BN D THO

B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
S:

CNG HO X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM

c lp - T do - Hnh phc

/2011/TT-BTNMT

H Ni, ngy

thng

nm 2012

THNG T
Quy nh quy trnh k thut quan trc nc thi cng nghip
B TRNG B TI NGUYN V MI TRNG
Cn c Lut Bo v mi trng ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2005;
Cn c Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca
Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo
v mi trng;
Cn c Ngh nh s 21/2008/N-CP ngy 28 thng 02 nm 2008 ca
Chnh ph v sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Ngh nh s 80/2006/N-CP
ngy 09 thng 8 nm 2006 ca Chnh ph quy nh chi tit v hng dn thi
hnh mt s iu ca Lut Bo v mi trng;
Cn c Ngh nh s 25/2008/N-CP ngy 04 thng 3 nm 2008 ca
Chnh ph quy nh chc nng, nhim v, quyn hn v c cu t chc ca B
Ti nguyn v Mi trng;
Xt ngh ca Tng cc trng Tng cc Mi trng, V trng V
Khoa hc v Cng ngh v V trng V Php ch;
B trng B Ti nguyn v Mi trng ban hnh Thng t Quy nh
quy trnh k thut quan trc nc thi cng nghip,
Chng I
QUY NH CHUNG
iu 1. Phm vi iu chnh
Thng t ny quy nh v quy trnh k thut quan trc mi trng nc
thi cng nghip gm: thit k chng trnh quan trc v t chc thc hin
chng trnh quan trc.
iu 2. i tng p dng

1. Thng t ny p dng vi cc t chc, c nhn c lin quan n hot

ng quan trc nc thi cng nghip;
2. Thng t ny khng p dng cho hot ng quan trc nc thi cng
nghip bng cc thit b quan trc t ng, lin tc.
iu 3. Nguyn tc p dng cc quy chun, tiu chun, phng
php vin dn
1. Vic p dng cc Quy chun, tiu chun, phng php vin dn phi
tun th theo cc tiu chun, phng php quan trc v phn tch c quy
nh ti chng II ca Thng t ny;
2. Trng hp cc tiu chun, phng php quan trc v phn tch quy
nh ti chng II ca Thng t ny sa i, b sung hoc thay th th p dng
theo tiu chun, phng php mi.
Chng II
QUY TRNH K THUT QUAN TRC MI TRNG
NC THI CNG NGHIP
iu 4. Xc nh mc tiu quan trc
Cc mc tiu trong quan trc mi trng nc thi cng nghip l:
1. Kim sot nhim;
2. nh gi s tun th ca cc c s sn xut i vi cc quy chun k
thut quc gia, tiu chun nc thi;
3. Cung cp s liu phc v cng tc qun l mi trng Trung ng
v a phng;
4. Xy dng cc bo co hin trng mi trng;
5. Cnh bo sm hin tng nhim ngun nc;
iu 5. Thit k chng trnh quan trc
Chng trnh quan trc phi c cp c thm quyn hoc c quan qun
l chng trnh quan trc ph duyt, chp thun bng vn bn. Vic thit k
chng trnh quan trc nc thi cng nghip c th nh sau:

1. Xc nh a im v v tr quan trc
a) Nguyn tc, yu cu khi xc nh v tr quan trc
V tr quan trc phi i din cho dng nc thi cn quan trc v tha
mn cc yu cu sau:
- Cui dng thi trc khi thi vo ngun tip nhn;
- Dng chy ti v tr quan trc phi ha trn u, ng nht cao;
Trng hp khng c dng chy ha trn u th c th to dng chy
ha trn u bng cch thu hp dng chy nhng phi bo m khng xy ra
s lng cn pha trc ch thu hp. V tr quan trc phi pha sau ca ch
thu hp, cch ch thu hp t nht mt khong bng 3 ln b rng ch thu hp.
Trong trng hp khng th to dng chy ha trn u th phi p dng
phng php ly mu t hp.
- D tip cn dng thi tin hnh ly mu v o lu lng;
- An ton v khng gy nguy him n sc kho v tnh mng quan trc
vin.
b) Lp bn m t v tr a l v k hiu cc v tr quan trc
Sau khi xc nh cc v tr quan trc, cn m t chi tit v ta v tr
quan trc (kinh , v ), k hiu im quan trc, khong cch t v tr ly
mu ti u ngun thi v ti ngun tip nhn, cc c im xung quanh khu
vc quan trc.
2. Xc nh thng s quan trc
Cn c theo mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc, loi hnh sn xut, loi
ngun thi m quan trc cc thng s sau:
a) Thng s o, phn tch ti hin trng: pH, nhit (t o), mi,
mu, lu lng.
b) Thng s quan trc khc: cht rn l lng (TSS), nhu cu oxi sinh ha
(BOD5) ti 20oC, nhu cu oxi ha hc (COD), asen (As), thy ngn (Hg), ch
(Pb), cadimi (Cd), crom VI (Cr6+), crom III (Cr3+), ng (Cu), km (Zn), niken
(Ni), mangan (Mn), st (Fe), thic (Zn), xianua (CN-), phenol, du m khong,
du ng thc vt, clo d, PCB, ho cht bo v thc vt ln hu c, ho cht

bo v thc vt Clo hu c, sunfua, florua, clorua, amoni (tnh theo nit), tng
nit, tng phtpho, coliform, tng hot phng x , tng hot phng x
.
Vic la chn thng s quan trc nc thi cng nghip ph thuc vo
loi hnh sn xut cng nghip, tng ng h thng Quy chun k thut Quc
gia sau:
Bng 1. Quy chun k thut Quc gia i vi mt s loi hnh
sn xut cng nghip
TT

Quy chun k thut Quc gia

S hiu

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng

nghip ch bin cao su thin nhin

QCVN
01:2008/BTNMT

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng

nghip ch bin thy sn

QCVN
11:2008/BTNMT

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng

nghip giy v bt giy

QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi cng

nghip dt may

QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT

Quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi y t

QCVN
28:2010/BTNMT

c) Cn c vo iu kin trang thit b, nhn lc thc hin quan trc m

c th o nhanh thm mt s thng s khc trong im b, khon 2, iu 5.
3. Xc nh thi gian v tn sut quan trc
a) Thi gian quan trc
- Thi im ly mu: mu c ly vo thi im hot ng sn xut n
nh ca c s sn xut l tt nht. Trng hp cc c s sn xut hot ng
khng n nh th tin hnh ly mu khi hiu sut sn xut t cng sut ti a
v vn hnh n nh trong qu trnh ly mu.
- Thi gian ly mu nc thi ty thuc vo mc ch quan trc v loi
mu cn ly, gm: mu n hoc mu t hp.
b) Tn sut quan trc

