Nhien Lieu Va Chat Boi Tron

TRNG I HC NHA TRANG
PGS. TS.
Nguyn Vn Nhn
NHIN LIU & MI CHT CHUYN DNG

(Bi ging dng cho sinh vin cc ngnh K thut-Cng ngh ti HNT)
NHA TRANG - 2012
-2Chng 1
TNG QUAN V NHIN LIU DNG CHO NG C T TRONG

1.1. PHN LOI NHIN LIU
Nhin liu l cht chy c v sinh ra nhit khi chy, v d : than, ci, xng, du, kh t, kh ho lng, v.v. Bng 1-1. Phn loi tng qut nhin liu Tiu ch phn loi Trng thi tn ti iu kin p sut v nhit kh quyn Nguyn liu sn xut nhin liu Mc ch s dng Cng ngh sn xut Theo nhit tr lng, v.v. Nhin liu lng : xng, du ho, gas oil, benzol, cn, du solar, du mazout, v.v. Nhin liu rn : than , than bn, ci, v.v. Nhin liu gc du m : xng, du diesel, du ho, v.v. Nhin liu thay th : xng tng hp, cn, hydro, v.v. Nhin liu dng cho ng c pht ho bng tia la : xng, cn, kh t, v.v. Nhin liu diesel : gas oil, mazout, kh t, v.v. Nhin liu my bay : xng my bay, nhin liu phn lc. Xng chng ct trc tip Xng cracking Xng reforming Nhin liu tng hp Nhin liu chng ct Nhin liu c nhit tr cao : xng, du diesel, mazout,v.v. Nhin liu c nhit tr thp : kh l ga, kh l cao,v.v. Loi nhin liu Kh t : kh m, kh l ga, kh thp, kh l cao, kh ho
PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn
- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG
2012
-31) Kh m - cn gi l kh t nhin (natural gas) - l hn hp cc loi kh c khai thc t cc m kh t hoc m du trong lng t. Kh m c th c phn loi thnh : kh ng hnh, kh khng ng hnh v kh ho tan. Kh ng hnh - kh t do c trong cc m du. Kh khng ng hnh - kh c khai thc t cc m kh t trong lng t v khng tip xc vi du th trong m du. Kh ho tan - kh ho tan trong du th c khai thc t cc m du. Thnh phn ca kh m c th rt khc nhau tu thuc vo v tr a l m kh m c khai thc, tuy nhin chng u cha ch yu l methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6) v mt lng nh cc cht khc nh dioxide carbon (CO2), nit (N2), helium (He), v.v. Ngoi cng dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong (CT) ni ring v nhin liu ni chung, kh m cn c s dng lm nguyn liu sn xut phn ho hc, vt liu tng hp, v.v. 2) Kh lc-ho du - cc loi kh thu c trong qu trnh ch bin du m, v d : kh thu c trong cc qu trnh chng ct trc tip, nhit phn, cracking, v.v. 3) Kh l ga (producer gas) - kh t thu c bng cch kh ho cc loi nhin liu rn nh than , than nu, than ci, g, v.v. nhit cao. Ton b qu trnh kh ho c tin hnh trong mt loi thit b c tn l l sinh kh. Hnh 1-1 gii thiu s l sinh kh v mt s thng s cng tc trong qu trnh kh ho than .
Kh l ga 150 - 500 0C
1 2 3 4 5
500 - 900 0C
900 - 1100 0C
1300 0C
KK + H2O
H. 1-1. S l sinh kh 1- Tng sy, 2- Tng chng ct, 3- Tng to kh, 4- Tng chy, 5- Phn cha tro
2012
-4Nguyn l hot ng ca l sinh kh nh sau : khng kh c thi vo l t pha di ; ngay pha trn ghi l, than c t chy theo phn ng to nhit : C + O2 = CO2 + 406000 kJ/kmol (1.1) Khu vc din ra qu trnh chy ni trn c gi l tng chy, khu vc pha trn tng chy l tng kh. Ti tng kh din ra 2 loi phn ng thu nhit di y : CO2 + C 2CO - 176000 kJ/kmol (1.2) H2O + C CO + H2 - 132000 kJ/kmol (1.3) Phn ng (1.2) v (1.3) l cc phn ng 2 chiu. T s CO/CO2 c hnh thnh phn ng (1.2) v H2/H2O phn ng (1.3) ph thuc trc ht vo nhit ti khu vc din ra phn ng. nhit 700 0C , CO/ CO2 1 v H2/ H2O 2,3 ; nhit 1000 0C , CO/ CO2 165 v H2/ H2O 103. Trong trng hp sn xut kh l ga t than , ngi ta thng thi mt lng nht nh hi nc vo trong l cng vi khng kh. Mc ch chnh ca vic s dng hi nc l lm gim nhit tng chy nhm bo v cc b phn ca l tip xc trc tip vi than v tro c nhit cao. Nu khng c hi nc, nhit ti khu vc ngay trn ghi l c th t ti 1700 0C. Ngoi ra, hi nc cng c tc dng lm tng cht lng ca kh l ga nh tng hm lng H2 t qu trnh phn hu H2O. Tu theo chiu cao ca l, nhit ti tng kh dao ng trong khong 900-1100 0 C. Pha trn tng kh l tng chng ct c nhit c duy tr trong khong 500-900 0 C. Ti tng chng ct, hu ht nhng thnh phn d bay hi ca nhin liu rn thot ra v c ht ra ngoi cng vi cc thnh phn khc ca kh l ga. Kh l ga l mt hn hp ca CO, H2 ,CH4 , CO2 , N2 , hi nc, v mt s loi hydrocarbon. Thnh phn trung bnh ca kh l ga nh sau : 27 % CO, 7 % H2 , 2 % CH4 , 4 % CO2 , 58 % N2 [7]. Kh l ga c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng ng c ga, turbine kh, cc ngnh luyn kim, thu tinh, gm, v.v. N c u im l c s octan kh cao (RON 100), nhng c nhit tr thp ( H 5650 kJ/m3 ) v cha nhiu N2 . 4) Kh thp (illuminating gas) - Kh t c sn xut quy m cng nghip t cc loi nhin liu rn hoc lng nh : than , than nu, du, v.v. Cc loi kh thp ph bin l kh t (water gas), kh du (carbureted water gas) v kh than (coal gas). Kh t thu c bng cch thi hi nc qua mt lp than hoc coke c nhit cao. Thnh phn ch yu ca kh t l CO v H2 . Kh du v Kh than thu c bng cch nhit phn du hoc than. Thnh phn ch yu ca chng l H2, CH4 , C2H4 v CO.
2012
-5Bng 1-2. Mt s tnh cht ca kh t [7] Loi kh t Kh m Kh l ga Kh thp Kh coke Carbon monoxide (CO) Hydrogen (H2) Methane (CH4) Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10)
[kg/m ] 0,695 1,015 0,614 0,468 1,147 0,082 0,655 1,80 2,37
3
ON 90 90 100 70 110 -
H [kJ/m3] 34.700 5.650 17.000 13.000 12.100 10.200 36.000 83.000 110.000
L0 [m /m3] 9,5 1,2 3,9 4,5 2,4 2,38 9,5 23,8 31

3
Hh (= 1) [kJ/m3] 3.400 2.600 3.250 3.350 3.500 3.000 3.400 3.300 3.400
Bng 1-3. Thnh phn ca mt s loi kh lc-ho du [1] Thnh phn [ % vol ] Hydrogen (H2) Methane (CH4) Ethane (C2H6) Propane (C3H8) Butane (C4H10) Ethylene Propylene Buthylene Hydrocarbon c C > 5 Chng ct trc tip 1 14 16 3 17 9 28 14 34 14 30 Nhit phn 12 55 57 57 0,5 0,2 16 18 78 45 23 Cracking xc tc 56 10 35 16 20 42 46 3 6 11 56 5 - 12
5) Kh ho lng Cc loi kh t cha ho lng c gi thnh thp, nhng vic vn chuyn v phn phi kh phc tp. Kh t thng c cung cp n ni tiu th bng h thng ng ng t p sut cao n p sut trung bnh ri p sut thp. Kh ho lng c u im hn hn kh cha ho lng ch c nhit tr th tch ln (nhit lng sinh ra khi t chy mt n v th tch nhin liu), nn thch hp hn khi dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t v nhng ni cha c h thng ng dn kh t. Kh t nhin qua x l, ch bin v ho lng c gi l kh t nhin ho lng (Liquefied Natural Gases - LNG); cn kh t thu c trong qu trnh ch bin du m ri ho lng th c gi l kh du m ho lng (Liquefied Petroleum Gases - LPG).
2012
-6Thnh phn c bn ca kh ho lng l propane (C3H8) v butane (C4H10) , ngoi ra kh ho lng cn cha mt lng nh cc hydrocarbon khc nh : ethane (C2H6), pentane (C5H10), ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), buthylene (C4H8) v cc ng phn (isomer) ca chng. Trc kia, kh ho lng c s dng ch yu lm nhin liu cho CT, cng nghip thu tinh, gm, gia dng, v.v. Khi s dng chy ng c t, kh ho lng thng c cha trong bnh di p sut khong 16 bar. Hin nay, ngoi cc ng dng trn, kh ho lng cn c phn tch thnh cc cu t ring bit lm nguyn liu cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nh sn xut cao su nhn to, vt liu tng hp, phm mu, dc liu, v.v. 6) Xng - Xng l hn hp ca nhiu loi hydrocarbon khc nhau c nhit si trong khong 25 250 0C. Nguyn liu ch yu sn xut xng hin nay l du m. Ngoi ra, xng cng c th c tng hp t mt s loi nguyn liu khc nh than , than nu, phin nhin liu, kh m, v.v. Cn c vo mc ch s dng, xng c phn loi thnh : xng cng nghip, xng t v xng my bay. Xng cng nghip l tn gi chung cho cc loi xng khng thuc nhm xng dng lm nhin liu cho ng c. Xng cng nghip thng l phn on hp ca xng chng ct trc tip vi thnh phn phn on hp, v d : 70 120 0C, 165 200 0C, v.v. , c s dng trong cng nghip cao su, sn, p du v cc ngnh cng nghip khc. Xng t l tn gi chung cho cc loi xng dng chy ng c xng thng gp hin nay, nh : ng c xng t, xe my, xung cao tc, ng c xng lai my pht in,v.v. Xng my bay dng chy ng c my bay loi piston v turbine kh. 7) Du ho - l sn phm ca qu trnh chng ct du m, cha cc loi hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t 9 n 14, si trong khong nhit 150-300 0C. Cn c vo mc ch s dng, c th phn bit : du ho ng c, du ho k thut v du ho dn dng. Du ho ng c l du ho lm nhin liu cho ng c nhit. Trc nhng nm 60, du ho tng c s dng chy ng c pht ho bng tia la c t s nn thp ( 5 ) v ng c diesel thp tc. Hin nay, du ho ng c ch c s dng cho turbine kh v ng c phn lc. Du ho k thut c dng lm dung mi, nguyn liu cho cc qu trnh nhit phn, v.v. Du ho dn dng (gi tt l du ho v k hiu l KO - Kerosene Oil) c dng thp sng, un nu, v.v.
2012
-7Bng 1-4. Ch tiu cht lng ca LPG ca PETROLIMEX [2] Ch tiu cht lng 1. T khi 15 - d4 - d @ 60 0 F max max Mc qui nh 0,5531 0,5533 480 - 820 0.2 - 1,0 30 - 40 60 - 70 40000 - 55000 170 Negative Khng No. 1 Phng php th ASTM - D.1657
2. p sut hi bo ho 37,8 0C , [kPa] 3. Thnh phn , [% mol ] - Ethane - Propane - Butane 4. Nhit tr , [kcal/kg] 5. Hm lng sulphur , [ppm] max 6. Hm lng hydrogen sulfide , [ppm] 7. Nc t do 8. n mn ng 37,8 0C
ASTM - D.2598 ASTM - D.2163
ASTM - D.2598 ASTM - D.2784 ASTM - D.2420 ASTM - D.1838
Bng 1-5. Du ho theo tiu chun ASTM - D.3699-90 Cc ch tiu 1. Thnh phn ct , [ 0C] : - t10 , max - FBP , max 2. im chp la cc kn , [ 0C] , min 3. nht ng hc 40 0C , [cSt] , min/max 4. Hm lng sulphur , [ % wt ] , max - Loi 1- K - Loi 2- K 5. Hm lng mercaptan , [ % wt ] , max 6. im ng c , [ 0C ] , max 7. n mn ng 100 0C , 3 gi , max 8. Mu Saybolt , min Mc qui nh 205 300 38 1,0 / 1,9 Phng php th ASTM - D.86 ASTM - D.56 ASTM - D.445 ASTM - D.1266 0,04 0,03 0,003 - 30 No. 3 + 16
ASTM - D.3227 ASTM - D.2386 ASTM - D.130 ASTM - D.156
2012
-8Bng 1-6. Du ho theo tiu chun Vit nam TCVN 6240 - 1997 [2] Cc ch tiu 1. Thnh phn ct , [ 0C ] : - t10 , max - FBP , max 2. im chp la cc kn , [ 0C ] , min 3. nht ng hc 40 0C , [ cSt ] 4. Hm lng lu hunh , [ % wt ] , max 5. Hm lng mercaptan , [ % wt ] 6. Chiu cao ngn la khng khi , [mm ] , min 7. n mn ng 100 0C , 3 gi , max Mc qui nh 205 300 38 1,0 - 1,9 0,3 m tnh 20 No. 3 Phng php th TCVN 2698 - 95 ASTM - D.93 TCVN 2693 - 90 ASTM - D.445 ASTM - D.129 TCVN 2708 - 78 ASTM - D.4952 ASTM - D.1322 ASTM - D.130 TCVN 2694 - 95
8) Gas oil - l tn gi thng mi ca phn on du m c nhit si trong khong 180 360 0C, cha cc loi hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t 11 n 18. Gas oil c coi l loi nhin liu thch hp nht cho ng c diesel cao tc. Ngoi ra, gas oil cng c dng lm nguyn liu trong cng ngh nhit phn v cracking. 9) Du diesel tu thy (marine diesel oil) - cn c gi l du solar) - l phn on ca du m c nhit si trong khong 300 400 0C. Du diesel tu thy c s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, nh : lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel c tc quay trung bnh v thp (n < 1000 vg/ph) ; lm cht bi trn-lm mt trong cc qu trnh ct, dp, ti kim loi ; tm da v dng trong cng nghip dt, v.v. 10) Fuel Oil (FO) - l tn gi chung ca loi nhin liu cha cc phn on ca du m c nhit si ts > 350 0C. Tu thuc vo nhit chng ct, cng ngh ch bin, cch thc pha ch, v.v. , FO c nhiu tn gi thng mi khc nhau, nh : mazout, du cn, du nng, du t l, Bunkier B, Bunkier C, v.v. Mazout l phn cn li sau chng ct du m p sut kh quyn, chim khong mt na khi lng du m. Mazout c nht v hm lng tp cht cao hn nhiu so vi cc phn ct ; n c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c diesel thp tc, dng t l hoc l nguyn liu cho cc cng on ch bin du m tip theo nh chng ct chn khng, cracking, v.v. 11) Benzol - Phn chng ct ca nha than (coal tar) , n cha khong 70 % benzene (C6H6), 20 % toluene (C7H8), 10 % xylene (C8H10) v mt lng nh cc hp
2012
-9cht cha lu hunh (S). Benzol c kh nng chng kch n kh cao (RON 105) nn l loi nhin liu tt cho ng c pht ho bng tia la. Trc kia, benzol thng c s dng ho trn vi xng vi hm lng c th ti 40 % lm nhin liu cho ng c xng. 12) Alcohol - Dn xut ca hydrocarbon c cha nhm hydroxyl (OH) nguyn t carbon bo ho. Tu theo c im ca nguyn t carbon kt hp vi nhm OH m alcohol c gi l bc nht ( CH2 OH ) , bc hai ( CH OH ) v bc ba ( C OH ). Cc hp cht m nhm OH ni vi nguyn t C c ni i c gi l enol, cn ni vi nguyn t C ca vng thm th c gi l phenol. Cho n nay c hai loi alcohol c s dng quy m cng nghip lm nhin liu cho ng c pht ho bng tia la l ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH) v methyl alcohol (CH3OH). Chng c gi l etanol v metanol nu khng cha nc. Etanol l cht lng khng mu, c sn xut bng cch ln men cc sn phm nng nghip nh ng cc, khoai ty, ma ng ,v.v. Metanol l cht lng trong sut c mi c trng, c sn xut bng cch chng kh g hoc tng hp t than v hydrogen. Khc vi etanol, metanol c th gy nhim c nng cho c th con ngi v ng vt khi thm nhp vo c th. Cho n nay c rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu s dng metanol v etanol lm nhin liu cho ng c pht ho bng tia la. Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng, etanol v metanol c th dng di dng nguyn cht hoc hn hp vi xng chy ng c xng. Nu s dng di dng nguyn cht, ch cn ci hon mt s b phn ca h thng cung cp nhin liu v h thng khi ng vic khi ng ng c c d dng hn. Bng 1-8. Tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca mt s loi nhin liu lng [7] Tnh cht Xng Ethanol 0,789 0,18 27000 7,3 Methanol 0,793 19500 5,3 Benzol 0,88 0,3 40500 10,8 Gas oil 0,840,88 0,01 3500044000 11,7 Du ho 0,81 0,150,20 40500 12,0
Khi lng 0,723 ring, [kg/dm ] 0,76 p sut hI 0,6-0,8 bo ho, [bar] Nhit tr, 43000[kJ/kg] 44000 Lng khng 11,8 kh l thuyt, [m3/kg] Nhit n ho 315-350 hi, [kJ/kg]
920
1150
380
2012
- 10 1.2. YU CU I VI NHIN LIU DNG CHO NG C T TRONG Qu trnh t chy nhin liu cc loi ng c t trong (CT) hin nay ch c php din ra trong mt thi gian rt ngn, t vi phn trm n vi phn ngn ca 1 giy. Tu thuc vo chng loi ng c m nhin liu phi p ng nhng yu cu khc nhau. ng c hnh thnh hn hp chy bn ngoi nh ng c carburetor v ng c phun xng, nhin liu phi l loi d bay hi ho trn nhanh v u vi khng kh i vo xylanh. ng c diesel, nhin liu phi c phun vo bung t di dng sng m v ho trn u vi khng kh trong khong thi gian ngn nht c th. Nhng yu cu c bn m nhin liu dng cho CT phi p ng bao gm : - Ho trn d dng vi khng kh v chy nhanh, - C nhit tr th tch cao (khi chy to ra nhiu nhit t mt n v th tch nhin liu), - Sn phm chy khng gy nhim mi trng, - Vn chuyn, bo qun v phn phi d dng. Nhin liu kh c u im ln nht l d ho trn vi khng kh to thnh hn hp chy ng nht v c s octane cao hn xng, v vy n c th l nhin liu tt cho ng c pht ho bng tia la in. Khi chy hon ton, nhin liu kh hu nh khng li tro cn. Nhc im c bn ca nhin liu kh l c nhit tr th tch thp, do khi s dng cho ng c t phi c cha trong cc bnh c p sut ln (ti 200 bar ), tm hot ng ca t cng b hn ch. Than cng tng c s dng chy CT . R. Diesel ng k ti M ngy 16 thng 7 nm 1895 bng sng ch s 542846, trong m t loi ng c chy bng than di dng bt t bc chy khi c np vo xylanh cha khng kh b nn n p sut v nhit cao. ng c hot ng theo nguyn l ni trn c hiu sut kh cao nhng sm b thay th bng loi ng c dng nhin liu lng tin li hn nhiu. Trong thi gian xy ra cuc khng hong nng lng thp k 70, tng s dng than thay th nhin liu gc du m li c cp n. Nhiu cng trnh nghin cu s dng than bt chy ng c tuabin kh, than bt ho trn vi nc hoc du chy ng c diesel cho nhng kt qu kh quan. 1.3. CC LOI HYDROCARBON C TRONG DU M Du m l nguyn liu gc ch bin ra hu ht cc loi nhin liu v cht bi trn dng cho CT hin nay. Hm lng cc cht ho hc trong du m dao ng trong phm vi nh sau : 81-87 % C ; 10-14 % H2 ; 0-6 % S ; 0-7 % O2 ; 0-1,2 % N2 . Ngoi ra, trong du m cn c rt nhiu nguyn t khc vi hm lng rt nh.
2012
- 11 Mc d ch c hai nguyn t ch yu l C v H, nhng du m l mt cht rt phc tp v mt ho hc. Cc nguyn t C v H trong du m c kh nng kt hp vi nhau theo nhng cch thc v t l rt khc nhau, to thnh nhng hp cht c gi l hydrocarbon (CnHm). Tnh cht l ho ca nhin liu v cht bi trn c sn xut t du m ph thuc rt nhiu vo hm lng ca cc nhm hydrocarbon khc nhau c trong nguyn liu gc. C th chia tt c hydrocarbon c trong du m thnh 4 nhm : Parafin (CnH2n+2), Naphthene (CnH2n), Aromatic (CnH2n-6) v nhm cc loi hydrocarbon khc. 1) Parafin - l loi hydrocarbon c cng thc ho hc chung l CnH2n + 2 . Cc phn t ca parafin thng c cu trc mch thng vi lin kt n gia 2 nguyn t carbon (C) v hon ton c bo ho bng nhng nguyn t hydro (H) nn c gi l hydrocarbon bo ho.
H H C H H H H C H H C H H C H H H H C H H C H H C H H C H H C H H
Metane( CH4 )
n-Propane (C3H8)
n-Pentane (C5H12)
H. 1-2. Cu trc phn t ca parafin thng

