t

r t r sst s rt s rt tr
r sst
r

1100101.1102
A38C.B16
753.18
254.617

rt r r sst
r

191.1810
01101010.1102
156.58
rt r s r sst
r

1105.3310
18DA.C16
6655.448
254.617

rt r r r sst
r

2245.910
123.4516
11010101.11012
rt r t r sst

r r t r r sst r r
sst rs s s ts t r r
r str r rst r
r t r r sst rst r rd
1100101.1102 = 126 +125 +024 +023 +122 +021 +120 +121 +122 +023 =
101.7510
r r t s r sst r t
r sst
A38C.B16 = 10 163 + 3 162 + 8 161 + 12 160 + 11 161 = 41868.687510
r r t t r sst r r
sst rs s s

753.18 = 7 82 + 5 81 + 3 80 + 1 81 = 491.12510
r r t r sst s s r r
sst
254.617 = 2 72 + 5 71 + 4 70 + 6 71 + 1 72 = 132.877610
r r r sst r r r
sst rs s stt r r sst s
s tr r sst rst s tr sst
r r sst r s
r sst rs r stt rst
r tr r Pst s st t st rtt
s rst s tr sst r t
r t s rt s r s t
r st st r r s
r rst s tr sst s s r
sst rs s r
t r st t
19110 = BF16
191/16 = 11 stt 1510 = F16 r t
11/16 = 0 stt 1110 = B16 r t
0.1810 = 0.2E14 . . .16
0.18 16 = 210 = 216 stt 0.88
0.88 16 = 1410 = E16 stt 0.08
0.08 16 = 110 = 116 stt 0.28
0.28 16 = 410 = 416 stt 0.48 t

191.1810 = BF.2E14 . . .16
r r r s r sst rs rt r
s s r rst s t r
01101010.1102 = 6A.C16
s r t r r sst s r t
r sst s rstt s t r r sst t s
r r rst s r sst
156.58 = 001101110.1012 = 6E.A16
r r t t s r ss
t r r r sst t rs t
110510 = 100010100012
1105/2 = 552 stt 1
552/2 = 276 stt 0
276/2 = 138 stt 0

st t t

st t t
st t t

0.3310

138/2 = 69 stt 0
69/2 = 34 stt 1
34/2 = 17 stt 0
17/2 = 8 stt 1
8/2 = 4 stt 0
4/2 = 2 stt 0
2/2 = 1 stt 0
1/2 = 0 stt 1
= 010101 . . .2
0.33 2 = 0 stt 0.66
0.66 2 = 1 stt 0.32
0.32 2 = 0 stt 0.64
0.64 2 = 1 stt 0.28
0.28 2 = 0 stt 0.56
0.56 2 = 1 stt 0.12 t

1105.3310 = 10001010001.010101 . . .2
s
18DA.C16 = 0001100011011010.11002
6655.448 = 110110101101.1001002
Pr r r s s s st r
st r rt r s t r s s
254.617 = 137.877610 = 10001001.111000 . . .2
r r s r r sst
r t r sst t rs t
224510 = 43058
2245/8 = 280 stt 58
280/8 = 35 stt 0
35/8 = 4 stt 38
4/8 = 0 stt 48
0.910 = 0.714631463 . . .8
0.9 8 = 7 stt 0.2
0.2 8 = 1 stt 0.6
0.6 8 = 4 stt 0.8
0.8 8 = 6 stt 0.4
0.4 8 = 3 stt 0.2 t
2245.910 = 4305.714631463 . . .8
s
123.4516 = 000100100011.010001012 = 443.2128
11010101.11012 = 325.648

st t t

t
t x2 11x + 22 = 0 rs x = 3 r
sst t rs
t 5x2 74x + 207 = 0 rs x = 11 r
sst t rs
t 5x2 50x + 125 = 0 rs x1 = 5 x2 = 8
r sst t rs
rt rs 202x = 2050

t t t r sst st
r sst t

x2 (p + 1)x + (2p + 2) = 0

r p rst s t r sst t
r 11 sst s s p rst
r sst

1 p1 + 1 p0 = p + 1
s rst r 22 t sst s s p
rs x = 3 st r sst
st t
r sst
9 (p + 1)3 + (2p + 2) = 0
srd rs