Cn c vo mc tiu quan trc, c im ngun thi xc nh tn sut

quan trc nc thi cng nghip. phc v cng tc qun l v mi trng,
tn sut quan trc ti thiu l 4 ln/nm, 1 ln/qu. i vi cc ngun thi c
c tnh thay i theo thi v th tn sut quan trc c xc nh theo chu k
thay i ca ngun thi nhng khng t hn 4 ln/nm.
4. Lp k hoch quan trc
Cn c vo chng trnh quan trc c thit k, tin hnh lp k
hoch quan trc bao gm cc ni dung cng vic chnh sau:
a) Danh sch nhn lc thc hin quan trc v phn cng nhim v cho
tng cn b tham gia;
b) Danh sch cc t chc, c nhn tham gia/phi hp thc hin quan trc
mi trng (nu c);
c) Phng n quan trc; xc nh cc loi mu cn ly, th tch mu v
thi gian lu mu. Th tch mu cn ly thc hin theo quy nh ti TCVN
6663-3 : 2008 (ISO 5667-3 : 2003);
d) Danh mc trang thit b, dng c quan trc hin trng, dng c cha
mu;
) Ha cht bo qun mu v ha cht phn tch trong phng th
nghim;
e) K hoch thc hin QA/QC trong quan trc mi trng;
g) Phng tin bo h, an ton lao ng cho hot ng quan trc mi
trng;
h) Kinh ph thc hin quan trc mi trng.
iu 6. Thc hin chng trnh quan trc
Vic t chc thc hin chng trnh quan trc gm cc cng vic sau:
1. Cng tc chun b
Trc khi tin hnh quan trc cn thc hin cng tc chun b nh sau:
a) Chun b ti liu, cc bn , s , thng tin chung v khu vc nh
ly mu;

b) Theo di iu kin kh hu, din bin thi tit;

c) Chun b cc dng c, thit b cn thit; kim tra, v sinh v hiu
chun cc thit b v dng c ly mu, o, phn tch trc khi ra hin trng;
d) Chun b ngun cung cp nng lng (in);
) Chun b ho cht, vt t, dng c phc v ly mu v bo qun mu;
e) Chun b nhn mu, cc biu mu, nht k quan trc v phn tch;
g) Chun b cc phng tin phc v hot ng ly mu v vn chuyn
mu;
h) Chun b cc thit b bo h, an ton lao ng;
i) Chun b kinh ph v nhn lc quan trc;
k) Chun b c s lu tr cho cc cn b cng tc di ngy;
l) Chun b cc ti liu, biu mu c lin quan khc.
2. Ly mu, o v phn tch ti hin trng
a) o lu lng dng thi
Lu lng dng thi phi o trong c ca sn xut v ti thiu o 8 ln ti
v tr ly mu. Khong cch gia hai ln o cch nhau ti a l 1 gi. Tng th
tch nc thi v lu lng trung bnh c tnh nh sau:
V = Qi . ti
QTB = V/ti
Trong : V - Tng th tch nc thi, m3;
Qi - Lu lng tc thi ti thi im ti, m3/h;
ti - Khong thi gian gia 2 ln o lu lng tc thi, gi
(h);
QTB - Lu lng trung bnh, m3/h.
b) Ly mu
Vic ly mu nc thi cng nghip phi tun th theo quy nh ti
TCVN 5999 : 1995 (ISO 5667-10 : 1992). Trong mt s trng hp c th,

vic ly mu nc thi cng nghip c thc hin theo mt trong cc phng

php sau:
- Trng hp h thng x thi ca cc c s sn xut khng c knh dn
nc thi hoc h thng x thi ca cc c s sn xut c knh dn nc thi
nhng lu lng nc thi chy khng lin tc: mu c ly bng phng
php ly mu n. Dng chai cha mu nhng trc tip vo dng thi ly
mu. Nu dng thi c cha cc cht c hi, nn s dng dng c trung gian
ly mu ri mu vo chai cha khc. i vi cc thng s du m, sinh
hc, cc hp cht hu c d bay hi (hu c v v c), mu phi c ly trc
tip bng chai cha mu.
Mu n: mu n c ly trong khong thi gian khng vt qu 15
pht. Th tch mu ph thuc loi, s lng mu v thng s cn phn tch.
- Trng hp h thng x thi ca cc c s sn xut c knh dn nc
thi, lu lng nc thi chy lin tc, mu c ly theo phng php ly
mu n hoc mu t hp theo thi gian.
Mu t hp theo thi gian: gm cc mu n c th tch bng nhau c
ly trong khong thi gian khng i v pha trn trong mt dng c cha mu.
Mu t hp theo thi gian c ly theo ch sau: ly cc mu n trong
khong thi gian 12-15 pht/ln, s ln ly mu ph thuc vo s bin ng
dng thi, th tch mu ph thuc s lng cc thng s cn phn tch. Sau
cc mu n ny c pha trn trong mt dng c cha mu.
- Trng hp h thng x thi ca cc c s sn xut c knh dn nc
thi, lu lng nc thi chy khng lin tc, mu c ly theo phng php
ly mu n hoc mu t hp theo lu lng.
Mu t hp theo lu lng: gm hn hp cc mu n c ly theo
mt trong hai phng php sau:
Ly cc mu n c th tch khng i cc khong thi gian khc
nhau;
Ly th tch mu khc nhau cc khong thi gian khng i. Trong
trng hp ny, th tch ca mu n trn thnh mu t hp t l vi lu
lng ti thi im ly mu v c tnh nh sau:

Th tch
Tng th tch yu cu ca mu t hp
Lu lng
ti
in
vi cc loi mu t hp, th tch ca tng mu n khng
nh hn
ca mu
=
x
x thi im ly
trn
50 ml.
mu n
(Lu lng QTB) x (S mu n cn trn)
- Trng hp h thng x thi khng c knh dn nc thi, mu c
ly theo phng php ly mu n cc khong thi gian khc nhau ti ni c
dng thi.
- Tuyt i khng ly mu ti khong thi gian khng c dng thi (lu
lng: 0m3/gi). Nu khng c dng thi, mu c ly b khong thi gian
c lu lng ln hn.
- Khi ly mu t hp theo lu lng phi kt hp vi o lu lng dng
thi.
Khi tiu chun quc gia v ly mu nc thi cng nghip trong Thng
t ny thay i th p dng tiu chun quc gia mi hn hoc tiu chun quc
t c chnh xc tng ng hoc cao hn.
c) o v phn tch ti hin trng
Cc thng s o v phn tch ti hin trng phi c o v phn tch
bng cc thit b hin trng chuyn dng trong quan trc mi trng. Khng
c nhng trc tip u o vo phn mu trong dng c va ly mu nc.
Mu dng o v phn tch ti hin trng phi c ly ring bng dng c
cha mu khc, phn mu ny b i sau khi o.
d) Cng tc bo m cht lng v kim sot cht lng ti hin trng
thc hin theo cc vn bn, quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
3. Bo qun v vn chuyn mu
Bin php bo qun mu tu thuc vo tng thng s, nhm thng s v
phng php phn tch cc thng s trong phng th nghim. Cc bin php
hn ch bin i mu cn thit, gm:
a) Lm lnh mu: mu phi c gi lnh nhit thp ngay sau khi
c ly theo quy nh t TCVN 6663-3 : 2008 (ISO 5667-3 : 2003). Mu
phi ni ti.

b) Bo qun mu: s dng ho cht bo qun mu theo quy nh ti

TCVN 6663-3 : 2008 (ISO 5667-3 : 2003). Cn s dng ho cht bo qun
dng dung dch m c hn ch lm long mu.
Thi gian bo qun mu tu thuc thng s cn phn tch, quy nh ti
TCVN 6663-3 : 2008 (ISO 5667-3 : 2003).
c) Vn chuyn mu: trong qu trnh vn chuyn, mu vn phi tip tc
c bo qun trong cc iu kin cn thit m bo s lng v cht
lng ca mu khng b bin i khi v ti phng th nghim phn tch.
d) Bn giao mu: mu c bn giao ti phng th nghim, qu trnh
bn giao phi c th hin bng bin bn giao v nhn mu.
4. Phn tch trong phng th nghim
a) Cn c vo mc tiu cht lng s liu v iu kin phng th
nghim, vic phn tch cc thng s phi tun theo mt trong cc phng php
quy nh trong Bng 2.
Bng 2. Phng php phn tch cc thng s trong phng th nghim