H H C H H C H H C H C H H H C H H C H H C H H H H H C H H H C C C H H H C H H H C H H C H H
2-M ethylhexane (C 7H 16 )
H H C H H C H H H H C C C H H C H H H H C H H
2,2-D im ethylpentane (C 7 H16 )
3-Ethylpentane (C 7 H16 )
H. 1-3. Cu trc phn t ca isomer ca parafin
2012
- 12 Ch n t trc tn gi ca cc parafin ch l loi parafin thng (normal paraffin). Trong du m, ngoi cc parafin thng, cn c cc ng phn (isomer) ca chng. l cc hydrocarbon c cng s nguyn t carbon v hydro trong mt phn t, nhng c cu trc phn t khc nhau. Di y l v d v cu trc phn t ca 3 isomer ca n-heptane l methylhexane, dimethylpentane v ethylpentane. Chng u c cng thc ho hc nh ca n-heptane (C7H16 ) nhng c cu trc phn t kiu mch nhnh vi cc nhm methyl (CH3) v ethyl (C2H5) . Trong tn gi ca isomer ni trn, methyl v ethyl l tn cc nhm CH3 v C2H5 ; pentane, hexane ch s nguyn t carbon cn li trong phn cu trc mch thng; cc s 2, 3 ch v tr ca nguyn t carbon lin kt vi cc nhm methyl v ethyl. 2) Naphthene - cn gi l Cyclane hoc Cycloparafin, c cng thc ho hc chung l CnH2n . Phn t ca naphthene c cu trc kiu mch vng, trong vng mi nguyn t C lin kt vi 2 nguyn t C khc bng mi lin kt n. V d :
H C H H C C H H H H C H H C H
C y c lo p r o p a n e ( C 3 H 6 )
H C
H H C C H C H H H H
M e th y lc y c l o p e n ta n e ( C 6 H 1 2 )
H. 1-4. Cu trc phn t ca naphthene

H H C H H C C C H
B enzene ( C 6 H 6 )
H H H C C C C H H H H C C C H C H
1,4 D im ethylbenzene ( C 8 H 10 )
C C
C C
H H
H H
C C C H
C C
H H
M ethylenzene ( C 7 H 8 ) (T oluene)
H. 1-5. Cu trc phn t ca aromatics

2012
- 13 3) Aromatics - l loi hydrocarbon c cng thc ho hc chung l CnH2n 6 v cu trc phn t c nhn benzene vi 6 nguyn t C lin kt vi nhau bng 3 lin kt i v 3 lin kt n. V d : 4) Mt s loi hydrocarbon khc Olefin (CnH2n) - c cu trc phn t kiu mch thng ging nh ca parafin nhng c mt lin kt i gia 2 nguyn t C. Vi cng s lng nguyn t C, phn t olefin c s nguyn t H t hn, v vy olefin c gi l hydrocarbon cha bo ho. V d : H H H H H H-C-C-C=C-C-C-C-H H H H H H H H H. 1-6. Cu trc phn t ca olefin Mi lin kt i c th nm bt k v tr no. Ch s ng trc tn ca olefin ch v tr ca mi lin kt i tnh t pha c s nguyn t C t hn. Diolefin (CnH2n-2) - c cu trc phn t ging nh ca olefin, nhng c 2 mi lin kt i trong mch thng. V d : H H H 1,5- Heptadiene (C7H12) 3- Heptene (C7H14)
H-C=C-C-C-C=C-C-H H H H H H H H
H. 1-7. Cu trc phn t ca diolefin
2012
- 14 1.4. QUAN H GIA CU TRC PHN T CA HYDROCARBON V TNH CHNG KCH N CA NHIN LIU Cu trc phn t ca hydrocarbon c nh hng rt ln n tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu. Cu trc phn t ca parafin v tnh chng kch n c mi quan h nh sau : - Mch carbon cng di th tnh chng kch n cng km. - Cc nhm methyl v tr th 2 hoc gia mch carbon c tc dng lm tng tnh chng kch n. Mt s th nghim cho thy rng : cc hydrocarbon cha bo ho c tnh chng kch n tt hn cc hydrocarbon bo ho tng ng, tr cc trng hp ethylene (C2H4), acetylene (C2H2) v propylene (C4H8) . Tnh chng kch n v cu trc phn t ca aromatic v ca naphthene c quan h nh sau : - Naphthene c tnh chng kch n km hn nhiu so vi aromatic tng ng. Th d cyclohexane (C6H12) c tnh chng kch n km hn benzene (C6H6). - Mt lin kt i c hiu qu chng kch n km hn hai hoc ba lin kt i. - Tng chiu di mch cu trc v mt pha s lm gim kh nng chng kch n, trong khi phn nhnh cu trc li lm tng kh nng chng kch n. Ni chung, cu trc phn t ca hydrocarbon cng chc th tnh chng kch n cng cao. 1.5. THNH PHN HO HC CA NHIN LIU GC DU M Nhin liu lng c ch bin t du m u c thnh phn ho hc ch yu l carbon (C) v hydro (H2). Ngoi ra, chng cng c th cha mt s cht khc vi hm lng rt nh nh : lu hunh (S), oxy (O2), v.v. Thnh phn ho hc ca nhin liu lng thng c th hin nh sau : c + h + s + of + ... = 1 [kg] (1.4) trong : c, h, s, of l s phn trm tnh theo khi lng ca cc cht carbon, hydro, lu hunh, oxy, v.v. c trong 1 kg nhin liu. Nhin liu kh dng cho CT thng l mt hn hp cc loi kh chy v kh tr, v d : CH4, C2H2, H2, CO, CO2, N2, v.v. Ngi ta thng dng cng thc ho hc ca cht kh th hin hm lng tnh theo % th tch ca cht kh v biu din thnh phn ca 1 m3 hoc 1 kmol nhin liu kh nh sau : CnHmOr + N2 = 1 [m3 hoc kmole] (1.5)
2012
- 15 1.6. CC PHNG PHP SN XUT NHIN LIU DNG CHO CT 1.6.1. CNG NGH LC - HO DU Cho n nay, nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc loi nhin liu dng cho CT vn l du m. Cc loi CT thng dng hin nay nh ng c xng, ng c diesel, ng c phn lc, v.v. khng chy bng du th c. Du th phi c ch bin to ra cc loi nhin liu thch hp cho tng loi ng c . Di y gii thiu mt s cng ngh lc - ho du ph bin hin nay. 1) Chng ct phn on - Cng ngh phn tch cc loi hydrocarbon khc nhau c trong du m bng cch cho chng bay hi ri lm ngng t hi theo tng phn on khc nhau v nhit si c gi l chng ct phn on (fractional distillation) . Qu trnh chng ct tin hnh trong iu kin p sut kh quyn c gi l chng ct trc tip ; nu tin hnh trong iu kin chn khng th c gi l chng ct chn khng. im c trng nht ca cng ngh chng ct phn on l khng lm thay i cc loi hydrocarbon v mt ho hc m ch phn tch chng ra thnh tng nhm theo cc khong nhit si khc nhau. Chng ct phn on l cng ngh c s dng sm nht sn xut nhin liu cho CT t du m, trong c xng . Hin nay, nhu cu v xng so vi cc loi nhin liu khc vt xa lng xng c th thu c t du m bng cng ngh chng ct phn on. iu dn n s pht trin mt s cng ngh lc-ho du khc nhm thu c mt t l xng ln hn, v d : cracking, polymer ho, isomer ho, v.v. 2) Craking - Cng ngh ch bin du m, trong cc phn on nng ca du m c ch bin thnh cc phn on nh hn bng cch b gy cu trc ca cc phn t hydrocarbon nng thnh cc hydrocarbon nh hn. V d : (1.6) C14H30 C7H16 + C7H14 Nguyn liu ca cracking c th l du ho, gas oil, mazout, gudron du m. Sn phm thu c l kh cracking, xng, du ho, gas oil v cn cracking. Trong cng nghip ch bin du m, c hai phng php cracking c s dng rng ri l cracking nhit v cracking xc tc. - Cracking nhit : Qu trnh cracking c tin hnh trong iu kin nhit cao (400-550 0C ) v khng c cht xc tc. - Cracking xc tc : Qu trnh cracking din ra di tc dng ng thi ca cht xc tc v nhit . Trong nhng nm gn y, cht xc tc c s dng rng ri nht l silica-alumina tng hp c hot tnh xc tc v tnh chn lc vt xa tt c cc cht xc tc c s dng trc kia. Cracking xc tc khng ch lm tng t l xng m trong xng thu c c hm lng hydrocarbon c cu trc phn t kiu mch nhnh
2012
- 16 (isomer) nhiu hn, bi vy xng cracking xc tc c tnh chng kch n cao. Cracking xc tc thc t thay th cracking nhit v c s dng ch bin khong 40 % tng sn lng xng hin nay. 3) Polymer ho (polymerization) - Cng ngh sn xut xng t hydrocarbon th kh bng cch kt hp hai hoc nhiu phn t hydrocarbon nh thnh mt phn t hydrocarbon c nhit si trong phm vi nhit si ca xng. Nguyn liu cho cng ngh polymer ho thng l butane, propane hoc hn hp butane-propane. 100 % sn phm thu c l olefin, trong ch yu l olefin C8 v C9 . Qu trnh polymer ho hin nay thng c tin hnh trong iu kin p sut ti 50 bar, nhit ti 700 0C v c cht xc tc. 4) Isomer ho v Alky ho ( isomerization, alkylation ) - Trong qu trnh isomer ho, cc parafin thng c cu trc mch thng c bin i thnh isoparafin c cu trc mch nhnh. Trong qu trnh alky ho, cc phn t olefin v isoparafin th kh c kt hp thnh phn t isoparafin lng, th d : Butene + Isobutane Isooctane. C hai qu trnh trn u c tin hnh di tc dng ca cht xc tc v nhm mc ch to ra isoparafin c tnh chng kch n cao. 5) Reforming - Khc vi cc cng ngh lc-ho du gii thiu trn, reforming khng nhm mc ch tng sn lng xng m ch bin xng c tnh chng kch n km thnh xng c tnh chng kch n tt hn. Bn cht ca cng ngh reforming l bin i cc hydrocarbon loi naphthene thnh loi aromatic thng qua cc phn ng kh hydrogen. Xng reforming c th c s octan cao hn 100. Khong 40 % xng t hin nay c ch bin bng cng ngh reforming.
2012
- 17 -
H. 1-8. S h thng thit b chng ct phn on du m 1- Bn cha du th, 2- L gia nhit, 3- Thp chng ct kh quyn, 4- Thit b ngng t, 5- Thp chng ct chn khng, 6- Bm chn khng
2012
- 18 Chng 2
TNH CHT L-HO CA SN PHM DU M

