
n=3
11.3 2 4 + 3 3
= 0.82
90
12

.2

= 1

" ) (.

PB = Br Lr cN c + 2( Br + Lr ) L c
- L .
- Br .

Br

- c .

B
N c = N cR 0.84 + 0.16 r
Lr

Lr
L

Nc
NcR , .4

.3

 :'

- ' 18

N cR

.4 Nc

' :

1
PB2

+
2

N 2 P1

N 2 P1
2

PB

= 1+

1
2

PG
1

.5

, .

 :'

- ' 18

.
.
. -

i j
i

= i,j

- . ' 15 "

I
Es d

=P

I
Es d

,
.

1 = P1 + 1, 2 P2 + 1,3 P3
2 = 2,1 P1 + P2 + 2,3 P3
3 = 3,1 P1 + 3, 2 P2 + P3

}{ } = [ ]{P
.6

" ,
.

) (

. , .

1
= - k s .

i =1

PG

= KG

} {P} = 1 [ ]1 { } = k s [ ]1 {

} { } = {1[ ]1 = [ ] -

 :'

- ' 18

] P1 = k s [ 11 + 12 + + 1N
N

] PN = k s [ N 1 + N 2 + + NN

K G = k s ij N k s
i =1 i =1

K G = N k s
,
N

ij

i =1 i =1

K
= = G
Nk s

)(.

, .
, :

.7 L/d=25

S .

 :'

- ' 18

.8 L/d=10
, s/d .3- .

1
0.5
1.94

3P
3
= ks
1.94P
1.94
K G = 3k s
= KG

1 = P1 + 0.47P2 + 0.47P3
P1 = P2 = P3 = P 1 = 1.94P
-

s = P

, .