.

_________________ _______

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1 2013
9:00 :
3 :

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:
:

' ._______________:.

:
20 - . . .
.
. ) .
(.
100 :.

, .

/ 9 ) (.

._________________ _______

.9
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' 1
A . m n :
. Ax = b

b . m > n

. At A . m < n
.

Ax = 0 . rank ( A) = m

Ax = 0

At x = 0
.
. - .
' 2
A , B . n n :
.1

( AB ) x = 0
( BA ) x = 0 .

.2

( AB ) x = 0 . A = 0

.3

Ax = 0 . At A = 0 -

.4
.5

t
( A A ) x = 0 A
.
-. .

' 3
n 10 ,
.

. M = X M nn ( C ) adj ( X ) = X :

X M . X = 0
2

._________________ _______

X M X.

X M . X 100 M
M- .

. - .

' 4
A, B, C , D ) M 2 ( R } { A, B, C , D

) . M 2 ( R :
. A, B, C , D.
.

A, B, C , D-.

. A2 = B 2 = C 2 = D 2 = 0

. 2 A B 5C + D = 0

. - \.

' 5
A, B . :
2
2
. ( A + B ) ( A B ) = A B A, B

.
. A, B m n AB A, B
.
.

AB A, B .

A, B .

. - .
' 6
3

._________________ _______

A .5 :
.1

A2 = 0 . r ( A ) 2

.2

A At .

.3

A + At- .

.4

. adj ( A At ) = 0

.5

-. . .

' 7
A, B . n 5 :
. . AB BA = I
. AB BA = A A.
.
.

AB BA = A A .
2
2
) . tr ( A + B ) = tr ( A + 2 AB + B
2

. - .

' 8
A . m n:
.1

A- A- .

.2

A A- . m > n

.3

m n A A .

.4

Ax = 0 A-.

.5

- .
4

._________________ _______

' 9
A 6 (1 2i ) A = i
A : -
.

1
25

1
125

.35

. 125

.
.

. - .

10
V ,W R6- , 5 :
.1

. dim ( V + W ) = 5

.2

5 V W - .

.3

- 4 . V W

.4

. dim ( V W ) = 3

. - .
' 11
A 6

,( 6 )[ x ] = Sp ( A

][ x

. :
5

._________________ _______

A . .
. A 4 . 1
.

][ x

. A 4 . 2
. - .

' 12

t
U ), U = A M 4 ( R ) tr ( A ) = 0 - ) .( M 4 ( R

:
. U = M 4 ( R ) .
U -.
.
U
- . dim U = 1
.
U .- . dim U = 15
. - .

' 13
n 13 , :
. x 2 = 1 . Zn
.
.

a, b Zn . ( ab ) = a 2b 2
2

n 1

n k + k = 0
k =1

. Zn

2
n- 12 22 ( n 1) = 0 . Zn

. - .

._________________ _______

' 14
n, k , l 2

} A = { v1 , v2 ,..., vk } , B = { u1, u2 ,..., ul -

. n :
. A B

. k l

. A . k n
.

k l B

A B

k l k = l = n

. - .

' 15
3
. ] T : R R1 [ x

})Ker T = Sp { (1,0,1),(2, 1,1

.

.
.

T : R 3 R 3
} ) . Im T = Sp { ( 1,1,1) } , Ker T = Sp { ( 1, 2,1) , ( 1, 1, 0
1 1
2
T : M 2 ( R ) R
1
1

. Ker T = Sp

] T : M 2 ( R ) R 2 [ x

1 1 0 1 0 1
Im T = Sp 1, x 2 , Ker T = Sp
,
,

0 0 0 0 1 3
. - .

' 16
T : V V dim(V ) = n B2 , B1 . V
:
. T = I n

[T]B [T]B

B2

B1

._________________ _______

1
. T . [ T ] B2 = I n

.
.

1
. [ T ] B1 = I n

) Im(T ) = Ker (T n.

. - .
' 17

( T : M 3 ( ) M 3 . T ( A) = At

:
.

) ) . dim ( Im(T ) ) = dim ( Ker (T

. B M 3 ( ) - [ T ] B .3
B

. dim ( Ker (T ) ) = 0

. dim ( Im(T ) ) = 3

. - .
' 18
T : , A T (v ) = Av

. v :

. rank ( A) = n T - .
. B -

rank ( A) = n [ T ] B.
B

A2 = 0 ) Av Ker ( T

rank ( A) = n T .

. - .

' 19
8

.v

._________________ _______

T : R3 R3 , A 3
T (v ) = Av . v R3 :
a1 1 b1 0 c1 0

.1 T a2 = 0 , T b2 = 1 , T c2 = 0 A
a 0 b 0 c 1
3 3 3
c1
c2

c3

b1
b2
b3

a1

. A = a2
a
3
1

c1
0 a1 0 b1 1 c1

. T 0 = a2 , T 1 = b2 , T 0 = c2 c2
1 a 0 b 0 c
c3
3 3 3

b1
b2
b3

a1

. A = a2
a
3

c1
0 a1 1 b1 1 c1

T 0 c2
. = a2 , T 1 = b2 , T 1 = c2
1 a 0 b 1 c
c3

3 3 3
.
T .- .
. - .

b1
b2
b3

a1
a
2
a
3

' 20

T : 4 , } B = { v1 , v2 , v3 , v4 . 4 -

:
. T - .
.

T (v1 ) = 0 T- .

T ) Ker (T .

}) { T (v1 ), T (v2 ), T (v3 ), T (v4 .

. - .

._________________ _______

.1

'

'

'

.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.10
.11
.12
.13
.14
.15
.16
.17
.18
.19
.20

10

'

'