Tnh cht l-ho ca sn phm du m (SPDM) c lin quan trc tip n kh nng v hiu qu s dng ca chng. C nhng tnh cht nh mt , nht, hm lng tp cht, v.v. c quan tm n trong nhiu lnh vc s dng khc nhau. Ngc li, c nhng tnh cht ch c ngha khi SPDM c s dng vo mt mc ch c th no , v d : tnh chng kch n ch c ngha khi SPDM c dng lm nhin liu cho ng c xng, tnh t bc chy ch c ngha khi SPDM l nhin liu dng cho ng c diesel, v.v.. Chng ny cp n nhng tnh cht thuc nhm th nht, cn nhng tnh cht ch c ngha khi SPDM c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c xng, ng c diesel v lm cht bi trn s c trnh by trong cc chng 3, 4 v 5. Khi th nghim xc nh cc ch tiu k thut ca SPDM cn phi tun th nghim ngt nhng yu cu v thit b v quy trnh th nghim c tiu chun ho kt qu th nghim c tnh php l v c gi tr so snh. Nhng thit b v phng php xc nh cc tnh cht ca SPDM trnh by trong gio trnh ny ch nhm mc ch gip ngi c hiu mt cch y hn bn cht ca cc khi nim lin quan. 2.1. MU SC SPDM c th c nhng mu sc t nhin hoc nhn to khc nhau, v d : xng my bay 80/87 , 100/130 , 115/145 ca M theo ASTM 910-68T c cc mu , xanh v ta, tng ng ; xng my bay -100/130 , -95/130 , -91/115 ca Lin x theo 1012-72 c cc mu da cam sng, vng v lc, tng ng. Mu sc ca SPDM c th c xc nh bng cch so snh trc tip mu ca mu th vi thang mu chun, v d : thang mu Ostwald, thang mu UNION NPA, v.v. hoc bng nhiu loi mu sc k khc nhau, v d : DUBSSQ , KH-51, v.v. Hu ht cc phng php v dng c xc nh mu ca SPDM u da theo mt nguyn l chung l so snh mu ca mu th vi mt b mu chun . Mu sc khng phi l ch tiu cht lng ca SPDM. Tuy nhin, i khi n rt c ngha trong s dng. Trong thc t, mu ca SPDM thng c s dng vo nhng mc ch sau y : - Kim tra bng mt chng loi SPDM khi tip nhn. - nh gi s b cht lng ca SPDM, v d : du bi trn tinh ch thng c mu sng hn du chng ct, du qua s dng c mu ti hn du sch.
2012
- 19 Bng 2-1. Thang mu Ostwald K hiu mu 1 2 3 4 5 Mu chun Khng mu Vng sng Vng chanh Vng m Cam K hiu mu 6 7 8 9 10 Mu chun Cam gch ta ti en
2.2. MT Mt ca mt cht l i lng c trng cho s lng cht c trong mt n v th tch ca n. So vi mt s ch tiu k thut khc, mt khng phi l ch tiu cht lng quan trng ca nhin liu hoc cht bi trn. N thng c s dng vo nhng mc ch sau y : - Tnh ton chuyn i gia th tch v khi lng, chuyn i gia th tch nhit ny sang th tch nhit khc. - nh gi s b thnh phn ho hc ca SPDM. Nu hai loi SPDM c cng nhit si th sn phm no c mt cao hn thng c hm lng hydrocarbon loi naphthene v aromatic cao hn; sn phm c mt thp thng cha nhiu parafin. - nh gi s b nhit tr ca nhin liu. Nhit tr ca nhin liu thng gim theo chiu tng ca mt . Mt ca SPDM c th c nh gi thng qua nhiu i lng khc nhau, nh : khi lng ring, trng lng ring, t khi, v.v. Khi lng ring - Khi lng ca mt n v th tch ca mt cht. m = (2.1) V trong : - khi lng ring, [kg/m3]; V - th tch , [m3]; m - khi lng ca cht c trong th tch V, [kg]. Trng lng ring - Trng lng ca mt n v th tch ca mt cht. G = (2.2) V trong : - trng lng ring, [N/m3]; V - th tch, [m3]; G - trng lng ca cht cha trong th tch V, [N].
T khi - T khi - cn gi l t trng - ca mt cht l mt i lng khng th nguyn, c tr s bng khi lng ca cht chia cho khi lng ca nc ct c cng th tch.
2012
- 20 -
m m
1 2
(2.3)
trong : d - t khi; m1 - khi lng ca mt n v th tch mu th nhit t1, [kg]; m2 - khi lng ca cng mt n v th tch nc ct nhit t2, [kg]. nhiu nc chu u, ngi ta chn t1 = 15 0C , t2 = 15 0C hoc t2 = 4 0C . M 15 v Anh chn t1 = t2 = 60 0F = 15,6 0C. Khi t khi c k hiu tng ng l d15 15 15 15 v d@60 0F. Tr s ca d 15 , d4 v d@60 0F ca cng mt cht khng hon ton , d4 15 15 bng nhau. Tuy nhin, trong tnh ton k thut ngi ta thng ly d15 d4 d@60 0F. T khi ca SPDM c th xc nh bng cc loi dng c nh : t khi k, bnh o t khi, v.v. Khi bit t khi c xc nh mt nhit bt k, c th quy i v t khi tiu chun theo cng thc [6] :
15 t d 15 = d 15 + (t 15)
(2.4)
trong : .
t d 15
- t khi o c nhit t ; - h s hiu chnh t khi theo nhit
API - 0API (American Petroleum Institute) l n v quy c dng o mt ca SPDM, c s dng M. Gia 0API v d@60 0F c quan h nh sau :
0
API =
141,5 131,5 d @ 60 0 F
(2.5)
T cng thc (2.5) thy rng, nc ct nhit 60 0F c mt bng 10 0API. Cht lng c mt nh hn 10 0API s nng hn nc, v ngc li.
Baume ( 0Be ) - n v ca mt theo thang chia Baume'. Gia 0Be v d c quan h nh sau :
d=
141 130+ 0Be
(2.3)
Ngoi cc n v k trn, mt ca SPDM cn c o bng cc n v khc nh : bbl/longton (barrel/longton) , lb/US gal (pound/US gallon). 2.3. NHT 2.3.1. KHI NIM NHT V N V O NHT nht - cn gi l ma st ni - l mt tnh cht ca cht lng c trng cho lc ma st chng li s chuyn dch tng i ca cc lp cht lng cnh nhau di tc dng ca ngoi lc . Nc c nht rt thp, tc l khi cc lp nc chuyn ng tng i vi nhau th lc ma st gia chng rt nh , bi vy nc chy rt d dng v tn t nng lng
2012
- 21 bm nc t ni ny n ni khc. Ngc li , du bi trn c nht kh cao nn vic bn chuyn n s tn nhiu nng lng hn . hiu r hn khi nim nht, chng ta tm hiu mt th nghim ca Newton sau y. C 2 tm phng (H. 2-1), tm di (II) c nh, tm trn (I) c din tch S chuyn ng di tc dng ca ngoi lc F. Gia hai tm c mt lp mng cht lng c chiu cao h. Sau mt thi gian di tc dng ca lc F, tm I s chuyn ng u, song song vi tm II vi vn tc v. Cc phn t cht lng dnh cht vo tm I s chuyn ng vi vn tc v, cn cc phn t dnh cht vo tm II th khng chuyn ng. Vn tc ca cc phn t cht lng gia 2 tm tng theo quy lut tuyn tnh v t l vi khong cch t tm II.
v
y
h h
II
H. 2-1. Th nghim ca Newton v nht ca cht lng
Newton gi thit rng, khi cht lng chy, cc lp cht lng v cng mng chuyn ng vi vn tc khc nhau, lp ny trt trn lp kia. Gia cc lp cht lng chuyn ng tng i vi nhau y s xut hin lc ma st. l lc ma st ni c th hin bng cng thc :
= S
v h
(2.7)
Trong cng thc trn, l mt i lng ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cht lng nghin cu v c tr s t l vi lc ma st ni . N c gi l nht ng lc (). Ly nht ng lc () ca mt cht chia cho khi lng ring () ca n ta c mt i lng cng c trng cho lc ma st ni, c gi l nht ng () :
=
2
(2.8)
Trong h n v CGS ( Centimetre-Gramme-Second System ), khi S tnh bng [cm ], v - [cm/s] , h - [cm] , fT - [dyna] (1 dyna = 1 g.cm/s2), - [g/cm3] th n v ca
2012
- 22 nht ng lc () l g/cm.s hay cn gi l Poise (P) , n v ca nht ng () l cm2/s hay cn gi l Stoke (St). Hu ht cc loi cht lng thng gp trong k thut hin nay c nht nh hn 1 Poise hoc 1 Stoke nhiu ln nn n v thng dng ca nht l centipoise (cP) hoc centistoke (cSt). 1 cP = 10 - 2 P = 10 - 3 N.s/m2 1 cSt = 10 - 2 St = 10 -6 m2/s nht ng lc v nht ng cn c gi l nht tuyt i, n c s dng tt c cc nc, c bit trong lnh vc nghin cu khoa hc. Ngoi ra, nhiu nc cn s dng khi nim nht quy c c o bng cc n v khc nhau nh : Engler (0E), Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS), Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS), Redwood Seconds I (Red. No. I), Redwood Seconds II (Red. No. II). 2.3.2. PHNG PHP V DNG C O NHT Dng c o nht ca cht lng c gi l nht k. Trn th trng hin c nhiu loi nht k vi cc nguyn l v phm vi o khc nhau. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc loi nht k hin nay u hot ng theo mt nguyn l chung l o thi gian m mt n v th tch mu th chy qua mt l tiu chun ca nht k trong nhng iu kin quy c. nht tuyt i ca mu th nhit th nghim c tnh theo cng thc sau : t = c. t (2.9) trong : t - thi gian mu th chy qua ng mao qun, [s] c - hng s ca ng o. nhiu nc chu u v Vit nam, nht quy c ca SPDM thng c xc nh bng nht k Engler. nht Engler c tnh nh sau :
0
E=
1 0
(2.10)
2.3.3. NH HNG CA NHT N HOT NG CA CT nht ca du bi trn c nh hng n : hao mn cc chi tit do ma st, tnh nng khi ng, cng sut, sut tiu th nhin liu ca ng c. nht ca nhin liu c nh hng n cu trc ca cc tia nhin liu khi c phun vo bung t ca ng c , n qu trnh bm chuyn v lm sch nhin liu. Trong trng hp s dng nhin liu c nht qu cao trong iu kin thi tit lnh, cn phi hm nng nhin liu gim nht.
2012
- 23 2.4. NHIT CHP LA V NHIT BT CHY Nhit chp la ( tf ) l nhit ti thiu ca nhin liu lng ti hi ca n to c vi khng kh mt hn hp v bt chy khi a ngn la ti gn.
Nhit bt chy ( tb ) l nhit ti thiu ti mu th c t nng trong nhng iu kin quy c bt chy khi a ngn la ti gn v chy trong thi gian khng di 5 giy.
Nhit bt chy ca SPDM thng cao hn nhit chp la khong 30 40 C. Cho n nay c hai loi dng c vi tn gi l cc h v cc kn c s dng xc nh nhit chp la v nhit bt chy. Nhit chp la ca SPDM o bng cc h cao hn khi o bng cc kn khong 20 25 0C. Khi th nghim xc nh nhit chp la bng cc h (H. 2-4), rt mu th vo cc nh v t vo mt nhit k. un nng cc ln v thnh thong a ngn la mi vo gn b mt mu th. Nhit trn nhit k ti thi im ngn la mu xanh ln u tin xut hin trn mt phn hoc trn ton b b mt cc nh khi a ngn la n gn c coi l nhit chp la (tf). Nhit bt chy (tb) l nhit ch trn nhit k ti thi im mu th bt chy v tip tc chy trong khong thi gian t nht l 5 giy.
0
4 3 2 1
H. 2-2. Xc nh nhit chp la bng Cc h 1 - Bp in, 2 - Cc ln ng ct, 3 - Cc nh ng mu th, 4 - Que chm la, 5 - Nhit k
2012
- 24 Nhit chp la ca cc SPDM thng dng nm trong phm vi sau : - Xng v hydrocarbon c nhit si thp : tf < 21 0C - Du ho : tf = 21 ... 55 0C - Du diesel : tf > 55 0C Nhit chp la v nhit bt la ca SPDM khng c nh hng ng k n cht lng hot ng ca CT. Chng c trng cho mc nguy him chy v c s dng lm c s cho vic thit lp cc quy tc phng ho trong bo qun, vn chuyn v phn phi cc sn phm d chy. Cn c vo nhit chp la c th xp xng, du ho v du diesel vo loi cht lng c nguy c ho hon cao, trung bnh v thp, tng ng. 2.5. NHIT VN C V NHIT NG C Nhit vn c l nhit m ti SPDM bt u vn c do s kt tinh ca parafin, nc v nhng cht khc.
Nhit ng c l nhit ti SPDM mt tnh lu ng.
Nhit vn c c xc nh bng cch lm lnh mu th v ghi nhn nhit vn c ti thi im mu th bt u tr thnh khng trong sut. xc nh nhit ng c, ngi ta rt mu th vo ng nghim tiu chun v nhng thng ng ng vo hn hp lnh c nhit nht nh. Sau khi mu th c nhit bng nhit ca hn hp lnh, nghing ng nghim mt gc 45 0 v gi nh vy trong hn hp lnh khong 1 pht. Ly ng ra v gi t th nghing; nu mu th khng x dch th nhit ca hn hp lnh c coi l nhit ng c ca mu th; nu x dch th lp li th nghim vi nhit thp hn. Nhit vn c v nhit ng c l mt tnh cht s dng ca SPDM iu kin nhit thp. i vi nhin liu c nhit vn c v ng c cao, cn c bin php sy nng trnh lm tc nhanh cc b phn lc v kh bm chuyn. Cn c vo nhit vn c c th nh gi hm lng parafin rn v nc c trong SPDM, nhit vn c cng thp th hm lng cc cht cng nh. 2.6. IM ANILINE im Aniline (0A) l nhit thp nht m ti mu th ho tan hon ton vo aniline (C6H5NH2) c cng th tch. Hydrocarbon khc loi c im aniline rt khc nhau. Hydrocarbon parafin c im aniline cao nht, hydrocarbon thm c im aniline thp nht. im aniline c s dng ch yu trong phn tch c cu cc nhm hydrocarbon ca SPDM. Ngoi ra, bit im aniline c th xc nh tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu diesel bng cc cng thc thc nghim.
2012
- 25 2.7. N NH OXY HO n nh oxy ho - cn gi l chu k cm ng - ca SPDM l tnh cht c trng cho kh nng chng li cc bin i ho hc di tc dng ca mi trng xung quanh. Trong qu trnh vn chuyn v bo qun, cc phn t hydrocarbon c trong SPDM c th b oxy ho bi oxy t khng kh v hnh thnh cc hp cht cha oxy rt a dng. Mc oxy ho ph thuc rt nhiu vo thnh phn ho hc ca SPDM. SPDM cha nhiu olefin c n nh oxy ho thp. 2.8. NHIT TR CA NHIN LIU Nhit tr (H) l lng nhit nng to ra khi t chy hon ton mt n v khi lng hoc mt n v th tch nhin liu. Nhit tr ca nhin liu lng v rn thng tnh bng kJ/kg, ca nhin liu kh - kJ/m3 hoc kJ/kmol. Anh v M, nhit tr c tnh bng n v Btu/lb ( British thermal unit/pound) hoc Btu/ft3 (British thermal unit/foot3 ). Nhit tr l mt ch tiu cht lng c bn ca tt c cc loi nhin liu. Nhit tr c th c xc nh bng nhit lng k ng tch (nhit lng k kiu bom) hoc nhit lng k ng p bng cch t chy mt lng xc nh mu th ri o nhit lng to ra v tnh ton nhit tr. Khi tnh ton, chng ta thng ly nhit tr t cc bng s liu c sn. trnh nhm ln, cn phn bit cc khi nim nhit tr di y :
Nhit tr ng p (HP) - nhit lng thu c khi t chy hon ton mt n v s lng nhin liu sau khi lm lnh sn phm chy n nhit bng nhit ca hn hp trc lc t chy trong iu kin p sut ca sn phm chy c lm lnh bng p sut ca kh hn hp trc lc t chy. Nhit tr ng tch (HV) - nhit lng thu c khi t chy hon ton mt n v s lng nhin liu sau khi lm lnh sn phm chy n nhit bng nhit ca hn hp trc lc t chy trong iu kin khng thay i th tch ca sn phm chy v hn hp kh trc lc t chy.
Nhit tr ng p c ngha thc t trong tnh ton cc thit b ng lc, v sn phm chy thng c thi ra kh quyn c p sut v nhit bng p sut v nhit ca nhin liu v khng kh trc lc khi i vo thit b. V vy, nu trong cc bng s liu cho nhit tr ng tch hoc nu xc nh nhit tr bng nhit lng k ng tch th phi tnh i sang nhit tr ng p. C th s dng cng thc sau y :
HP = HV + 10 - 3 pm ( Vm - VP )
trong : HP , HV - nhit tr ng p v nhit ng tch, [kJ/kg]; pm - p sut ca hn hp trc khi t chy, [N/m2]; Vm , VP - th tch ca hn hp trc lc t chy v ca sn phm chy c lm lnh p sut pm ng vi 1 n v s lng nhin liu. i vi nhin liu lng gc du m : HV 1,02 HP .
2012
- 26 Nhit tr cao (HC) - nhit lng thu c khi t chy hon ton mt n v s lng nhin liu, bao gm c lng nhit to ra do s ngng t ca hi nc c trong sn phm chy khi ta lm lnh n n nhit bng nhit ban u.
Nhit tr thp (HT ) - nhit lng thu c trong trng hp nc c trong sn phm chy vn trng thi hi. Nh vy, nhit tr thp nh hn nhit tr cao mt lng bng nhit n ho hi ca nc c trong sn phm chy.
Nhiu tc gi cho rng, khi tnh ton nhit CT th phi dng nhit tr thp, v kh thi ca CT c nhit cao hn im sng nn khng c s ngng t ca hi nc trong sn phm chy. Trong nhng trng hp m th nghim ch cho nhit tr cao th c th tnh i ra nhit tr thp theo cng thc gn ng sau y : - i vi nhin liu lng : HT = HC - r. (9h + w) trong : HT , HC - nhit tr thp v nhit tr cao, [kJ/kg]; r - nhit n ho hi ca 1 kg nc, r = 2.512 kJ/kg ; 9h - lng hi nc c hnh thnh khi t chy h kg hydrogen c trong 1 kg nhin liu; w - lng nc c trong 1 kg nhin liu.
- i vi nhin liu kh :
m 18 HT = H C r Cn H mOr + wh 2 22,4
trong : HT , HC - nhit tr thp v nhit tr cao, [kJ/m3]; wh - lng hi nc c trong nhin liu; m/2 - lng hi nc c hnh thnh khi t chy Hm hydro, tnh theo th tch. Nu bit thnh phn nguyn t ca nhin liu, c th tnh nhit tr thp ca nhin liu theo cng thc Menlep nh sau : HT = 103. [ 34,013. c + 125,6 . h - 10,9 . ( of - s ) - 2,512 . (9 h + w)] trong : HT - [kJ/kg]; c, h, of , s, w - hm lng ca cc nguyn t C, H2, O2, S v H2O c trong nhin liu, [% wt]. 2.7. HM LNG CC, TRO Trong cng ngh ho-nhin liu, cc l cn rn c to thnh khi cho nhin liu chu tc dng ca nhit cao trong iu kin khng c khng kh. Cn c vo nguyn liu gc, cc cng nghip c phn loi thnh : cc than , cc pc in cc v cc du m. Cc than l sn phm thiu kt th rn c to thnh khi nung mt s loi than trong l luyn cc n nhit 900 ... 1050 0C. Cc pc in cc l phn rn giu carbon thu c khi phn hu pc (phn cn ca qu trnh chng nha than , than nu,
2012
- 27 phin nhin liu, g, v.v.) than . Cc du m thu c bng cch cc ho cc sn phm nng ca qu trnh nhit phn, gudron v cn cracking. Thnh phn nguyn t ca cc du m nh sau : 90-95 % carbon, 4-6 % hydrogen, 0,1-2 % sulfur, 0,1-0,8 % tro. Hm lng cc ca SPDM c xc nh bng cch lm bc hi v ho than mt khi lng mu th xc nh trong nhng iu kin quy c ri nh lng cn than to thnh. Tro l phn khng b t chy, gm cc loi mui v tp cht v c c trong SPDM. Hm lng tro c xc nh bng cch t chy mt khi lng xc nh mu th, nung cn n khi lng khng i v nh lng phn cn theo % khi lng mu th. 2.8. HM LNG NHA Nha l cc cht cao phn t cha oxygen c sn hoc c to thnh trong nhin liu lng hoc du bi trn trong qu trnh bo qun, phn phi v s dng.
Nha tim tng l nha to thnh trong nhin liu do oxy ho c xc tin nhit v thi gian cho trc trong dng c tiu chun.Thng thng qu trnh oxy ho c tin hnh di p sut ca oxygen hoc khng kh 100 0C. Hm lng nha tim tng l ch tiu gin tip v n nh ca nhin liu khi bo qun. Nha thc t l sn phm phn ng oxy ho, polyme ho v qu trnh ngng t cc hp cht hydrocarbon c trong nhin liu v c to thnh khi lm bay hi nhin liu trong iu kin tiu chun.
2012
- 28 Chng 3
XNG T
3.1. CH TIU CHT LNG CA XNG T
Xng t l mt hn hp ca cc loi hydrocarbon c nhit si trong khong 25 C 210 0C , ch yu l hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t 4 n 10. Ngoi ra, xng t cng c th cha mt lng nh tp cht v cht ph gia.
0
Cht lng ca xng t c nh gi bng cc ch tiu : tnh chng kch n, tnh bay hi, nhit tr, hm lng tp cht, hm lng nha, n nh oxy ho, tnh chng ng bng, tnh chng n mn, v.v. Mt s ch tiu ni trn c cp n chng 2. Di y s trnh by hai ch tiu cht lng c ngha nht i vi ng c xng, l : tnh chng kch n v tnh bay hi. 3.1.1. TNH CHNG KCH N a) Ch tiu nh gi tnh chng kch n Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu l kh nng m bo cho ngn la xut pht t buji lan truyn v t chy phn ho kh pha trc ngn la mt cch u n m khng to ra kch n. Tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu dng cho CT c th c nh gi bng cc ch tiu khc nhau, v d : T s nn hu ch cao nht (Highest Useful Compression Ratio - HUCR) - t s nn xut hin kch n nghe r khi ng c hot ng trong iu kin nhit xc nh, gc nh la sm v thnh phn ho kh c iu chnh c sut tiu hao nhin liu nh nht.
T s nn ti hn (Critical Compression Ratio - CCR) - t s nn c xc nh tng t nh vi HUCR, ch khc l gi tr ti bt u xut hin kch n. S octane (Octane Number - ON) - l s % th tch ca cht isooctane ( 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane C8H18 ) c trong hn hp vi cht n-heptane ( C7H16 ) nu hn hp ny v nhin liu th nghim tng ng v tnh chng kch n. Hin nay, s octane l ch tiu nh gi tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu c s dng ph bin nht tt c cc nc.
b) Phng php xc nh ON S octan c xc nh trn mt loi ng c th nghim c tiu chun ho bng cch so snh tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu th nghim vi tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu chun trong nhng iu kin quy c nh nhau.
2012
- 29 Trn th trng hin nay c nhiu loi ng c th nghim nh : ASTM-CFR (M), -9 (Lin x), BAST-IG (c). Chng u c c im chung l to ho kh bng carburetor, pht ho bng tia la in, c t s nn thay i c. Nhin liu chun l hn hp ca isooctane v n-heptane vi nhng t l th tch khc nhau. Isooctane c tnh chng kch n tt, quy c ly ON = 100 ; n-heptane c tnh chng kch n km, quy c ly ON = 0. Khi trn isooctane vi n-heptane theo nhng t l khc nhau, ta c mt lot nhin liu chun c tnh chng kch n khc nhau. T l isooctane trong hn hp cng ln th tnh chng kch n ca hn hp cng cao. Hn hp isooctane - n-heptane c s dng trong vic xc nh s octane c gi l nhin liu chun s cp. Nhin liu chun s cp c dng ch yu th nghim trng ti v kim tra thang chuyn tip t nhin liu chun th cp sang nhin liu chun s cp. Trong th nghim thng mi, ngi ta thng dng nhin liu chun th cp c gi thp hn, nh xng chng ct trc tip, xng my bay, isooctane k thut, toluene, v.v. xc nh s octane ca nhin liu, cho ng c chy bng nhin liu th nghim trong cc iu kin quy c v tng t s nn cho ti khi xut hin kch n. Sau cho ng c chy bng nhin liu chun v xc nh loi nhin liu chun cng gy kch n cng t s nn . Gi s nhin liu chun cha 83 % isooctane v 17 % nheptane (tnh theo th tch) th nhin liu th nghim c s octane ON = 83. c) RON, MON, R100 v Road ON Kh nng xut hin kch n khng ch c quyt nh bi tnh cht ca nhin liu m cn ph thuc vo hng lot yu t khc lin quan n cu to v ch lm vic ca ng c. Bi vy, vi cng mt mu nhin liu, nu tin hnh th nghim xc nh s octane bng cc phng php khc nhau s cho nhng kt qu khc nhau. Tu thuc vo phng php xc nh s octane, c th phn bit s octane nh sau : Research Octane Number (RON) - RON l s octane c xc nh theo phng php nghin cu ( Research Octane Number Method ). RON nh gi tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu c xc nh trong iu kin ng c lm vic ch ti v tc trung bnh (xem bng 3-1). Motor Octane Number (MON) - MON l s octane c xc nh theo phng php motor (Motor Octane Number Method ). MON c trng cho tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu c xc nh khi ng c lm vic trong iu kin khc nghit hn so vi phng php nghin cu (xem bng 3-1). Vi cng mt loi xng, tr s MON bao gi cng nh RON. S chnh lch gia MON v RON c gi l nhy ca nhin liu (fuel sensitivity - FS). FS cng nh th tnh n nh v kh nng chng kch n cng cao. Xng thng dng c FS = 9 11.
2012
- 30 Trc y, khi mc cng ho ng c cha cao, tnh chng kch n ca xng ch cn nh gi bng MON l . Khi t c trang b ng c c cng lm vic cao hn, ngoi vic phi s dng nhin liu c ON cao , cn phi nh gi tnh chng kch n trong nhng iu kin phn nh ng thc t khai thc hn. iu dn n s ra i ca mt s phng php khc nh gi tnh chng kch n ca xng t, nh R 100 0C Method, Road Octane Number Method. Bng 3-1. iu kin hot ng ca ng c khi xc nh s octane
Phng php S Octane Tc quay [rpm]
[deg]
Research (D908) Motor (D357) Supercharge (D909) (D1948) Aviation (D614)
0 - 100 0 - 100 85 - 100 100 - 161 70 - 100 100 - 161
600 900
13 14 - 26
Nhit [0F] Mi cht Khng kh Hn hp lm mt np chy 212 60-139 ...
212
100 25
300
1800 1200
45 35
375 375
225 125
.... 220
R1000C - Xng l mt hn hp ca nhiu loi hydrocarbon c kh nng chng kch n khc nhau. Ni chung, phn c nhit si thp (tr butane, isopentane v benzene) c s octane thp hn so vi xng ni chung. Khi tng tc ng c t s truyn ln s xy ra hin tng mt s cylindre nhn c nhiu hn phn xng c nhit si thp v tnh chng kch n km. Hin tung kch n c th xut hin do nguyn nhn ni trn v cng d nhn thy khi gia tc tc khi im thp. l dng kch n ph bin nht, gi l kch n tc thp (Low Speed Knock -LSK). LSK khng gy h hi g cho ng c v ch xut hin trong giai on chuyn tip rt ngn, nhng d dng nhn thy bng tai v dn n s phn nn ca khch hng. phn tch kh nng chng kch n ca nhng phn c nhit si thp ca xng, ngi ta chng ct mu v sau xc nh RON ca phn ct c khong nhit si t nhit si u (IBP) n 100 0C. S octane c xc nh nh vy gi l R100 0C ca xng. i vi xng thng phm, R100 0C lun nh hn RON. Hiu s RON = RON - R100 0C ph thuc vo loi xng ; thng thng RON = 4 12 i vi xng cht lng cao, RON 15 i vi xng thng dng.
2012
- 31 Road Octane Number (Road ON) : Road ON l s octane c xc nh trong iu kin phn nh ng thc t khai thc, v d khi t ngt tng tc v t ngt gim tc. S octane c xc nh trong nhng iu kin nh vy gi l s octane trn ng ( Road ON). Road ON l ch tiu quyt nh mt loi xng no c p ng c yu cu chng kch n trong mt ng c c th no hay khng. Rt tic, cho n nay cha c mt phng php c cho l tt nht xc nh Road ON . Road ON c xc nh bng mt ng c no th ch c gi tr i vi ng c . Bi vy, ngi ta tm tnh Road ON trn c s RON v MON bng cc cng thc gn ng di y [2], [3] : Road ON = 0,839. (0,5. RON + 0,5. MON ) + 18,8 (3.1)
( FS ) 2 hoc Road ON = RON a
(3.2)
AKI = 0,5. ( RON + MON ) (3.3) hoc trong : AKI (Antiknock Index) - ch s chng kch n; FS - nhy ca nhin liu; a - h s ph thuc vo t s nn ca ng c. Mi nhn hiu xng t thng km theo tr s octane, nhng cha c s thng nht l s octane xc nh theo phng php no. V d : tr s 83, 92, 93 trong nhn hiu xng Mogas-83, Mogas-92 (Vit nam) ; -93, -98 (Lin x) l s octane theo phng php nghin cu (RON) ; tr s 66, 72, 76 trong nhn hiu xng A-66 , A-72 , A76 ca Lin x l s octane theo phng php motor (MON). M, ti cc trm bn xng, tr s AKI c nim yt thay cho MON v RON. Trong tiu chun ASTM-D4814 , AKI cn c gi bng cc tn khc nh : Octane Rating, Posted Octane. Trong cc tiu chun quc gia ngi ta thng dng s octane theo phng php nghin cu (RON). Bi vy, khi ni n s octane m khng c th ho g thm th l RON. d) Tnh chng kch n ca hn hp nhin liu Kh nng chng kch n ca nhin liu c " tnh cng ", ngha l nu pha trn nhin liu c ON cao vo nhin liu c ON thp th s c loi nhin liu c ON trung bnh. Tuy nhin, mc tng ON khng t l thun vi lng nhin liu c ON cao c pha trn. e) Tnh chng kch n ca hn hp nhin liu S octane yu cu (ONR ) m bo cho ng c khng b kch n ph thuc vo hng lot yu t nh : t s nn ca ng c, ng knh xylanh, vt liu ch to piston v np xylanh, phng php v ch lm mt ng c, cu hnh ca bung chy, v tr t bougie, ch lm vic ca ng c, v.v. Trong s nhng yu t trn, t s nn c ngha hn c v nh hng nhiu n kh nng kch n.
2012
- 32 Thc nghim cho thy mi quan h gia s octane yu cu (ONr), t s nn () v ng knh xylanh (D) nh sau [3] : 413 NO R = 125,4 + 0,183 D (3.5)
60 50 40 30 20 0
n-heptane (C 7H 16) + 2-heptene (C 7H14)
130 120 110 100 90
Isooctane (C 8H 18) + diisobutylene (C8H16 )
115 95 Tr s phm 75 55 35
2,3-dimethylbutane (C6H14) + n-hexane (C6 H14)
Tr s phm
100 % n - Heptane
Tr s phm
100 % Isooctane
100 % n - Hexane
H. 3-2. Tnh chng kch n ca hn hp nhin liu
f) Bin php nng cao tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu Xng chng ct trc tip c thnh phn ch yu l hydrocarbon parafin mch thng (60-80 %) v c tnh chng kch n km ( MON = 43-53). N ch c th s dng c cho ng c c t s nn thp. Vi mc ch tng hiu sut nhit, t s nn ca ng c xng lun c xu hng tng trong my chc nm va qua v ko theo l yu cu nng cao tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu. Cc bin php nng cao tnh chng kch n ca xng hin nay c th phn thnh hai nhm c bn l : thay i cng ngh ch bin du m v s dng cht ph gia.
Cng ngh ch bin du m - Cc cng ngh ch bin du m nh : cracking, reforming, isomer ho, alkyl ho... cho ra cc sn phm xng cracking, reformate, isomerate, alkylate ... c tnh chng kch n cao hn xng chng ct trc tip (xem mc 1.6 v Bng 3-2). Xng thng phm thng l hn hp vi nhng t l khc nhau ca cc loi sn phm ni trn vi xng chng ct trc tip, c hoc khng c ph gia. Cht ph gia - l cht c pha vi mt t l rt nh vo nhin liu, cht bi trn, cht lng chuyn dng , v.v. ci thin cc tnh cht t nhin ca chng hoc to cho chng cc tnh cht mi em li li ch trong s dng, vn chuyn v bo qun. Cc sn phm du m c th khng c hoc c pha thm mt hoc nhiu loi ph gia. Mt cht ph gia c th ch c nh hng n mt tnh cht (tc dng n) hoc tc dng ng thi n nhiu tnh cht (tc dng kp) ca sn phm du m.
2012
- 33 Bng 3-2. Cc thnh phn c bn pha ch xng ng c [3]