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

TT

Thng s

Cng thc ho
hc

S hiu tiu chun,

phng php
TCVN 6626:2000

Asen

As

ISO 11969:1996
EPA 6010B

Amonia (Tnh theo N)

NH3

Cadimi

Cd

EPA 6010B;

APHA 3500-As
TCVN 5988:1995
ISO 5664-1984
TCVN 6660:2000
APHA-4500
TCVN 6197:1996

Cht rn l lng

SS

Ch

Pb

EPA 6010B

Crom (VI)

Cr6+

APHA 3500-Pb
TCVN 6658:2000

Crom (III)

Cr3+

Crom tng s

Cr

Clo t do v Clo tng s

Cl

10

Clorua

Cl-

11

Coliform

12

Cc hp cht Polyclorine
Biphenyl

APHA 3500-Cd
TCVN 4560:1988
ISO 11923
APHA-2540D
TCVN 6193:1996

ISO 11083:1994
TCVN 6494-3:2000
TCVN 6222:2008
TCVN 6226-3:1996
APHA 4500 Cl
TCVN 6494-2:2000
APHA 4500-Cl-D
TCVN 6187-1:2009;
ISO 9308-1:2000;
APHA 9221;

PCBs

APHA 9222
APHA 6431
EPA 605

b) Khi cha c cc tiu chun quc gia xc nh gi tr ca cc thng

s quy nh ti Bng 2 Thng t ny th p dng tiu chun quc t quy nh
ti Bng 2 hoc cc tiu chun quc t khc c chnh xc tng ng hoc
cao hn;
c) i vi cc thng s cha quy nh phng php phn tch ti Bng 2
th p dng cc tiu chun, phng php theo cc quy nh hin hnh.
d) Cng tc bo m cht lng v kim sot cht lng ti hin trng
thc hin theo cc vn bn, quy nh ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng.
5. X l s liu v bo co
a) X l s liu
- Xc nh sai s h thng hoc sai s xc nh do cc nguyn nhn:
dng c o khng chnh xc, ha cht khng tinh khit, xc nh nng dung
dch chun sai, ngi phn tch mu trong phng th nghim thiu kinh
nghim.
- Xc nh sai s ngu nhin do cc nguyn nhn: ngi phn tch mu
trong phng th nghim thao tc khng tp trung hoc khng cn thn, thay i
nhit , thi tit, kh hu ti ni tin hnh phn tch mu.
- X l thng k: ty theo lng mu v ni dung ca bo co, vic x
l thng k c th s dng phng php th cng hoc cc phn mm my
tnh. Trong , cn c cc thng k miu t ti thiu (gi tr nh nht, gi tr
ln nht, gi tr trung bnh, lch chun).
- Kim tra tng hp v tnh hp l ca s liu quan trc qua bn ghi kt
qu o, th ti hin trng, kt qu phn tch mu trong phng th nghim.
Thng thng vic kim tra da trn s liu ca cc mu QC v mi tng
quan gia cc thng s.
- Kim tra cho kt qu phn tch, i chiu kt qu phn tch ca cc
t quan trc trc (nu c).
nh gi kt qu quan trc: vic nh gi kt qu quan trc phi c
thc hin trn c s kt qu o, th v kt qu phn tch mu x l, kim
tra so snh vi cc tiu chun, quy chun hin hnh.

b) Tnh thi lng cht nhim

- Thi lng nhim pht thi (kg) c tnh nh sau:
Thi lng (kg) = Th tch (m3) x Nng cht nhim (mg/l) x 10-3
- Th tch nc thi (m3/giai on), c tnh nh sau:
V (m3/giai on) = Q trung bnh-giai on (m3/h) x t giai on (h)
Trong :
Q trung bnh-giai on: gi tr trung bnh v lu lng, c tnh t cc gi tr
tc thi khc nhau, m3/h;
t giai on: tng thi gian ca giai on, c tnh bng gi (h).
- Tng thi lng cho mi giai on quan trc (kg/giai on) theo thi
gian, c tnh nh sau:
Thi lng (kg/giai on) = V (m3/giai on) x C (mg/l) x 10-3
Trong :
C: nng cht nhim xem xt (mg/l).
c) Lp bo co kt qu quan trc
Bo co kt qu quan trc c lp theo ng biu mu do c quan qun
l nh nc v mi trng quy nh v ti thiu phi bao gm cc thng tin
sau:
- Mc tiu ca chng trnh quan trc;
- C s tin hnh quan trc: tn, a im, loi hnh v cng ngh sn xut;
- V tr quan trc: v tr, ta , thi gian quan trc, phng php v
thit b ly mu hoc o c;
- Thng tin v qu trnh thc hin v kt qu quan trc;
- Kt lun, nh gi chung v thi lng v nng cc cht nhim
trong nc thi; mc tun th tiu chun thi (s ln ln hn hay nh hn
tiu chun thi) v cc vn cn c bit lu (nu c).
Bo co kt qu quan trc ngn gn, r rng, d hiu.

Phn III
T CHC THC HIN
iu 7. T chc thc hin
1. Tng cc Mi trng c trch nhim kim tra, gim st vic thc hin
v ph bin cc tiu chun, phng php quan trc v phn tch vin dn trong
Thng t ny n cc i tng lin quan;
2. B trng, Th trng c quan ngang B, Th trng c quan thuc
Chnh ph, Ch tch U ban nhn dn cc cp v t chc, c nhn c lin quan
chu trch nhim thc hin Thng t ny.
iu 8. Hiu lc thi hnh
1. Thng t ny c hiu lc k t ngy ......... thng ........ nm........
2. Trong qu trnh thc hin Thng t ny, nu c kh khn, vng mc
ngh cc c quan, t chc, c nhn phn nh v B Ti nguyn v Mi
trng (qua Tng cc Mi trng) kp thi xem xt, gii quyt./.
Ni nhn:
- Th tng Chnh ph v cc Ph Th tng Chnh ph;
- Vn phng Quc hi;
- Vn phng Ch tch nc;
- Vn phng Chnh ph;
- Vn phng Trung ng v cc Ban ca ng;
- Ta n nhn dn ti cao;
- Vin Kim st nhn dn ti cao;
- Cc B, c quan ngang B, c quan thuc Chnh ph;
- Kim ton Nh nc;
- y ban Trung ng Mt trn T quc Vit Nam;
- C quan Trung ng ca cc on th;
- HND, UBND cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng;
- Cc kim tra vn bn QPPL (B T php);
- Cc Th trng B TN&MT;
- Cc n v trc thuc B TN&MT, Website ca B;
- S TN&MT cc tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng;
- Cc n v trong mng li quan trc mi trng quc
gia;
- Cng bo, Cng Thng tin in t Chnh ph;
- Lu: VT, KHCN, PC, TCMT (QTMT). 300

B TRNG

Nguyn Minh Quang

Ph lc
(Ban hnh km theo Thng t s
/20./TT-BTNMT
ngy
thng
nm 20ca B Ti nguyn v Mi trng)
1. La chn dng c o lu lng
Ty thuc vo cc thng tin, d liu thu thp ca ngun thi la chn
thit b o lu lng cn thit cho chng trnh quan trc. Bng 4 cung cp
mt s ch tiu k thut, u im v nhc im ca mt s loi dng c o
lu lng.
Bng 4. Cc dng c o lu lng
TN
THIT B

p chn c
khe hnh ch
V t to

U IM

NHC IM
* Tn tht ct nc
cao.

Gi thnh thp v d lp t.

o chnh xc, ph hp o cc dng * Phi lm sch nh

thi c lu lng thp.
k, khng thch hp
S dng ti u cho dng thi c lu vi cc dng thi
lng nh hn 28 lt/giy, c th s cha nhiu cht rn.

dng cho dng thi c lu lng ln * Nu vn tc dng

ti 280 lt/giy.
vo ln th chnh
xc b nh hng.

p chn
ca ch nht
c thu dng
t to

p chn
ca ch nht

Gi thnh thp v d lp t.

C kh nng o lu lng dng

chy ln hn nhiu so vi p chn
c khe hnh ch V.

Cng thc tnh ton phc tp hn

cc loi p chn khc. c s
dng rng ri o lu lng dng
chy ln.

Gi thnh thp v d lp t.

C th o c di lu lng tng

Nh trn

Nh trn

t vi loi p chn c thu dng.

khng thu
dng t to

D lp t, tnh ton thit k n

gin hn.

B rng ca nh p chn phi

tng thch vi b rng ca knh
thi, do c hn ch khi s dng.

Trn b mt dng chy c th c bt

kh to thnh.

Gi thnh thp v d lp t.

Kt hp c hai hay nhiu kiu

p chn trn vi cc kch thc
khc nhau vo cng mt dng c
nn c th o c di lu lng
rng.

p chn
Thel-Mar

Mng o
PalmerBowlus

Mng o
Parshall

Khng xc nh c lu lng
vng chuyn tip gia hai loi p
chn.

C kh nng t lm sch.

Tn tht ct nc tng i thp.

chnh xc cao.

Mng o c thit k d dng

lp t vo cng thi, c loi xch
tay hay lp t c nh vo cng
thi, khng yu cu cng thi c
phn trng xung.

Nh trn

Gi thnh cao

Kh lp t

c s dng rng ri o lu
lng trong h ga cng thi.

C kh nng t lm sch.

Gi thnh cao

Tn tht ct nc tng i thp.

chnh xc cao.

Kh lp t v
yu cu knh dn

p dng thch hp vi nhiu trng

hp nht v thng c lp t c
nh vo dng thi. B rng phn
tht dng nm trong di t 2,54 cm
n 15,2 m, thch hp cho mi dng
thi.

c phn
xung.

trng

2. Cc dng c o lu lng thng dng trong knh h

2.1. Thit b o dng p chn ca a gic Thel-Mar
Thit b o lu lng Thel-Mar l dng c o lu lng xch tay,
thng s dng o lu lng ti h ga cng thi v cui cc ng ng
thi. Loi dng c ny c thit k c mt khe hnh ch V pha y, pha trn
hnh ch nht c thu vo u cui nh trn Hnh 3.1. Phn khe hnh ch V
phc v cho vic o trong khong lu lng di 0,582 m 3/h, phn hnh ch
nht c kh nng o 35% ca dng nc ti a trong ng Bng 5. Gi tr lu
lng Q (m3/h) c in ln b mt p chn vi nc tng l 2 mm, cho php
c trc tip trn thit b m khng cn phi s dng bng tra cu hay cc
cng thc tnh ton chuyn i.
Thit b ny c sn xut km theo cc ph kin thun tin lp t
vo cc ng ng c kch thc t 150 mm n 410 mm. i vi loi ng
ng c kch thc ln hn th s c cc b ni chuyn tip c bit i km (t
457 mm n 1200 mm) khi s dng loi p o 380 mm. Trong trng hp
ng ng thot nc hnh ch nht th c th lp t cc b ni chuyn tip
t to bng cc vt liu ti ch (cc mnh g, t st ).
Bng 5. Kh nng ti a ca cc thit b o lu lng dng p chn Thel-Mar
ng knh ng

Mc nc ti a,

mm
150
200
250
300
360
380
410

HMAX
m
0,072
0,102
0,130
0,148
0,148
0,186
0,186

Lu lng ln nht, QMAX

Lt/giy
2,02
5,44
10,3
15,9
15,9
27,2
27,2

Lt/pht
121
326
618
954
954
1 632
1 632

m3/gi
7,26
19,6
37,1
57,2
57,1
97,9
97,9

T nh ca rnh
h ch nht n
y ca khe hnh
ch V

Vic hiu chun thit b c tin hnh trong phng th nghim thy
lc. Khi lp t thit b o dng p chn ca a gic Thel-Mar cn m bo
khng c nhng sai s do nhng nguyn nhn gy ra nh: do gim khng
lp nc trn qua p hoc do cc on thu dng, do vn tc chy qua on
thu dng, do ngp nc hoc mc nc b h thp. chnh xc ca php o
nm trong khong + 5% so vi gi tr lu lng thc.
2.2. S dng cc thit b o lu lng t to dng p chn
Khi dng c Thel-Mar khng ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca dng
chy (tc l lu lng dng chy cao hn so vi mc lu lng ln nht m
dng c Thel-Mar o c), gii php thng thng nht l t ch to ra dng
c o dng p chn thch hp vi iu kin . Dng c t to ny ch yu l
mt loi p c lm theo cc kch thc khuyn ngh v t ngang knh h
nc chy trn qua hay qua khe ch V.
C ba loi dng c t to thng c s dng trn thc t (Hnh 1.).
(i)

p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng (chiu ngang t cui nh

p chn n thnh knh);

(ii)

p chn ca ch nht c thu dng;

(iii)

p chn c khe hnh ch V.

p chn c khe hnh ch V c th c thit k o chnh xc dng

thi trong trng hp lu lng thp. Khi lu lng dng chy ln, s dng
p chn ca ch nht thch hp hn.

Hnh 1. Ba loi p chn t to thng s dng

2.2.1. Thit b o dng p chn ca hnh ch nht khng thu dng
Loi p ny thch hp cho vic o lu lng trn cc knh h hnh ch
nht c lu lng dao ng trong khong ln. Loi ny c khuyn ngh s
dng i vi cc qu trnh sn xut thi ra nhiu nc v dng thi thng c
th t mc cao nht (qu trnh x trn) trong cng thi.
Hnh 2 minh ha mt ct ngang ca dng chy trn qua p o. nh
ca p l mp hoc b mt m nc chy trn qua . Thng thng th mp
trn ca p chn mng hoc l vt v pha trc ca dng chy nc
khng tip xc vi thnh pha sau ca p chn. Mc nc pha trn nh ti
im o chiu cao mc nc hin th cc ch s ca dng thi. tnh ton lu
lng c chnh xc cn phi o mc nc H ti v tr cch p ti thiu l t
3 n 4 ln Hmax trnh cc nh hng ca dng chy dc. Chiu cao ca p
chn phi ln hn 2Hmax. Phi c mt thong pha di dng chy trn qua

p m bo dng chy trng thi t do hay dng chy ti hn. H max phi
khng ln hn 1/2 chiu rng ca khe v Hmin phi khng nh hn 0,06 m
ngn chn khng cho lp nc trn qua p b gi li nh. c th p
dng ng cc cng thc ton hc tnh lu lng th nh p chn v kch
thc cc chiu cao phi tun theo quy chun. Yu cu cui cng l chiu su
ca knh thot nc phi ln hn 3Hmax thch ng vi chiu cao ti a ca
mc nc v chiu cao ca p chn. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc dng
c o dng p chn phi c kch thc v phi c lp t ng k thut
t c thong bn di ca dng chy trn v cc iu kin dng chy
khng p (ti hn)

Hnh 2. Mt ct ca dng chy qua p chn c nh vt cnh

Lu lng dng chy khng p ca p chn ca ch nht khng thu
dng c tnh theo cng thc:
Q = 1 838 . L . H 1,5
lt/giy (l/s)
1,5
Q = 110 280 . L . H
lt/pht (l/min)
1,5
Q = 6 618 . L . H
m3/gi (m3/h)
Trong :

L : Chiu di ca g chn (m).