Thnh phn pha ch Xng cracking nh Xng cracking nng Reformate Isomerate Alkylate Butane Xng ct trc tip
Nhit si [0C] 40 110 110 210 30 180 40 70 25 200 25 90
[ C] 83 155 110 60 80 66
t50 0
Cc tnh cht c trng RVP Mt RON 3 [bar] [kg/m ] 0,7 690 93 0,1 800 91 0,5 780 800 95 102 0,7 690 80 90 1,0 700 95 4,5 580 94 0,8 680 68
MON 80 79 90 97 80 90 94 90 58
Bng 3-3. Mt s cht ph gia chng kch n [9], [3] Cht ph gia Cng thc ho hc Hiu qu chng kch n tng ng [g] 1 34 53 161 271 298 332 -
Tetraethyllead (TEL) Aniline Ethyl iodide Ethyl alcohol Xylene Toluene Benzene Tetramethyllead (TML) Tertiary-buthyl alcohol (TBA) Methyl tertiary-Buthyl ether (MTBE)
(C2H5)4Pb C6H5NH2 C2H5I C2H5OH C6H4(CH3)2 C6H5CH3 C6H6 (CH3)4Pb -
Bng 3-4. Hiu qu chng kch n ca TEL vi cc loi xng khc nhau [12] Loi xng Nhm hydrocarbon MON trc khi MON sau khi pha pha TEL 1,2 g TEL/1kg xng u th
Xng chng ct trc Parafin-Naphthene tip loi nh Xng chng ct trc Parafin-Naphthene tip loi nng Xng cracking xc tc Olefin Xng reforming Aromatic
63 26 80 82
-
81 43 82 89
2012
- 34 ON
2,0
TEL [ml/kg]
H. 3-2. nh hng ca TEL n ON ca xng
Tetraethyllead (TEL), c nhit si l 390 0F , c pht hin l cht c tc dng chng kch n vo nm 1921 v c s dng rng ri t do c hiu qu chng kch n cao v gi thnh thp. Bng 3-6 v H.3-5 th hin nh hng ca TEL n kh nng chng kch n ca xng. C ch chng kch n ca TEL c mt s tc gi gii thch l do n c tc dng km hm cc phn ng tin ngn la (preflame reactions), hn ch tc hnh thnh cc phn t hot tnh v do lm chm qu trnh hnh thnh cc trung tm kch n. Cc phn ng ho hc din ra trong giai on tin kch n nh sau [2] : - Cc phn t hydrocarbon b oxy ho di tc dng ca p sut v nhit cao thnh cc peroxide khng bn : CnHm + O2 R-OOH Pb (C2H5)4 Pb + 4 C2H5 - TEL b phn hu : Pb + O2 PbO2 - Phn ng bin i peroxide khng bn thnh cc hp cht c tnh hot ho km hn : R-OOH + PbO2 PbO + R-CHO Nu khng c cc bin php thch hp, oxide ch (PbO) s tch t dn trn cc cc ca bougie, nm soupape, v.v. gy nh hng xu n hot ng ca ng c. trnh hin tng ny, trong thnh phn ca "nc ch " pha vo xng phi c cc cht ho hc c tc dng bin i cc oxide ch thnh cc cht d bay hi d dng thi ra ngoi. Cc cht ho hc thng c s dng l ethyl dichloride (C2H5Cl) v ethyl dibromide (C2H5Br). Hn hp ca TEL vi ho cht chng oxide ch tch t c gi l " nc ch " v rt c i vi c th sng. V vy, ngi ta thng nhum mu c trng cho cc loi xng pha ch phn bit vi cc loi xng khc. Tetramethyllead (TML) c a vo s dng t nm 1960. TML c nhit si l 230 0F, c xu hng bay hi cng vi phn nh ca xng. Nh vy, TML thch hp hn TEL i vi xng c R100 0C thp. TEL v MTL tng c s dng rng ri trn quy m ton cu trong sut my chc nm va qua. Gn y, vai tr ca TEL v TML nh l cc tc nhn tng kh nng
2012
- 35 chng kch n ca xng b hn ch dn. L do chnh l do tnh c hi ca ch i vi mi trng sng. Hu ht cc nc cng nghip pht trin cm hon ton vic s dng ph gia ch trong xng. Vit nam, quy nh v vic s dng xng khng ch s c hiu lc thi hnh t ngy 01 thng 07 nm 2001. Rt tic l cho n nay cha c loi ph gia chng kch n no khng c hi m li c hiu qu chng kch n cao v gi thnh thp nh TEL v TML. Mt l do khc loi b ph gia ch l nh hng xu ca chng n hot tnh ca cht xc tc c trong cc thit b hn ch tc hi ca kh thi ng c t hot ng theo nguyn tc trung ho cc thnh phn c hi nh cht xc tc (catalytic converters). Ph gia c ch v ang c thay th bng cc cht pha khc t c hi cho mi trng hn, nh methanol, ethanol, tertiary-buthyl alcohol (TBA), tertiary-amyl methyl ether (TAME), methyl tertiary-buthyl ether (MTBE), v.v. Cc loi ph gia ni trn thng c gi chung l ph gia h oxygen . 3.1.2. TNH HO HI 1) Khi nim v tnh ha hi Nhng cht lng n cht c nhit si c nh, v d : p sut kh quyn tiu chun, nhit ca nc ang si lun lun bng 100 0C, ca ethanol l 78 0C, ca methanol l 65 0C. Ngc li, nhit si ca hn hp nhiu loi cht lng khc nhau s thay i trong qu trnh si, v d : xng t si trong khong nhit 25 210 0C . S d nh vy l v trong xng c nhiu loi hydrocarbon khc nhau, mi loi c nhng tnh cht ring ca mnh, trong c nhit si. Khi mu xng c gia nhit, nhng phn t hydrocarbon c nhit si thp nht trong xng s bt u si khi nhit ca xng t ti 25 0C ; nhit ca xng tip tc c tng ln v nhng phn t hydrocarbon c nhit si cao hn s si ; cc phn t hydrocarbon cui cng s si khi nhit ca xng t ti 210 0C.
Tnh ho hi l thut ng c s dng biu t kh nng ho hi, phm vi nhit si v hm lng cc thnh phn c nhit si khc nhau c trong mu th. Chng ta c th gp cc thut ng khc c ngha tng ng nh : tnh bay hi, ho hi, thnh phn chng ct, tnh ho hi cn bng (balanced volatility). Tnh ho hi ca xng c nh gi bng 2 i lng : p sut hi bo ho v ng cong chng ct. p sut hi bo ho - l p sut ca hi ca cht lng trng thi cn bng gia th hi v th lng c xc nh trong nhng iu kin quy c. Trong nhiu ti liu chuyn ngnh, thut ng Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP) c s dng thay v p sut hi bo ho, l p sut hi bo ho c xc nh nhit 100 0F (37,8 0C) bng mt dng c tiu chun ho .
2012
- 36 5 4
H. 3-4. Dng c o p sut hi bo ha 1- Bnh cha mu th, 2- Bnh cha hi, 3- Thng ng nc, 4- p k, 5- Nhit k
400
t90
5
t50
6 4 3 7
t10
200
t90
8
t50 t10
100
2 1
0 0 20 40 60 80 100
Th tch ct [%]
H. 3-5. Dng c xc nh ng cong chng ct 1- Gi , 2- n, 3- Bnh chng ct, 4- Chp che gi, 5- Nhit k, 6- ng chng ct, 7- Hp lm lnh, 8- ng o.
H. 3-6. ng cong chng ct 1- Xng t 2- Gas oil
2012
Nhit chng ct [ 0 C ]
300
- 37 Quy trnh xc nh p sut hi bo ho bng dng c th hin trn H. 3-4 nh sau : - Trng bnh cha hi (2) bng nc ct, khng sy kh. Cm nhit k su 3/4 bnh trong 5 pht o nhit ban u (t0) ca khng kh. - Ra sch v lm lnh bnh cha lng (1) ti 0 0C. mu th vo y bnh. Mu th cn c bo qun trc sao cho cc thnh phn nh khng bay mt. - Ni bnh cha lng vi bnh cha hi. - Ngm ngp ti van c hai bnh trn vo thng nc c nhit 38 0,3 0C. - Sau 5 pht, nhc bnh cha mu ra khi thng nc v lc mnh vi ln, t bnh tr li thng, quan st p k. C sau 2 pht li lp li mt ln nh vy cho n khi p k ch gi tr khng i . p sut hi bo ho c tnh nh sau : RVP = pt - p trong : pt - p sut c gi tr khng i quan st c trong th nghim, p - hiu chnh theo p sut khng kh v hi nc ti nhit t0 .
ng cong chng ct - ng cong biu din mi quan h gia s % th tch mu th ho hi v nhit chng ct. H. 3-5 gii thiu mt loi dng c xc nh ng cong chng ct ca SPDM. Quy trnh th nghim theo OCT 2177- 66 nh sau : - Ra sch v sy kh dng c. - Np 100 ml mu th vo bnh chng ct. y ming bnh bng nt c cm nhit k sao cho u cm bin ngang vi mp di ca ng nhnh chng ct. Di y bnh chng ct lt m amiante c ng knh khong trng l 3 cm khi chng ct xng, 5- 6 cm khi chng ct cc SPDM nng hn. Ly bng che kn ming ng o hn ch lng nhin liu hao ht. Nu nhit trong phng th nghim cao, cn nhng ng o vo cc nc c nhit 20 3 0C. - Duy tr nhit ca nc trong hp lm lnh nh sau : 0- 5 0C khi chng ct xng ; khng qu 30 0C khi chng ct nhin liu phn lc, ligroin (phn on du m c nhit si gia xng v du ha, khong 120 240 0C); 50 - 70 0C i vi du diesel. - Gia nhit bnh chng ct sao cho khong thi gian t lc bt u ti lc xut hin git ct u tin ng o l 5 - 10 pht i vi xng ; 10- 15 pht i vi du ho, nhin liu phn lc v gasoil ; 10- 20 pht i vi SPDM nng hn. Nhit trong bnh chng ct ti thi im xut hin git ct u tin c gi l nhit si u (IBP - Initial Boiling Point). Sau khi ct c git u tin, t u ng chng ct st vo thnh ng o sn phm ct ra khng lm cht lng trong ng o sng snh. Tip tc quan st v ghi nhit t10 , t50 , t90 , t98 ti cc thi im c 10, 50, 90, 98 % th tch mu th c ct, tng ng.
2012
- 38 Nu cn phi xc nh nhit si cui (FBP - Final Boiling Point), th tip tc gia nhit cho bnh chng ct cho ti lc nhit k ch nhit cao nht ri bt u h xung. Nhit cao nht c ly lm FBP. Chng ct xong, o lng cn cn li trong bnh chng ct. T kt qu th nghim ta v c ng cong chng ct V% = f(t). N th hin phm vi nhit si ca mu th v hm lng cc nhm hydrocarbon c nhit si khc nhau c trong mu th . Trong cc bng ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu, ngi ta thng cho gi tr ca cc im c trng ca ng cong chng ct, bao gm : IBP, t10 , t50 , t90 , t98 v FBP. 2) nh hng ca tnh ha hi ca xng t Tnh ho hi ca xng c nh hng n mt s tnh nng ca ng c, nh : tnh nng khi ng lnh, tnh nng chy khng ti v khi ng nng, hin tng nt hi, thi gian chy m my v tng tc, lng tiu th nhin liu, mc lm long du bi trn. nh hng n tnh nng khi ng lnh - Chng ta bit rng, khi ng c ng c, ho kh phi c nhit cao v t l khng kh - hi nhin liu thch hp. Khi ng c trng thi lnh, phn ln lng xng c ht ra khi carburetor bm trn vch ng np hoc tn ti di dng ht lng v ch c mt lng rt nh xng ho hi. Hn hp khng kh - hi xng c hnh thnh trong cylindre c th qu long v khng th bc chy c. Xng c t10 cng cao th hm lng hydrocarbon d bay hi c trong xng cng t, do vy cng kh khi ng ng c trng thi lnh.
Hin tng nt hi (Vapor Lock) - l hin tng suy gim lng xng cung cp vo cylindre ca ng c do c nhiu hi xng hnh thnh trong h thng nhin liu ca ng c. S xut hin hin tung nt hi ph thuc rt nhiu vo t10 v RVP ca xng. Nu xng c t10 thp v RVP cao, mt lng hi xng ng k s hnh thnh trong bm xng v ng ng dn xng. Hi xng tch t di dng cc ti hi s b nn ri li dn n trong qu trnh bm xng hot ng. Kt qu l lng xng thc t c bm i cung cp cho carburetor s gim hoc khng c, lm cho my yu hoc dng hn. Mt s nghin cu [12] cho thy, t10 ca xng c nh hng n nhit thp nht ti cn c th khi ng c ng c (tS.min) v nhit ti s xy ra hin nt hi (tVL) nh sau : tS.min = 0,5 t10 - 50,5 0C tVL = 2 t10 - 93 0C nh hng n chy khng ti v khi ng nng - Khi ng c chy khng ti trng thi nng, v d : sau mt thi gian di lm vic ch y ti trong thi tit nng, nhit truyn t cc b phn nng ca ng c n bm xng v carburetor s lm cc phn nh ca xng ho hi trong bung phao v trong ng dn nhin liu. Nu kh
2012
- 39 nng thng hi khng tt, p sut trong bung phao tng cao c th y xng qua ng phun chnh vo ng ng np v to ra trong hn hp qu m c th lm cht my v vic khi ng li cng kh khn. Nhit t10 ca xng cng thp th hin tng ni trn cng nghim trng.
Tc chy m my v tnh nng tng tc - Thi gian chy m my s c rt ngn nu c mt lng xng ln bay hi nhanh ngay sau khi ng c c khi ng tng ti. Tuy nhin, tnh d bay hi ca xng trong giai on chy m cng khng i hi phi cao nh khi khi ng v iu kin m bo cho xng bay hi trong giai on chy m tt hn (tc ca khng kh i qua carburetor v chuyn ng ri trong ng ng np cng nh trong cylindre cao hn). Khi mun tng tc ng c, ngi iu khin s m nhanh bm ga. Khi mt lng ln khng kh s i vo cylindre, ng thi bm tng tc cng b sung thm xng vo ng ng np. Nu xng bay hi qu nhanh th hn hp chy trong cylindre s qu m. Ngc li, nu xng bay hi chm th hn hp chy c trong cylindre ti nhng thi im u ca qu trnh tng tc s qu long. Tip theo , lng xng c bm tng tc b sung s bay hi v lm cho hn hp chy qu m. Hn hp chy qu long hoc qu m u lm cho cht lng qu trnh chy xu. Kt qu l ng c tng tc km v khng m. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng, phn chng ct gia ca xng (V% = 50-70) c nh hng mnh nht n tc chy m v tnh nng tng tc, phn cui c nh hng ln hn phn u. Lng tiu th nhin liu - Xng c tnh bay hi qu cao (qu d bay hi) s dn n tnh trng hn hp chy qu m nhiu ch lm vic ca ng c v tng lng nhin liu chy khng hon ton tng. Bn cnh , xng cng d bay hi th lng xng tht thot do bay hi t h thng nhin liu ra ngoi cng nhiu. Mc lm long du bi trn - Nu xng c t90 qu cao, tc l cha nhiu hydrocarbon kh bay hi, mt phn xng vo trong cylindre vn dng ht lng. Mt phn xng lng bm trn vch cylindre s ra tri lp du bi trn, mt phn khc lt qua khe h gia piston v cylindre xung carte v lm long du bi trn. Kt qu l c lng tiu th nhin liu v cng hao mn chi tit ca ng c u tng. Qua phn tch trn chng ta thy rng, tho mn c nhng yu cu i lp nhau v tnh bay hi, xng t phi c cu thnh t nhng phn on c nhit si khc nhau theo nhng t l thch hp. Tnh bay hi ca xng khng nhng phi ph hp vi tnh nng v c im cu to ca ng c, m cn phi c iu chnh theo cc iu kin v vng kh hu. V d : xng dng trong ma ng v kh hu lnh cn c t10 thp hn ng c d khi ng ; ngc li, xng ma h cn c t10 cao hn trnh hin tng nt hi , tng tnh tin cy ch khng ti v khi ng nng.
2012
- 40 3.2. PHN LOI XNG