2.2.2. Thit b o dng p chn ca hnh ch nht c thu dng

Khi vic o lu lng yu cu chnh xc hn th s dng dng c o

dng p chn ca ch nht c thu dng l thch hp. Thu v pha cui dng l
thu hp chiu rng dng chy v tng tc dng chy khi nc chy trn qua
p chn v to ra thong cn thit di dng chy trn. Vic thu hp dng
lm cho dng nc lu lng thp (Q) chy qua g chn (H) cao hn nn gi
tr o c chnh xc hn.
Khong cch trc dng o chiu cao mc nc v cc gii thiu
khc lin quan n cc ch chy khng p cng tng t nh trng hp
ca p chn ca ch nht khng thu dng.
Cng thc tnh lu lng dng thi khng p ca p chn ca ch nht
c thu dng:

Trong :

Q = 1 838 ( L 0,2 H) H 1,5

Q = 110 280 (L 0,2 H) H 1,5
Q = 6 618 (L - 0,2 H) H 1,5
L : Chiu di ca g chn (m).

lt/giy (l/s)
lt/pht (l/min)
m3/gi (m3/h)

2.2.3. Thit b o dng p chn c khe hnh ch V

Loi dng c o dng p chn c khe hnh ch V ny rt ph hp trong
trng hp lu lng dng thi thp, c bit l trong nhng trng hp yu
cu kt qu o c chnh xc cao. c im chnh ca dng c ny l vch
ngn c ct mt gc hnh ch V gia. Hai cnh ca khe ch V c t
ngang nhau v chm ch V phi t trn ng trc ca p. Cc gc ch V
thng c s dng l 22,5o, 30o, 45o, 60o, 90o v 120o. Gc ch V hay c
s dng nht l gc 90o. Trong trng hp lu lng nh th gc ch V cng
nh s cho kt qu c chnh xc cng cao.
Khong cch gia cc cnh bn ca p chn v b knh hnh ch nht
phi khng nh hn 2Hmax d tnh. Yu cu v khong cch t chm ch V
n y ca knh dn cng phi khng nh hn 2Hmax.
Cng thc tnh lu lng dng chy khng p ca p chn c khe ch V:
Bng 6. Cc cng thc tnh lu lng cho p chn
c khe hnh ch V (H, m)

Cng thc
chung:
Gc ch V (o)
22,5
30
45
60
90
120

Q = K . H 2,5
L/sec
Q = 274,4 . H2,5
Q = 373,2 . H2,5
Q = 571,4 . H2,5
Q = 796,7 . H2,5
Q = 1 380 . H2,5
Q = 2 391 . H2,5

L/min
Q = 14 464 . H2,5
Q = 22 392 . H2,5
Q = 34 284 . H2,5
Q = 47 802 . H2,5
Q = 82 800 . H2,5
Q = 143 460 . H2,5

m3/hr
Q = 987,8 . H2,5
Q = 1 344 . H2,5
Q = 2 057 . H2,5
Q = 2 868 . H2,5
Q = 4 969 . H2,5
Q = 8 606 . H2,5

Vi cc xut tng t nh cho dng chy t do, chiu cao mc nc

o c s nm trong khong 0,06 n 0,60 m m bo chnh xc ca
dng c o vi t l H/Q thch hp.
2.2.4. Lp t p chn
o lu lng mt cch kinh t phi c thit k v thc hin ph hp
vi cc dng thi, cho php tin hnh o lu lng vi cc p chn t to v
ly mu t ng (ci t theo lu lng) bn c nh. on cui cng ca h
thng thot nc nn c thit k hnh ch nht n nh dng chy vo
thi gian cao im v c lp t cc ph kin ph tr c nh cc p
chn t to cng nh cc tm ngn chng chy ri. Thit k kinh t ny c th
cho php o c lu lng trong khong rng. Loi thit b xch tay c th
c lp t nhanh, tho nhanh lm sch v bo qun an ton.
Cc dng c th cp t ng (o bng sng siu m, dng u d ngp
trong nc, bng kh,) c kh nng o c v lu tr d liu rt sn c trn
th trng c th s dng km theo trong nhng trng hp ny. Cc dng c
ny c th kt ni d dng vi cc thit b ly mu t ng m chng c th ci
t chng trnh ly mu theo lu lng hay theo thi gian.
i vi nh my hay khu cng nghip c lu lng thi t dao ng th
nn lp t c nh dng c o vo h thng ng thot to iu kin
thun li hn cho hot ng quan trc. Bn cnh cn phi xem xt n
chiu di ca g chn v chiu cao xem dng c o c p ng c lu
lng ln nht ca dng thi hay khng trc khi tin hnh xy dng.
2.3. S dng dng c o lu lng dng mng Palmer-Bowlus

2.3.1. Cc yu t thy lc
Cc thit b o dng knh dn thng c chn lm thit b s cp
o lu lng do chnh xc ca chng cao hn so vi cc dng c o t to
dng p chn. Mt dng c o lu lng dng knh dn bao gm on knh
h c thit k c bit thu hp tit din knh v thay i dc ca dng
chy t ng thi vo dng c o, kt qu l lm tng tc dng chy v
lm thay i chiu cao mc nc chy qua on thu dng ca thit b - Hnh 3.
Lu lng c tnh ton thng qua thng s chiu cao mc nc H (m) ti
im o chnh xc v cc gi tr tnh ton mi lin h ca lu lng dng chy
(xc nh thng qua s liu thc nghim ca phng th nghim thy lc hay s
liu thc nghim).