Bng 3-5. Phn loi tng qut xng Tiu ch phn loi Loi xng. Xng c ngun gc t du m Xng tng hp - v d : t kh m, than , than nu, nha than , carbon monoxide v hydro, v.v. Xng chng ct trc tip Xng cracking Xng reforming Xng kh Xng tng hp Xng t Xng my bay Xng khi ng Xng dung mi
Nguyn liu sn xut xng
Phng php sn xut xng
Mc ch s dng
1) Xng chng ct trc tip - Xng c sn xut bng phng php chng ct du m, c nhit kt thc chng ct khong 180-200 0C. Loi xng ny cha khong 60-80 % parafins mch thng, 3-10 % aromatics, 12-13 % naphtenes. c im ca xng chng ct trc tip l c tnh chng kch n km (MON = 43-53) nn ch c th s dng cho ng c c t s nn thp ( < 5 ) nu khng c ph gia tng tnh chng kch n. 2) Xng cracking - Xng c sn xut bng phng php cracking nhit hoc cracking xc tc. Xng cracking nhit c sn xut t nhng phn cn ca qu trnh ch bin du m nh Mazout, Gudron. Xng cracking nhit c hm lng Olefins cao (n 40 %) , v vy chng c tnh n nh ho hc km. Tu theo cht lng nguyn liu v ch nhit ca qu trnh cracking, loi xng ny c RON = 64 -70. Xng cracking xc tc thu c bng cch cracking xc tc cc phn on nh ca du m nh du ho, gas oil. Thnh phn ho hc v tnh chng kch n ca xng cracking xc tc nh sau : 16-20 % aromatics, 18-25 % olefins, MON = 76-78, RON = 82-84. 3) Xng reforming - Xng c sn xut bng phng php reforming. Nguyn liu sn xut xng reforming l xng chng ct trc tip c tnh chng kch n km. Xng reforming cha mt lng ln aromatics v isoparafins, v vy c tnh n nh ho hc cao v tnh chng kch n tt ; MON = 74-86 v RON = 78-96 tu theo ch ca qu trnh reforming.
2012
- 41 4) Xng kh - Xng c sn xut t kh m bng phng php nn v hp th. Khi p dng phng php nn, kh m b nn v lm lnh hi xng ngng t thnh xng lng. Trong phng php hp th, kh m c cho i qua mt lp hp th (v d : du solar, cht rn xp, v.v.), hi xng c gi li trong lp hp th ri sau c tch ra di dng lng. So vi xng chng ct trc tip, xng kh c tnh bay hi v p sut hi bo ho cao hn v thng c dng lm nhin liu khi ng CT hoc pha vo cc loi xng khc tng tnh bay hi ca chng.
5) Xng khi ng - Xng dng khi ng ng c nhit thp. Xng khi ng l loi c t10 thp v p sut hi bo ho cao. V d xng khi ng theo OCT 2134-43 c cc tnh cht sau [1] : Nhit si u : IBP 40 0C Nit ct 90 % : t90 100 0C Nhit si cui : FBP 160 0C p sut hi bo ho : RVP = 500 1500 mm Hg. 6) Xng c s - l thnh phn chim t l ln nht trong xng t hoc xng my bay. Hu ht cc loi xng my bay c tnh chng kch n cao hin nay u l hn hp ca xng c s v cc thnh phn c s octane cao khc. 7) Xng dung mi - l phn on hp ca du m c nhit si trong khong nhit si ca xng, c s dng ho tan cht khc. V d : xng dung mi dng trong cng nghip cao su c nhit si trong khong 80 120 0 ; xng dung mi dng trong cng nghip sn ( White Spirit) c nhit si 165 200 0C , v.v. 8) Xng trch ly - l phn on hp v c nhit si thp ca xng chng ct trc tip hoc ca xng hydrogen ho, hoc phn ct ca xng reforming xc tc tch aromatics. Chng c s dng ch yu trong cng nghip thc phm, v d : sn xut du thc vt, tch cht bo ra khi xng, tch nicotin ra khi thuc l ,v.v. Xng trch ly cng c s dng trong cng nghip cao su v cng nghip sn. 9) Xng rn - Xng rn l tn gi chung ca cc sn phm du m nguyn trng thi lng c chuyn sang trng thi rn di dng bnh , dng cu, dng ht, v.v. Trong iu kin d chin, un si 1 lt nc ch cn s dng khong 20-30 gram xng rn.
2012
- 42 Chng 4
NHIN LIU DIESEL
4.1. PHN LOI NHIN LIU DIESEL ng c diesel c th chy bng nhiu loi nhin liu khc nhau, trong c c than , kh t v nhin liu tng hp. Tuy nhin, loi nhin liu diesel thng dng nht hin nay l mt s phn on ca du m, sau y gi chung l nhin liu diesel hoc du diesel (Diesel Oil - DO). Tu thuc vo phm vi nhit si, hm lng tp cht, nht, v.v. , du diesel c nhiu tn gi khc nhau, nh : gasoil, du diesel tu thu, du solar, mazout, du nh, du nng, du cn , v.v. Tuy nhin, xp mt mu du diesel vo loi no, ta phi cn c vo ch tiu k thut ca n c quy nh bi cc t chc c chc nng tiu chun ho (v d : OCT ca Nga, ASTM - M, TCVN - Vit nam, PN - Ba lan, DIN - c , v.v ) hoc cc hng ch to ng c ln. Cc ch tiu k thut thng c th hin di hnh thc mt bng cc tr s ca cc tnh cht c trng cho kh nng v hiu qu s dng ca mt loi nhin liu c th vo mt mc ch xc nh.
Bng 4-1. Ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu diesel theo OCT 305-73 v OCT4749-73 Ch tiu k thut
OCT 305-73
C
OCT 4749-73
C
S cetane , min 45 45 45 Thnh phn chng ct 240 250 280 : 0 - t50 , [ C] , max 330 340 360 0 - t96 , [ C] , max nht 20 0C , [cSt] 1.5 - 1.8 3.0 2.5 -3.2 - 6.0 Hm lng coke , 0.01 0.01 0.01 [ % ] , max Hm lng sulffur, 0.4 0.5 0.5 [%] , max
45 280 340 1.8 3.2 0.01 0.5
45 255 330
45 280 340
45 290 360 3.5 6.0 0.01 0.2
50 280 340 4.5 8.0 0.01 0.2
1.5 - 3.5 4.0 6.0 0.01 0.01 0.2 0.2
2012
- 43 OCT 305-73 p dng cho nhin liu diesel c sn xut t du m c hm lng lu hunh cao, cn OCT 4749-73 p dng cho nhin liu diesel t du m c hm lng lu hunh thp. A v - nhin liu bc cc dng cho ng c diesel lm vic trong iu kin nhit thp hn - 30 0C . , C v - nhin liu ma ng dng trong iu kin nhit t -30 0 0 C n 0 C. v - nhin liu ma h dng trong iu kin nhit trn 0 0C. C - nhin liu c bit, c s cetane cao hn.
Bng 4-2. Ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu nng theo OCT 1667-68 Ch tiu Mc quy mh
3
Khi lng ring 20 C , [g/cm ] , max Phn ct n 25 0C , [ % ] , max nht 50 0C , [cSt] , max Hm lng coke , [ % wt ] , max Hm lng tro , [ % wt ] , max Hm lng lu hunh , [ % wt ] , max - trong nhin liu t lu hunh - trong nhin liu nhiu lu hunh Hm lng nc , [ % ] , max Nhit chp la cc kn , [0C], min Nhit ng c , [0C] , max
DT 0.930 15 36.0 3.0 0.04
DM 0.970 10 10.0 0.15
0.5 1.5 1.0 65 -5
3.0 1.5 85 10
Bng 4-3. Ch tiu k thut ca nhin liu diesel theo ASTM D975 Ch tiu k thut Loi nhin liu No. 1-D No. 2-D No. 4-D 40 40 30 1,3 1,9 5,5 2,4 4,1 24,0 ... 282 ... 288 238 ... 0,5 0,5 2,0 0,05 0,05 0,05 0,15 0,35 ... 0,01 0,01 0,10
2012
S cetane , min nht ng hc 40 0C : - min - max 0 t90 , [ C] : - min - max Hm lng lu hunh , [% wt] , max Hm lng nc v cn , [% vol] , max Hm lng coke , [% wt] , max Hm lng tro, [% wt] , max
- 44 M, ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) l c quan hng u thit lp cc ch tiu k thut cng nh phng php xc nh cc ch tiu i vi hng lot cc loi sn phm, trong c sn phm du m. Theo ASTM - D975, du diesel c chia thnh 3 nhm vi k hiu No. 1-D , No. 2-D v No. 4-D (Bng 4-3). No. 1-D : nhin liu dng cho ng c diesel lm vic trong nhng iu kin ti v tc quay thng xuyn thay i. Loi nhin liu ny thng l sn phm chng ct trc tip t du m. No. 2-D : nhin liu cho ng c diesel cng nghip v ng c xe c gii c ch lm vic nng. Loi ny thng cha sn phm chng ct trc tip v sn phm cracking. No. 4-D : nhin liu cho ng c diesel thp tc v trung tc. Loi nhin liu ny thng l hn hp ca sn phm chng ct trc tip hoc ca sn phm cracking vi du cn. Bng 4-4. Nhin liu diesel - PETROLIMEX Ch tiu k thut 1. S cetane, min 2. Thnh phn chng ct, [0C] : max - t50 - t90 3. nht 40 0C, [mm2/s] 4. Nhit chp la cc kn, [0C] , min 5. Nhit ng c [0C] , max 6. Hm lng tro , [% wt] , max 7. Hm lng nc , [% vol.] , 8. Hm lng lu hunh , [% wt] , max 9. Khi lng ring 20 0C, [g/cm3] , max 10. n mn ng, [3 h/50 0C] , max 11. Mu (ASTM. D1500) , max
Mc quy nh
45 290 370 1,8 5,0 60 9 0,02 0,05 1,0 0,87 N-1 N-2
48 270 350 1,8 5,0 60 5 0,01 0,05 0,5 0,87 N-1 N-2
4.2. CH TIU K THUT CA NHIN LIU DIESEL Cc ch tiu k thut quan trng nht ca nhin liu diesel bao gm : nhit tr, tnh t bc chy, hm lng tp cht v nht. 4.2.1. NHT nht ca nhin liu diesel c nh hng ch yu n cht lng qu trnh phun nhin liu. nht qu cao lm cho cc tia nhin liu kh phn tn thnh cc ht nh v c th bm trn thnh xylanh. Ngc li, nht qu thp li lm cho cc tia nhin liu
2012
- 45 qu ngn, khng bao trm ht khng gian ca bung t. C hai trng hp trn u dn n cht lng qu trnh to hn hp chy khng cao, lm tng lng nhin liu chy rt v chy khng hon ton. Ngoi ra, nht ca nhin liu qu thp c th nh hng xu n cht lng nh lng ca h thng phun do lm tng mc r r ti cc cp siu chnh xc ca bm cao p v vi phun , ng thi tng mc mi mn ca cc chi tit chuyn ng thuc h thng nhin liu. Mc d khng phi l mt ch tiu k thut c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng hot ng ca ng c, nhng ngi ta thng cn c vo nht phn loi du diesel nng. S d nh vy l v : - nht l mt i lng d xc nh. - nht c lin quan n nhiu tnh cht khc ca du diesel. V d : nu nhin liu nng c nht di 3500 sec Redwood, th s cetane thng cao hn 25 v hm lng tp cht cng thng thp hn mc quy nh. 4.2.2. TNH T BC CHY Tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu l tnh cht lin quan n kh nng t pht ho khi hn hp nhin liu - khng kh chu tc dng ca p sut v nhit ln. nh lng tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu, c th s dng cc i lng di y : Thi gian chm chy (i) - Nhin liu c tnh t bc chy cng cao th thi gian chm chy (i) cng ngn, v ngc li. Thi gian chm chy l i lng phn nh tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu diesel theo cch m chng ta mong mun nht, bi v n c nh hng mnh v trc tip n ton b din bin v cht lng ca qu trnh chy ng c diesel. Tuy nhin, thi gian chm chy ca nhin liu diesel ng c thc t ch ko di t vi phn vn n vi phn ngn mt giy. o trc tip mt khong thi gian ngn nh vy l mt vic rt kh, cho nn ngi ta s dng mt s i lng khc nh gi tnh t bc chy trn c s mt s tnh cht l-ho ca nhin liu c lin quan mt thit vi thi gian chm chy, hoc so snh tnh t bc chy ca mu th v ca nhin liu chun.
Hng s nht -T trng - (Viscosity Gravity Number - VG) l mt thng s c tnh ton trn c s nht v t trng ca du diesel. Tu thuc vo n v ca nht, n v ca t trng v quan im ca tc gi, cng thc tnh VG c nhng dng khc nhau. V d, theo [9] , gia nht, t trng v hng s nht-t trng c mi quan h nh sau : d = 1.0820 VG + (0.776 0.72 VG) [log log ( - 4 ) ] 0.0887 (4.1) 0 0 trong : d - t trng 60 F; - nht ng hc 100 F , [mSt]; VG - hng s nht-t trng.
2012
- 46 Ch s diesel - (Diesel Index - DI) l thng s c tnh ton trn c s t trng v im aniline ca nhin liu theo cng thc [9] : DI = 0A . 0,01 0API trong : 0A - im aniline, [0F]; 0 API - t trng tnh theo thang API. (4.2)
Bi v nht, t trng v im aniline u l nhng i lng c quan h cht ch vi thnh phn ho hc ca du diesel xt t gc hm lng cc nhm hydrocarbon, nn hng s nht-t trng v ch s diesel s phn nh tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu. Khi c xc nh bng cng thc (4.1 v (4.2), VG cng nh th thi gian chm chy cng ngn, tnh t bc chy cng cao ; cn DI cng nh th thi gian chm chy cng di (H. 4-1).
S cetane - (Cetane Number - CN) l i lng nh gi tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu bng cch so snh vi nhin liu chun. V tr s, l s phn trm th tnh ca cht n-cetane (C16H34) c trong hn hp vi cht -methylnaphthalen (C10H7CH3) nu hn hp ny tng ng vi nhin liu th nghim v tnh t bc chy.
0,96 VG DI 0,88 50 90
Hng s nht - T trng (VG)
0,84
30
0,80 0 20 40 60 80 100 S cetane (CN)
10
H. 4-1. Quan h gia VG, DI v CN
Phng php xc nh s cetane c p dng ph bin hin nay l so snh t s nn ti hn (t s nn ti hn - CR - l t s nn, ti nhin liu s pht ho) ca nhin liu th nghim v ca nhin liu chun trn mt loi ng c tiu chun ho hot ng mt ch quy c. Trn th trng hin nay c nhiu loi ng c th nghim tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu, nh 9-3 , 9 - 3 M (Lin x) , CFR (M) , v.v. Khi th nghim theo tiu chun ASTM D613-61T , iu kin hot ng c bn ca ng c nh sau :
Ch s diesel (DI)
0,92
70
2012
Tc quay : Gc phun sm nhin liu : Nhit nc lm mt : Nhit khng kh np :
- 47 900 rpm 13 0 212 0F 150 0F.
Nhin liu chun l hn hp vi nhng t l th tch khc nhau ca n-C16H34 v C10H7CH3. n- C16H34 l mt hydrocarbon loi parafin thng c tnh t bc chy rt cao, ngi ta quy c s cetane ca n bng 100 ; cn -C10H7CH3 l mt hydrocarbon thm, cha mt nhm methyl trn ln vi cc nguyn t hydrogen , kh t bc chy , c s cetane quy c bng 0. 4.2.3. HM LNG TP CHT Du diesel, c bit l du cn, thng cha mt lng ng k tp cht c ngun gc t du m (v d : S, V, Na, P, ...) hoc t mi trng thm nhp vo trong qu trnh ch bin, vn chuyn , bo qun v phn phi (v d : nc, t ct , ...). Tp cht c hc - Tp cht c hc trong nhin liu c nh hng n h thng phun nhin liu ca ng c diesel mt cch trc tip v nghim trng hn so vi trng hp ng c xng. Trong h thng phun nhin liu ca ng c diesel c nhng chi tit c ch to vi chnh xc rt cao, nh cp piston-xylanh ca bm cao p v u phun ca vi phun. Khe h gia cc cp chi tit ni trn c tr s trung bnh khong 0,003 mm v s c mt ca cc vt cng vi kch thc vi phn ngn mm cng c th lm h thng phun nhin liu b h hng rt nhanh. Chnh v vy, h thng lc nhin liu ca ng c diesel thng phc tp hn ng thi vic bo tr chng cng c nhng yu cu kht khe hn. i vi du cn c nht v hm lng tp cht c hc cao, ng c cn phi c trang b h thng x l nhin liu c chc nng sy nng v loi b nhng tp cht c kch thc ln trc khi nhin liu c a n cc b lc thng dng.
Lu hunh (S) - S c trong nhin liu tn ti di dng t do hoc hp cht, nh mercaptan, sulffide, v.v. D tn ti dng no, S u c tc ng n mn nhng mc khc nhau. - Mercaptan c kh nng tc dng ln nhiu loi kim loi , nh ng (Cu) , km (Zn) , cadmum (Cd) , v s to thnh cc hp cht ho hc phc tp, kh tan . Cc hp cht ny c th kt ta trn cc chi tit ca h thng nhin liu lm nh hng xu n hot ng ca ng c. - Lu hunh t do (S) s c t chy thnh SO2. Mt phn SO2 b oxy ho tip thnh SO3 di tc dng xc tc ca oxyt st (Fe2O3) v mt s cht khc c trong nhin liu. Sau , SO3 kt hp vi hi nc to thnh axit phosphoric (H2SO4) theo cc phn ng :
2012
- 48 S + 2SO2 + SO3 + O2 SO2 O2 2SO3 H2O H2SO4
Trong iu kin nhit cao, axit phosphoric tn ti trng thi hi cng vi hi nc v cc cht khc ca kh thi. Khi nhit ca kh thi gim xung, hi axit c th ngng t v c tc ng n mn rt mnh. H. 4-3 th hin cc ng si v ngng t ca hn hp H2O - H2SO4 vi 3 % th tch H2SO4 p sut 0,155 at (tng phn p sut ca H2O v H2SO4) . vng pha trn ng si (S), c hai cht H2O v H2SO4 tn ti trng thi hi; vng di ng ngng t (N) - c hai dng lng ; vng gia hai ng - hn hp c 2 pha hi v lng.
400 Kh C] 300 400 300
S N
A B
Nhit [
200
Nhit [
C]
200
A
100 0 0
100 Lng 0 20 40 60 80 100 Cng n mn Th tch H 2 SO4 [ % ]