Hnh 3. Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua phn tht dng ca mng o

lu lng Palmer-Bowlus
Thit b o Palmer-Bowlus l loi knh dn dng Venturi c trng bi
on thu hp dng chy trong knh dn v c chiu di gn bng vi ng
knh ng hay cng thi ti ni lp t. Dng chy i vo knh dn gi l dng

gn ti hn. Vn tc dng chy ti hn C ti im c mc nc h c tnh

theo cng thc:
C = (gh)1/2
Trong :

g = gia tc trng trng

h = chiu cao mc nc

dc ca knh dn phi nh hn 2%. Nhng knh dn m c dc

ln hn hoc l c dng chy xo trn mnh th cn s dng mt s phng
php iu ha dng chy c th thu c gi tr o c ngha. Khi dng nc
chy qua ch tht dng ca thit b, vn tc ca n tng ln n gi tr dng
chy ti hn. Bc nhy nh trn mt nc xut hin ngay sau hng tht l
bng chng cho thy dng ti hn xut hin trong mng. Bc nhy trn
b mt ny khng c xy ra trong on tht dng. i vi ng ng hoc
cng thi, yu cu c c dng ti hn ca dng c l khi su mc
nc pha sau dng c o khng ln hn 85% su mc nc u dng.
gim mc nc nh pha sau thit b o m bo cho dng chy t tc
ti hn.
2.3.2. Chi tit k thut ca mng o xch tay
Cc mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus c thit k o lu lng
trong ng ng khng p, thng l cc ming cng, cc knh h c y trn
hoc ch nht. Mng o lu lng c ch to dng thu vo, kch thc ca
chng c chun ha theo kch thc ca cc ng ng v knh dn ni cn
lp t cc dng c o lu lng. Vt liu ch to mng o thng l si thy
tinh, plastic, hoc thp khng g. Hnh 4 trnh by mt s loi mng o lu
lng Palmer-Bowlus c kch thc khc nhau, cn lu l trn thc t dng
c o do cc hng sn xut khc nhau, c kch c rt khc bit. v Hnh 5 trnh
by hai mng o loi xch tay c thit k t c nh vo cng thi v
loi t tm thi vo trong cng thi.

Hnh 4. Cc mng o lu lng Plamer-Bowlus bng si thy tinh

Ging
tnh

Mng o Palmer Blowus

Hnh chiu
bng

im
o

Hnh chiu
ng

im
o

Mc 0

Mc 0

Loi lp c
nh

Tit din
knh

Loi xch tay

Hnh 5. Cc loi mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus

(lp c nh v xch tay)

Bng 7. V d kch thc gn ng bng h mt ca cc dng c o

Palmer-Bowlus Flumes (Ngun: John Meunier Inc., Montral, Canada).
Kch thc chnh xc ph thuc vo loi (xch tay hay c nh)
v b dy ca tng
ng
knh

im o

D (cm)

(D/2)

10,2

5,10

15,2

B dy

(cm)

Chiu
cao, H
(cm)

(cm)

L
(cm)

280

1,70

15,2

43,2

25,4

3,2

11,9

890

2,54

20,3

63,5

35,5

3,2

10,15

16,0

1 860

3,38

25,4

83,8

45,7

3,2

25,4

12,70

20,0

3 250

4,24

30,5

104,1

55,9

4,1

12

30,5

15,25

23,9

5 100

5,08

35,5

124,5

66,0

4,1

15

38,1

19,05

30,0

8 990

6,35

43,2

154,9

81,3

4,4

18

45,7

22,85

36,0

14 190

7,62

50,8

185,4

96,5

4,4

21

53,3

26,65

41,9

20 730

8,89

58,4

215,9

111,8

6,4

24

60,9

30,45

47,7

28 810

10,20

66,0

146,4

127,0

6,4

27

68,6

34,30

53,3

38 800

11,40

73,7

276,9

142,2

6,4

30

76,2

38,10

59,9

50 770

12,70

81,3

307,3

157,5

6,4

36

91,4

45,70

72,1

80 300

15,20

96,5

368,3

188,0

6,4

42

106,7

53,35

83,8

117 500

17,80

111,8

429,3

218,4

6,4

48

121,9

60,95

88,9

142 500

20,30

127,0

490,2

248,0

6,4

QMAX

(m3/d)

7,4

7,60

20,3

10

JMPB(1)

Hmax

Ct nc,
Hmax (cm)

N
(cm)
(mm)

(1): John Meunier Palmer-Bowlus models

2.3.3 Lp t mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus ti hin trng

Khi lp t mng o lu lng Palmer-Bowlus, cn ch cc im sau:
1. y ca u mng o phi c lp t st hoc l bng vi y ca
ng ng hoc knh dn. Mng o phi c t cn bng.
2. Mng o khng b di chuyn khi v tr lp t do p lc dng chy st
k tng.
3. Mng o khng c bin dng do p lc ca dng chy st k tng.
Cc ch pha u dng chy
4. dc pha u dng chy phi nh hn 2% m bo dng chy gn
ti hn i vo mng o ( dc ln nht: 2,2% cho loi mng o 0,1016

m v 0,1524 m; 2,0% cho 0,2032 m; 1,8% i vi 0,254m; 1,6% i vi

0,3048 m. v.v).
5. Dng chy phn b dc theo knh dn, khng hnh thnh qu trnh chy
ri hay sng.
6. Trn on ng ng dn pha trc mng o vi chiu di khong 25
ln ng knh (D) ng khng c on cong, h trng, v khng giao
vi dng chy khc.
Cc ch pha cui dng chy
7. dc ca ng ng ra cui dng chy ln hn hoc bng so vi
dc ng ng u dng chy.
8. su ca dng chy phi khng ln hn 85% su pha u dng
chy.
9. ng ng ra cui dng khng c vt cn nhm trnh cn tr dng
chy.
im o Hmax
Chiu su ca mc nc trn mng o ti im tht dng (khng phi
tnh t y ca ng ng hay knh) l ch s dng thi. V tr l tng
o mc nc l cch mt on bng mt na ng knh ng hay b
rng ca knh dn tnh t ming vo ca mng dn. Tuy nhin v tr ny
khng phi l duy nht, c th o mc nc ti v tr pha trc ca
vng chuyn tip trn mt khong cch bng ng knh ng,
chiu su mc nc thay i khng ng k khi i qua mng o.
iu kin quan trng duy tr dng chy ti hn
dc knh dn ti thiu (i vi pha cui dng chy) l yu t rt cn
thit duy tr dng chy ti hn khi i qua im tht dng ca mng o
v ngn khng cho mng o b chm. Dng chy ti hn c xc nh l
xut hin, khi chiu su mc nc pha cui dng chy khi i qua knh
dn nh hn 85% chiu su mc nc pha u dng chy, ngha l t l
ngp trong nc nh hn 85%. y l gii hn ngp nc cn trn cho
php m bo mng o hat ng bnh thng. Mt bc nhy nh hoc

l mc nc dng cao hn ngay sau khi i qua im tht dng l bng

chng cho thy dng chy ti hn xut hin trong mng o.
dc ln nht cho php pha u dng chy cng l yu t quan trng
m bo dng chy t ti gi tr gn ti hn (vn tc thp hn so
vi ti v tr tht dng ca mng o) v khng b chy ri. Tuy nhin, ti
v tr o tc ca dng chy phi ln c th thu c gi tr o
c ngha. Cng nh vy, dng chy qua mng o v im o trc ch
tht dng phi thng v ch chy dng. c gi tr o chnh xc
cn c bin php hiu chnh sao cho dng chy khng c s o trn
hay sao cho dng chy u mng o phi iu ha cng nh vn tc ca
dng chy phn b u trn mng o. Gii hn trn dc ca knh
thot pha u dng chy duy tr dng chy gn ti hn thng l 2%
i vi mng o kch thc nh v dc nh hn i vi mng o c
kch thc ln hn.
2.3.4 S dng bng tra cu
Bng tra cu gia lu lng dng thi v gi tr c ca u o c
nh sn xut cung cp i km. Do c rt nhiu loi dng c do lu lng
Palmer-Bowlus nn phi s dng ng bng tra v ng cong t l i vi
mi loi mng o. Cc thng s k thut t hai nh cung cp khc nhau cng
c th khc nhau.
2.4 S dng dng c o lu lng dng mng o Parshall
Mt loi dng c o lu lng khc cng s dng c cu thy lc thng
thng l dng c o lu lng Parshall, loi dng c ny kt hp gia on
knh o lu lng h c hnh dng c bit, vi on tht dng v on
dc y xung to ra mi quan h thy lc gia lu lng dng thi v
chiu cao mc nc o c trong mng. Hnh 6 gii thiu tm tt cc c
tnh thy lc dng ca dng c Parshall c in vi cc v tr tip nhn ty
chn. Nh hnh dng c bit ny m dng c o Parshall c kh nng gi
thng bng vi ngp nc tng i cao (ti khc r nhnh cui dng) m
khng nh hng ti tc dng chy.
2.4.1 Cc yu t thy lc