C
H. 4-2. ng ngng t v ng si ca hn hp H2) - H2S04 p sut 0,115 at N- ng ngng t, S- ng si
H. 4-4. nh hng ca nhit n cng n mn ca hn hp H2O - H2S04 (3 % Vol H2SO4)
2012
- 49 Chng 5
CHT BI TRN
5.1. MA ST V NGUYN L BI TRN Ma st l mt hin tng t nhin, lun xut hin gia 2 vt th tip xc v chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. Ti cc im tip xc ca 2 vt th y (sau y quy c gi l cc b mt ma st hoc b mt lm vic) s xut hin mt lc cn chuyn ng gi l lc ma st. Trong mt s trng hp, hin tng ma st l c ch , v d : ma st gia dy ai v pulie trong h thng truyn ng ai, gia m phanh v bnh xe trong cc c cu phanh. Trong nhiu trng hp khc, lc ma st l c hi. Hin tng ma st lun ko theo s tiu hao mt phn c nng c ch c cung cp t bn ngoi lm vt chuyn ng v gy hao mn cc b mt ma st. Mt phn c nng b tiu hao bin thnh nhit nng v lm nng cc b mt ma st. Ma st - To nhit - Hao mn l 3 hin tng lun ng hnh khi cc vt th tip xc v c chuyn ng tng i. Ma st l mt hin tng rt phc tp v c th phn loi ma st theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau. Cn c vo c im tip xc gia 2 b mt, c th phn bit 3 loi ma st : m st kh, ma st gii hn v ma st t. Ma st kh Ma st gii hn Ma st t Cht bi trn c th thc hin mt hoc mt s chc nng di y : 1) Bi trn 2) Lm mt 3) Lm kn 4) Lm sch 5) Chng n mn. Tu thuc vo nhng chc nng c th m cht bi 5.2. CH TIU CHT LNG CA CHT BI TRN Cht lng ca cht bi trn c nh gi thng qua rt nhiu ch tiu khc nhau v mc quan trng ca cc ch tiu ph thuc vo chc nng ca cht bi trn. Mt s ch tiu cht lng chung cho tt c cc SPDM, nh tnh n nh, nhit chp la, hm lng tp cht, hm lng cn, v.v. c cp n trong chng 2. Di y s trnh by mt s ch tiu c trng ca cht bi trn dng cho CT, nh tnh bi trn, ch s nht, s acid, s kim, kh nng chng lo ho, v.v.
2012
- 50 5.2.1. TNH BI TRN Cho n nay c kh nhiu quan nim khc nhau v tnh bi trn ca cht bi trn. C th lit k di y mt s nh ngha v tnh bi trn : 1) Tnh bi trn l tnh cht c c trng bi kh nng bm dnh trn cc b mt c bi trn ngn chn s xut hin ma st kh. 2) Tnh bi trn l thc o s khc nhau v sc cn ma st khi so snh cc loi du bi trn c cng nht. 3) Tnh bi trn l t hp cc tnh cht tc dng tng h gia cc b mt c tip xc vi mi trng bi trn, m bo lc ma st v hao mn ca b mt c bi trn l nh nht. Tnh bi trn khng ch ph thuc vo bn thn cht bi trn, m cn chu nh hng, nhng mc khc nhau, ca hng lot yu t ngoi cnh khc, nh : vt liu c bi trn, ti tc dng ln b mt bi trn, tc tng i ca cc b mt bi trn, khe h gia cc b mt ma st, v.v. Theo mt s tc gi, nh lng tnh bi trn mt cch y , c th s dng 3 thng s sau y [5] : - H s ma st () , - Tr s ln nht ca p lc ring, nhit v vn tc tng i cho php h s ma st c gi tr n nh, (pmax, Tmax v v max) , gia tng h s ma st khi s n nh ca mng du bi trn b ph v, (tg).
X max
p, T , v
H. 5-1. Cc thng s c trng ca tnh bi trn
5.2.2. NHT V CH S NHT nht - nht l mt trong nhng ch tiu c ngha quyt nh cht lng ca cht bi trn, n nh hng trc tip n tn hao nng lng do ma st, cng hao mn chi tit my, kh nng lm kn, kh nng lm mt, v.v. Khi chn nht ca cht bi trn cn phi tnh n tnh nng, c im cu to v iu kin lm vic ca thit b c bi trn. nht qu cao s lm tng tn hao
2012
- 51 nng lng do ma st, gim kh nng lm mt. Ngc li, nht qu thp s lm tng cng hao mn v gim kh nng lm kn.
Ch s nht - nht ni chung v nht ca SPDM ni ring thng gim khi nhit tng. nh gi mc thay i ca nht theo nhit , ngi ta dng i lng c tn gi l ch s nht ( Viscosity Index - VI ). ASTM xc nh ch s nht bng cch so snh vi 2 loi du chun c cng nht 210 0F - loi (h) v loi (l). Loi (h) thuc nhm du parafin c nht t thay i theo nhit , quy c ch s nht ca n bng 100. Loi (l) thuc nhm du naphthene c ch s nht quy c bng 0. Ch s nht ca mu th (u) c tnh
theo cng thc sau :
VI = 100 .
L U LH
(5.1)
trong : L, H v U l nht tnh bng SUS 100 0F (37,8 0C) ca du bi trn loi (l), (h) v (u). Ch s nht ca du bi trn thng c xc nh bng th khi bit nht ca n 100 oF v 210 0F (H. 5-2).
30 20 15 12 10 40 80 0 0 60 0 50 40 0
00
00
00
00
00
00
Viscosity at 100 0 F [SUS]
In de x
20 0
-2 0 Vi sc os ity
40 42 44 46 50 55 60
Viscosity at 210 0 F [SUS]
H. 5-2. th xc nh ch s nht ca du bi trn
6 8 0 90 0
0 30 0 24 0 0 0 20 1 8 16 0 14 0 12
40
0 10 10 1 0 12 0 13 0 14
70 80 90 110 140 200
2012
- 52 5.2.3. S ACID Trong qu trnh lm vic, lng acid trong du bi trn thng tng ln do du b oxy ho v do sn phm chy nhin liu cha cc cht to acid. Acid c trong du bi trn c phn thnh 2 loi : Acid mnh - bao gm acid v c hnh thnh t sn phm chy ca cc loi nhin liu cha cc tp cht to acid v acid hu c ho tan hnh thnh do s oxy ho cc phn t du bi trn. Acid yu - acid hu c khng ho tan c hnh thnh do s oxy ho du bi trn. Acid mnh c k nng n mn cc b mt bi trn. Acid yu khng c kh nng n mn, nhng c th tch t di dng cn bn lm gim s truyn nhit v tng mi mn cc b mt bi trn. Lng acid mnh c nh gi bng s acid mnh SAN ( Strong Acid Number) ; lng acid yu - s acid yu WAN ( Weak Acid Number) ; tng s acid c trong du bi trn - s acid tng TAN ( Total Acid Number ). TAN = SAN + WAN
S acid (Acid Number - AN) ca du bi trn l lng KOH tnh bng miligram cn thit trung ho lng acid c trong 1 gram du bi trn. S acid l i lng nh gi hm lng acid c trong du bi trn v c s dng nh l mt ch tiu loi b du sau mt thi gian s dng. Vic kim nh cht lng du bi trn da vo ch tiu AN ch c p dng i vi nhng loi du khng c ph gia kim. Thng thng, du sch c s acid TAN = 0,15 0,20 mg KOH/g . S acid ca du s tng ln kh nhanh trong qu trnh lm vic v t nt s gii hn khong 1,5 2,0 mg KOH/g.
5.2.4. S KIM TNG S kim tng (Total Base Number - TBN) l s KOH tnh bng miligram tng ng v phng din trung ho acid vi lng ph gia kim c trong 1 gram du bi trn. TBN nh gi hm lng ph gia kim c trong du bi trn v l thc o kh nng trung ho acid ca du. Ni chung, nhng ng c chy bng nhin liu cha nhiu lu hunh cn c bi trn bng nhng loi du c TBN cao. Theo [4], TBN yu cu (TBN m du bi trn phi c ) c xc nh bng cng thc gn ng di y :
TBN = 35 K g S
e
(5.2)
2012
- 53 trong : TBN - s kim chung yu cu, [mg KOH/g]; S - hm lng lu hunh trong nhin liu, [% wt]; K - h s tnh n lng lu hunh ng li trn thnh xylanh di dng axit, K = 0,001 - 0,002; ge - sut tiu th nhin liu c ch, [g/HP. h]; go - sut tiu th du bi trn, [g/HP. h]. Vi nhin liu c hm lng lu hunh n 5 %, ng c cn c bi trn bng du c TBN = 30 - 80 mg KOH/g. Tr s TBN ca du bi trn gim dn theo thi gian s dng v lng ph gia kim tiu hao dn cho vic trung ho acid. Du bi trn cn c thay th khi TBN gim xung nh hn mt tr s xc nh. 5.3. PHN LOI CHT BI TRN 5.3.1. PHN LOI TNG QUT CHT BI TRN C rt nhiu cht c th dng bi trn, nh m ng vt, du thc vt, nc, v.v. Trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta dng c cht rn v cht kh bi trn, v d : graphte, molybdenum disulfide, mt s kh hydrocarbon. C th phn loi cht bi trn theo nhng tiu ch khc nhau theo bng 5-1 di y. Bng 5-1. Phn loi tng qut cht bi trn
Tiu ch phn loi Trng thi iu kin nhit v p sut kh quyn Loi cht bi trn
Nguyn liu sn xut cht bi trn Nhm hydrocarbon chim u th Phng php sn xut
Mc ch s dng
nht Cht lng