S gim rng mng o v st thp y hng tht to ra dng chy

vt ti hn. Tuy nhin mng o Parshall ch tin ch khi o c v tnh ton
lu lng dng thi trong 2 iu kin:
- Xut hin dng chy t do qua ch tht dng.
- T l ngp nc ti v tr cui dng ca dng c o thp. Trong iu
kin dng chy t do s xy ra hin tng nhy thy lc ngay sau khi
dng chy chy qua ch tht dng ca dng c o. S hnh thnh di
sng nc ny l chng t trnh trng chy t do ca dng chy.
Chiu cao mc nc ti v tr trn khp ni l gi tr cn thit xc
nh lu lng dng thi t bng tiu chun km theo dng c o
(gi tr hA gii thiu phn sau).
Chiu cao mc nc phn sau mng o cng l mt yu t lm gim tc
ca dng thi. trn gi tr ti hn, s cn tr pha cui dng c th lm
gim tc dng chy, tng su mc nc v gy ra hiu ng chy ngc
dng. tnh ton lu lng dng thi yu cu cn phi o chiu cao mc
nc u dng chy hA, v chiu cao mc nc ti im tht dng h B. T l
hB/hA (%) lin quan n t l ngp trong nc. Lu lng ca dng thi c th
c tnh ton chnh xc qua chiu cao mc nc u dng, h A, khi t l hB/hA
khng vt qua cc gi tr gii hn c a ra trong Bng 8.
Bng 8. Cc t l ngp gii hn i vi dng c o lu lng Parshall
Mng o Parshall
Loi mng
0,0254 0,0762 m
Loi mng
0,152 & 0,229 m
Loi mng
0,305 to 2,44 m
Loi mng
2,44 to 15,2 m

T l ngp gii hn
trong nc, %
50 %
60 %
70 %
80 %

Hnh 6. Mt ct thy lc dng chy qua mng dn Parshall

Kch thc (m) mng o Parshall i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, W

B rng, W
(m)

0,0254

1"

0,363

0,356

0,0929

0,167

0,152-0,229

0,0762

0,203

0,206

0,0191

0,0508

2"

0,414

0,406

0,135

0,214

0,152-0,254

0,114

0,254

0,257

0,0762

3"

0,467

0,457

0,178

0,259

0,305-0,457

0,152

0,305

0,309

0,1520

6"

0,621

0,610

0,394

0,397

0,610

0,305

0,610

0,0762

0,305

0,1140

0,902

0,2290

9"

0,879

0,864

0,381

0,575

0,762

0,305

0,457

0,0762

0,305

0,1140

0,3050

1'

1,370

1,340

0,610

0,845

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,381

0,4570

1'6"

1,450

1,420

0,762

1,030

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,6100

2'

1,520

1,500

0,914

1,210

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,9140

3'

1,680

1,640

1,220

1,570

0,914

0,610

1,2200

4'

1,830

1,790

1,520

1,940

0,914

1,5200

5'

1,980

1,940

1,830

2,300

1,8300

6'

2,130

2,090

2,130

2,1300

7'

2,290

2,240

2,4400

8'

2,440

3,0500

10'

0,0286

0,0079

0,0127

0,0222

0,0429

0,0159

0,0254

0,0254

0,0572

0,0254

0,0381

0,406

0,0508

0,0762

1,080

0,406

0,0508

0,0762

0,2290

1,490

0,508

0,0508

0,0762

0,381

0,2290

1,680

0,508

0,0508

0,0762

0,0762

0,381

0,2290

1,850

0,508

0,0508

0,0762

0,914

0,0762

0,381

0,2290

2,220

0,508

0,0508

0,0762

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,457

0,2290

2,710

0,610

0,0508

0,0762

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,457

0,2290

3,080

0,610

0,0508

0,0762

2,670

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,457

0,2290

3,440

0,610

0,0508

0,0762

2,440

3,030

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,457

0,2290

3,810

0,610

0,0508

0,0762

2,390

2,740

3,400

0,914

0,610

0,914

0,0762

0,457

0,2290

4,170

0,610

0,0508

0,0762

4,270

3,660

4,760

1,220

0,914

1,830

0,1520

0,3050

0,2290

0,3430

Bng 9. Kch thc mng o Parshall i vi cc b rng tht dng khc nhau, W

2.4.2 Lp t ti hin trng

Mng o lu lng Parshall cn phi c lp t ng gi tr lu
lng o t chnh xc v tin cy. Ton b c cu mng xch tay t chc
chn, cn i vo b ngang v dc theo chiu di ng ng vo v tr cn o.
Hai bn sn ca mng o khng b cong hay vnh ln di tc ng ca dng
chy.
Cc ch pha u dng chy
Thng thng khng nn chn mt v tr ca knh h m ti tc
dng chy cao lm im t dng c o. Tuy nhin, lp t thm mt vi b
phn vo knh thot nc c th lm gim cng chy ca dng. Dng chy
t cng thi i vo on thu dng, ri phn b u theo b ngang dng c o.
ng i ca dng chy phi song song vi ng tm ca dng c o. C th
s dng mt thit b lm gim nng lng ca dng chy loi b hoc gim
bt s chy ri ca dng chy, mt s khp ni u vo thch hp c th lm
n nh dng chy rt hiu qu trong trng hp ny. Mt vi ph kin khc
cho vic lp t dng c o vo cng thi bao gm mt ci sn dc gip cho
dng chy n nh khi i vo khu vc thu dng. Dng chy c th cao bng
hoc l thp hn ca vo ca dng c o ch khng th cao hn.
Cc ch pha cui dng chy
Mt ch rt quan trng i vi dng chy ra khi dng c o l trnh
t l ngp trong nc cao (hB/hA). S dng sn thot nc ra thp v khoang
nc chy ra rng s gip duy tr t l ngp v tc dng nm trong gii hn
cho php. Lp t cc u ni ty chn c th bng hoc thp hn u ra ca
dng c o lm gim t l ngp nc. dc ca ng cui dng nn ln hn
hoc bng vi dc u dng chy.
2.4.3 Cng thc tnh ton v bng tra cu dng thi
Lu lng dng chy t do qua mng o Parshall c th c tnh theo
cng thc sau:
Q=K.Hn

Trong :

Q = Lu lng dng thi

H = Chiu cao mc nc hA
K = hng s, ph thuc vo b rng ca hng thu v h n
v o.
n = hng s nng lng, ph thuc vo b rng hng thu.

Cc cng thc tnh ton lu lng dng thi ca cc dng t do qua cc

mng o Parshall c a trong Bng 10, chiu cao mc nc H(m) c o
ti im hA, v gi nh t l ngp trong nc nm trong gii hn cho php.
Bng 10. Cng thc tnh ton lu lng i vi dng chy qua mng
o Parshall
B rng on tht
dng
L/giy
m3/gi
W(m)
0,0254
Q = 60,36 H 1,550
Q = 217,3 H 1,550
0,0508
Q = 120,7 H 1,550
Q = 434,6 H 1,550
0,0762
Q = 176,5 H 1,547
Q = 635,5 H 1,547
0,1520
Q = 381,2 H 1,580
Q = 1 372 H 1,580
0,2290
Q = 535,4 H 1,530
Q = 1 927 H 1,530
0,3050
Q = 690,9 H 1,522
Q = 2 487 H 1,522
0,4570
Q = 1 056 H 1,538
Q = 3 803 H 1,538
0,6100
Q = 1 429 H 1,550
Q = 5 143 H 1,550
0,9140
Q = 2 184 H 1,566
Q = 7 863 H 1,566
1,2200
Q = 2 954 H 1,578
Q = 10 630 H 1,578
1,5200
Q = 3 732 H 1,587
Q = 13 440 H 1,587
1,8300
Q = 4 521 H 1,595
Q = 16 280 H 1,595
2,4400
Q = 6 115 H 1,607
Q = 22 010 H 1,607
Q = (2 293 W +
Q = (8 255 W + 1 706)
3,050 - 15,200
1,601
473,8) H
H 1,601
Lu lng nh nht v ln nht c xc nh da trn thc nghim.
Bn ngoi khong ny, chnh xc ca gi tr o gim v khi cc gi tr o
c nh chiu cao mc nc cng nh cc gi tr lu lng tnh ton c
khng th s dng m ch c gi tr tham kho.
2.5. Dng c o th cp (Thit b o mc nc)
Dng c o th cp l thit b o lu lng t ng trn knh h c
ni vi dng c o s cp nhm mc ch l:
2

- o chiu cao mc nc trn dng c o s cp ti v tr thit k.

- Chuyn i t gi tr mc nc (m) sang lu lng (m 3/h) theo t l
mc nc lu lng bit ca thit b o s cp.
- Thit b ny c th cho tng lng thi (m 3), hoc chuyn i sang b
ghi khc, hoc s dng cho thit b ly mu t ng (hot ng ch lu
lng).
Cc nguyn l vt l ca cc loi dng c o c trnh by trong Bng 11.
Bng 11 : Cc nguyn tc vt l c bn ca cc thit b o lu lng
Nguyn tc
vt l c bn

Tm tt

u d gn vo pha bn trn ca dng chy pht ra

sng m v thu tn hiu phn x li t b mt dng chy.
Sng siu m Khong thi gian gia thi im pht sng v nhn tn
hiu phn x tr li s gip xc nh c cao ca
mc nc ca dng chy.
o p sut
thy tnh

Thit b o p sut c t trong dng chy, v o p

sut thy tnh ca lp cht lng pha trn, gi tr ny t l
vi chiu cao mc nc ca dng chy.

Bng kh

Cc bt kh c thot ra t u t c nh ti y ca
dng chy theo tc nht nh v mt thit b o p
sut ca dng chy (t l vi chiu cao mc nc) cn
thit duy tr tc bt kh. Thit b o p sut t bt
kh t bn trong thit b o dng, ng sc kh hnh m
neo t trong dng chy.

Thay i tn
hiu in

Phao

Loi ny s dng vic thay i c tnh mch in gy

ra do vic thay i chiu cao mc nc ca dng chy.
Phn ln cc thit b loi ny u s dng gi tr in
dung hay dn.
Mt ci phao gn vi hoc l mt ci dy v mt ci
rng rc hoc l mt chic ct thng ng o chiu
cao mc cht lng.
3

u d tc dng chy Doppler truyn chui sng m

tn s cao vo trong dng chy. Sng m ny c phn
x li bi cc cht l lng v bng kh c trong dng
chy. u d thu nhn tn s sng m phn x lin quan
n vn tc dng chy ti im xut hin phn x.
Hiu ng
Doppler

Mt thit b chuyn i p sut tch phn s o chiu su

mc nc tnh ra tit din t ca dng chy da trn
hnh dng v kch thc ca knh thot c ci t.
Sau thit b tnh ton ra lu lng ca dng chy
(qua cng thc : Q = A x V) khi bit A v V (vn tc
trung bnh ca dng chy).
Hiu ng Doppler da trn hin tng tn s m thanh
thay i khi ngun pht m thanh chuyn ng v bin
thin v tr tng i i vi ngi nghe.

Trong cc thit b o c cng nhn hiu, th cc thit b o khc nhau

dng sensor hoc dng u d c th ph hp hoc khng ph hp i vi dng
thi cn quan trc. Vic la chn c thit b o thch hp cn da trn nhng
kt qu kho st m c bit l c tnh nc thi cng nghip.
s dng hiu qu cc thit b o lu lng t ng, c th cn thm
mt vi ph kin khc i km m c bit trong trng hp o lu lng trong
cc knh h hnh ch nht v cc cng vm.
Ging tnh v c bn l mt khoang c gn vi thit b o s cp ti v
tr gn vi im o chiu cao mc nc (cch ming vo ca thit b 3-4 Hmax
v pha u ngun cho cc p chn o lu lng t to; cch im giao pha
trn ng knh ng dn cho loi dng c o dng mng o Palmer-Bowlus;
v cch 2/3 khong cch gia ming vo v im tht dng cho loi mng o
Parshall). Ging o ny c t tch bit so vi dng chy chnh (xem Hnh
3.10.). B mt cht lng trong ging l yn tnh, khng b nh hng bi cc
iu kin bn ngoi. Tuy nhin, chiu cao mc nc s thay i theo s dao
ng u n ca dng chy trong knh.
Ging tnh c th s dng kt hp vi cc thit b o lu lng nh o
bng sng siu m, o p sut thy tnh, o bng bng kh hay o bng phao.
4

Loi ging ny rt hiu qu khi dng c o lu lng lp t c nh vo dng

chy v s dng lu tc k t ng o lin tc. Bn cnh thc o chia
cng c th c gn vo v tr gn im t ging nhm thun li cho vic
hiu chun thit b.
C th khng cn mt ging tnh, trong trng hp s dng u d o
trc tip vn tc v thit din dng chy, chng khng c lp trong ging
tnh m c lp t trc tip vo trong dng chy. Trong trng hp lu
lng thp, n s hot ng chnh xc cng nh khng xy ra cc h hi vt l
i vi u d. Ngoi ra, c th dng vt liu bng thp khng g ch to cc
vng gn cc u d. Cc u d ny s dng rt thch hp i vi cc
trng hp cng vm hoc l cc ng ng ngm.

Hnh 7: Thc hin lp t ging tnh v thc o dng tm mng

(c vch chia) gn im o mc nc thch hp
Cc u d trc ht c lp t vo vng trn, v dng dy buc
buc cht cc dy dn ca u d vo mp ca vng trn pha cui dng chy.
Sau , vng trn c lp t vo trong ng, pha u ca dng chy ra. C 2
5

loi vng: vng m v vng kha. Vng m c s dng trong trng hp

ng nh c kch thc trong khong t 150 n 380 mm. Vi loi ng ln hn
(ln hn 500 mm) th thng s dng vng kha. Vng kha l cc h thng
gi : phn chn , phn kha, v phn ko di ra hai bn ph hp vi
kch thc ca ng ng cn lp.