- Kh bi trn - Du bi trn - M bi trn - Cht rn bi trn - Cht bi trn sn xut t khong cht (du khong) - Cht bi trn sn xut t ng, thc vt - Du parafin - Du naphthene - Du aromatic - Du chng ct - Du tinh ch - Cht bi trn tng hp - Du ng c - Du my lnh - Du thu lc - Du truyn ng - Du cch in, v.v SAE 20W , SAE 30 , SAE 50 , v.v. SA, SB, SC, CA, CB, CC , v.v.
- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG 2012
- 54 1) Du khong - Du khong l tn gi chung ca cc loi du bi trn c sn xut t cc loi khong cht nh : du m, than , than nu, v.v. Thnh phn ch yu ca cc loi du khong l cc loi hydrocarbon khc nhau, ngoi ra du khong cng c th cha mt t cht ph gia v tp cht. Du khong c th c phn loi theo cc tiu ch sau y : Theo nhm hydrocarbon chim t l u th trong thnh phn ca du + Du parafin : du khong cha nhiu hydrocarbon loi parafin. Loi du ny c kh nng chng oxy ho tt, c im aniline (0A) v ch s nht (VI) cao, c t trng nh. + Du naphthene : cha nhiu hydrocarbon loi naphthene. Loi du ny c t trng cao hn v im aniline, ch s nht thp hn so vi du parafin. Khi chy trong xylanh ng c, du naphthene to ra nhiu cn hn so vi du parafin, nhng loi cn do du naphthene to ra mm hn cn do du parafin to ra. + Du aromatic : cha nhiu hydrocarbon loi aromatic. Loi du ny c t trng cao nht v im aniline thp nht.
Cn c vo cng ngh sn sut v cht lng : + Du chng ct : l phn on c nhit si trong khong 350 500 0C, c sn xut bng cch chng ct du m, nha than, bao gm nhng hydrocarbon c s nguyn t carbon trong phn t t 21 n 35 (C21 ... C35). Loi du ny cha nhiu thnh t c nh hng xu n cc tnh cht s dng ca du, nh hp cht asphalt, parafin rn,. S c mt ca asphalt trong du lm tng xu hng to cn v lake, cn parafin rn li lm tng nhit ng c. Du chng ct rt d b oxy ho, c bit nhit cao ; bi vy, n ch c s dng trong iu kin nhit gn nhit kh quyn v thng xuyn c thay mi. u im c bn ca loi du ny l c bm dnh tt. Cht lng ca du chng ct c th c ci thin bng cch tinh ch. + Du tinh ch : du chng ct c x l ho hc loi b nhng thnh t c hi. Du chng ct thng c tinh ch bng acid, kim, t ty, fufurol (dung mi chn lc , l cht lng khng mu, c mi c trng nh mi bnh m en mi nng, tan trong ru v ete), nitrobezene, phenol, v.v. Du tinh ch c thi hn s dng di hn du chng ct, nhng c gi thnh cao hn. + Du thng (regular oils) : du khong khng c ph gia, cht lng ca chng ph thuc hon ton vo nguyn liu gc v phng php sn xut. + Du c ph gia (doped oils) : du c cha cc cht ph gia c tc dng ci thin cc ch tiu cht lng, v d : ph gia tng kh nng bm dnh, ph gia chng si bt, ph gia trung ho acid, v.v.
2012
- 55 2) Du thc vt v du ng vt - Trong mt s trng hp, cht bi trn c ngun gc thc vt v ng vt, v d : du thu du, du ci, du m ng vt, v.v. c s dng ho trn vi du khong nhm to ra du c tnh bi trn tt hn. Chng t khi c s dng mt cch c lp v b lo ho kh nhanh.
3) Du bi trn tng hp - Du c sn xut bng cch bin i ho hc cc loi nguyn liu khc nhau. 4) M bi trn - Cht bi trn dng na lng na rn. Thng thng, m bi trn c sn xut t du bi trn bng cch pha trn vi x phng (soap). 5) Cht rn bi trn - Mt s cht rn, nh graphite, molybdenum disulfide, c kh nng bi trn v chu c p lc, nhit cao.
5.3.2. PHN LOI DU BI TRN NG C T TRONG Du bi trn CT ( sau y gi tt l du ng c ) l nhm du bi trn chim t l ln nht v khng ngng c nghin cu hon thin p ng nhng yu cu ca CT c cng lm vic ngy cng cao. Hin nay, du ng c chim khong 40 % tng sn lng du bi trn c sn xut trn ton th gii, khong 60 % tng lng du bi trn c s dng Vit nam. a) Phn loi du bi trn theo nht
Bng 5-2. Phn loi du carter theo SAE J300a M hiu
SAE SAE SAE SAE SAE SAE SAE
5W 10 W 20W 20 30 40 50
nht [ 0E ] 0 0F (-17,8 0C) 210 0F (98,9 0C) Min Max Min Max 172 1,30 172 343 343 1386 1,45 1,80 1,80 2,12 2,12 2,52 2,52 3,19
c lng nht 50 0C [ 0E] < 2,5 3,0 - 4,0 4,0 - 6,5 3,5 - 6,5 6,5 - 10,0 10,0 - 16,0 16,0 - 26,0
SAE xut h thng phn loi du ng c theo nht v c nhiu quc gia p dng. Theo tiu chun SAE-J 300a , cc s 5, 10, 20, 30, ... trong m hiu mi loi du ng c (Bng 5-2) khng phi l tr s ca nht m ch l nhng s quy c c lin quan n nht. Ch W k hiu loi du dng trong ma ng, chng c nht gii hn ti a 0 0F m bo khi ng c ng c trong thi tit lnh. Cc loi
2012
- 56 du khc c nht gii hn ti thiu 210 0F , m bo s hot ng an ton ca ng c trong iu kin thi tit nng v ch lm vic nng. Du ng c dng trong c ma ng v ma h c k hiu bng 2 nhm ch v s, v d : SAE 5W/ 10W , SAE 10W/ 20 , SAE 20W/ 30 , v.v. H thng phn loi ca SAE c u im l n gin. Nhiu hng ch to ng c s dng cch phn loi ny quy nh cp nht ca du bi trn s dng cho ng c ca mnh. Tuy nhin, h thng phn loi du ng c theo nht ca SAE cha th hin c cht lng ca du bi trn ph hp vi chng loi ng c v iu kin lm vic c th. b) Phn loi du bi trn theo cht lng API-1947 Vo nm 1947, American Petroleum Institute (API) xut h thng phn loi du ng c cn c vo cht lng ca du. Theo , du ng c c chia thnh 3 loi + Regular Type - khng c cht ph gia, cht lng ca chng ph thuc hon ton vo loi du m v cng ngh ch bin. + Premiun Type - ch c cht ph gia hn ch tc lo ho v chng n mn bc lt trc khuu. + Heavy Duty Type - c nhiu loi ph gia, m bo cho ng c lm vic an ton cc ch nng. H thng phn loi API-1947 cha th hin c nhng iu kin c th, mt loi du bi trn c th c th ph hp.
API-1952 H thng phn loi API-1952 phn bit 5 loi du ng c v k hiu l : MS, MM, ML, DG v DS. Ch M u m hiu ca 3 loi du MS, MM v ML k hiu loi du dng cho ng c xng ; cc ch S, M v L tip theo k hiu loi du dng trong cc iu kin nng (severe), trung bnh (medium) v nh (light). Du dng cho ng c diesel c k hiu bng ch D u m hiu ; ch G v S tip theo k hiu iu kin lm vic bnh thng (general service conditions) v nng (severe service conditions). API-ASTM-SAE API-ASTM-SAE l h thng phn loi du bi trn do 3 t chc API, ASTM v SAE hp tc v xut vo nm 1970. Theo , du bi trn CT c phn thnh 2 nhm ln. Nhm th nht c ch S (Service Station Oils) u m hiu l du ch dng cho ng c xng. Nhm th hai vi ch C (Commercial Oils) u m hiu l du c dng ch yu cho ng c diesel. Cc ch tip theo trong mi m hiu (A, B, C, D,....) l k hiu tnh cht ca du. API-ASTM-SAE l mt h thng phn loi kiu m,
2012
- 57 tc l c th b sung vo h thng cc loi du mi nu n xut hin. Cho n nay, trong nhm th nht c 8 loi c k hiu l SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF, SG v SG ; trong nhm th hai c 6 loi l CA, CB, CC , CD, CD-II v CE. + Du SA - Du bi trn khng c ph gia ci thin cht lng, c th c ph gia chng si bt. Du SA c ch nh dng cho ng c xng lm vic trong cc iu kin n ho v chy bng nhin liu cht lng cao. + Du SB - Du c cc cht ph gia chng oxy ho v chng n mn. Loi du ny thch hp cho ng c xng lm vic trong nhng iu kin n ho v chy bng nhin liu cht lng thp. + Du SC - Du c cc loi ph gia, c ch nh dng cho ng c xng lm vic nhng ch nng, xut xng trong khong thi gian 1964-1967. + Du SD - Du c cc loi ph gia nh ca du SC, nhng c kh nng chng bm cn cao hn, c ch nh dng cho ng c xng xut xng trong khong thi gian 1968-1970. + Du SE - Du tng t nh SC v SD, nhng c kh nng chng oxy ho v chng bm cn tt hn. c ch nh cho ng c xng c ch to trong khong thi gian 1971-1972.
2012
- 58 -
TI LIU THAM KHO

1 2 3 4. T in nhin liu - du - m - cht thm - cht lng chuyn dng , NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H Ni 1994 Kiu nh Kim (1999), Cc sn phm du m v ha du, NXB Khoa hc v K thut. Hi tho khoa hc v cht lng xng t thng dng ti Vit Nam, Vietnam National Petroleum Import-Export Corporation - H Ni 8/1997 S TAY S DNG DU - M BI TRN ( Tp I ) NXB Khoa hc v K thut - H ni 1991 Vin ho cng nghip Prof. Iu. Ia. Phomin, Prof. Trn Hu Ngh NHIN LIU-DU NHN-NC DNG CHO TU THU NXB Giao thng vn ti - H ni 1990 Przemyslaw urbanski PALIWA - SMARY - WODA DLA STATKOW MORSKICH Wydawnictwo Morskie Gdansk 1976 Jan Werner, Jan Wajand SILNIKI SPALINOWE MALEJ I SREDNIEJ MOCY Wydawnictwwo Naukowo-Techniczne - Warszawa 1976 V. Arkhangelski, M. Khovakh, et all MOTOR VEHICLE ENGINE Mir Publishers - Moscow 1979 Malabar, Florida 1988
5.
6.
7.
2012
- 59 -
NI DUNG N TP
1. Phn loi tng qut v nh ngha cc loi nhin liu dng cho CT. 2. Phn loi hydrocarbon c trong du m. c im cu trc phn t v nhng tnh cht l-ho c bn ca tng loi. 3. Mi quan h gia cu trc phn t ca hydrocarbon v tnh chng kch n ca nhin liu dng cho ng c SI. 4. Nhng yu cu i vi nhin liu dng cho ng c xng v diesel. So snh u, nhc im ca nhin liu rn, lng, kh. 5. Cc phng php sn xut nhin liu CT. 6. nh ngha, ngha v cc phng php xc nh cc tnh cht l-ho c bn ca sn phm du m (Mu sc, T trng, nht, Tnh bay hi, Nhit chp la, Nhit bn la, Nhit ng c, Nhit vn c, Hm lng cc, Nhit tr). 7. Tnh chng kch n ca xng t (nh ngha, ch tiu nh gi, phng php xc nh). 8. Thnh phn chng ct ca nhin liu (nh ngha, ngha v phng php xc nh). 9. Phn tch nh hng ca thnh phn chng ct ca xng n tnh nng khi ng, hin tng nt hi, ch khi ng v chy khng ti nng, tn tht xng do bay hi, lng xng lt xung cacte. 10. Phn loi xng t. 11. Phn loi nhin liu diesel. 12. Tnh t bc chy ca nhin liu (nh ngha, ch tiu nh gi v cc phng php xc nh). 13. Chc nng ca du bi trn v phn loi tng qut du bi trn. 14. Cc ch tiu cht lng ca du bi trn (nh ngha, ngha v phng php xc nh). 15. Phn loi du bi trn theo nht v theo cht lng.
2012

Nhien Lieu Va Chat Boi Tron

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Nhien Lieu Va Chat Boi Tron

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRNG I HC NHA TRANG

NHIN LIU & MI CHT CHUYN DNG

NHA TRANG - 2012

TNG QUAN V NHIN LIU DNG CHO NG C T TRONG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

L0 [m /m3] 9,5 1,2 3,9 4,5 2,4 2,38 9,5 23,8 31

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

ASTM - D.2598 ASTM - D.2163

ASTM - D.2598 ASTM - D.2784 ASTM - D.2420 ASTM - D.1838

ASTM - D.3227 ASTM - D.2386 ASTM - D.130 ASTM - D.156

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

H. 1-2. Cu trc phn t ca parafin thng

2,2-D im ethylpentane (C 7 H16 )

H. 1-3. Cu trc phn t ca isomer ca parafin

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

H. 1-4. Cu trc phn t ca naphthene

H. 1-5. Cu trc phn t ca aromatics

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

H. 1-7. Cu trc phn t ca diolefin

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

TNH CHT L-HO CA SN PHM DU M

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- t khi o c nhit t ; - h s hiu chnh t khi theo nhit

141 130+ 0Be

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

H. 2-1. Th nghim ca Newton v nht ca cht lng

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG

PGS. TS. Nguyn Vn Nhn

- NHIN LIU V MI CHT CHUYN DNG