p=8
t rs x = 3 s t t r sst
t t t r sst st
r sst t

2 (7p + 4)x + (2p2 + 7) = 0

r p rst s tr r sst t

r tst t rs x = 11 t t r
sst tr t r st rs r
sst t r s s rs s r
sst t
rs r sst

x = 1 p1 + 1 p0 = p + 1

 rs x = 11 r

(p + 1)2 (7p + 4)(p + 1) + (2p2 + 7) = 0

srd r rs rst s tr r
sst
p=8
t rs s st t t t
r sst
t t t r sst st
r sst t

2 (5p)x + (1p2 + 2p + 5) = 0

r r p rst s r sst t

rs x1 = 5 st
rt
p2 23p + 130 = 0

s s

p = 10 p = 13
r sst t sst s s
r x = 8 rs 5x2 50x + 125 = 0 r
sst
Ptr rstt r sst

2x2 + 2 = 2 50

s rt s x = 7 st s r sst
r t r

t
rst r sr s r r

10101011 + 00011100 11101001 + 11011110

rt s t rtt sr si s t rs ci ci+1|i+16=0 rs
st r r sr t i t t ai bi ci c0
t rs s rst r r sr t 0

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
s8 s7 s6 s5 s 4 s3 s2 s1 s0

 t s r A B s r sst rst r sr
t r rt s r rs ci r rtt sr si

1234ABCD + BA1B2C3F 4 A00C00DE + 7F F F E000

t s r A B t r sst rst r sr t
r rt s r rs ci s r rtt sr si

12347650 + 33445566 77665544 + 11223344

r sr r t r r sst st
r sst sr r t r
r rst t rs c0 = 0 rtt
r sr r i s r sst
s rs sr rs s rs sr r i t
ci+1 = 1 st s rtt sr i rtt sr
di = ai + bi + ci r r s r sst s rs sr
Pr st t r r r rtt sr
r tr rt r rtt sr s8 Pr r
sr r s n r rtt r sr s rstt s
n + 1 r r rtt sr rs c8
t rst 0 1
Pr sr r t r r sst

t t rs c0

t t rs c0

s r sr r s r sst
t rs t

t t rs c0

t t rs c0

t r sr t r sst
t

t t rs c0

t t rs c0

r t s t rs t rst r
s r sst s s r sr rs

t
rst r s r r X = 10101011
Y = 00011100 rt s t bi t rtt di t
bi+1|i+16=0 t st r r t
i t r t xi yi bi t b0 t s rst
r r t

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

rst s r t s r sst r
t s r bi t rtt di

A234ABCD 11B2C3F 4
rst s r t t r sst rt s
r bi t rtt di

62347650 33445566

Pr r X Y r X Y t r X =
xn . . . xi . . . x0 Y = yn . . . yi . . . y0 t i s rs bi+1 = 1
rst r xi < yi +bi rs t bi+1 s s
rd t rs r sr t rst 0 1
s rs t bi+1 = 1 r i s s
r

d i = r + xi y i bi

 r r rst s r sst s rs r
tt r r s nr r r
sst s t n r t rd r r
rst rtt r Pr st t t
t b0 = 0
r t r st t r r sst
t

t b0

s r r s r sst
t rs t

t b0

t r r t t r
sst t

t b0

t
rs t rst r r
st rst r rt s rst r
rstt
rt rst s r r t st
rst

A = 10101 B = 00011 C = 10001 D = 10000

rst s rtt r r A = 101011 B = 010101
s t st rst r rtt r rstt s
r t

A B B A A + 2B 2B A

rst rtt t rtt r rs

r r t

 st rst r t rst r r
t rst st rst r rs n 1
t s rst nt t r r t rst
st rst t r

(2n1 1) DZN + AP S 2n1 1

s sstt rst r st rst s
rst r rstt r s s
31 31
A = 10101 = 5
B = 00011 = +3
C = 10001 = 1
D = 10000 = 0 st r 00000 10000
rst
Pr r sr r st rst
rtt s rd s st rst r r
s r rs rt st rst t r
rt s rd rtt r
r A < 0 B > 0 rtt r A B t t r
st rst r st rst r A B

A B = A + (B) = (|A| + |B|) = 1100000

tr t rst rtt r
r str rtt r B A t r s

B A = +(|A| + |B|) = 0100000

tr t rst rtt r
s A + 2B 2B > A rtt r sr t s

A + 2B = +(2|B| |A|) = 011111

tr t rst rtt r
s 2B A 2B > A rtt r t s

2B A = +(2|B| + |A|) = 0110101

tr t rst rtt r

t
t s s r r sst s s 10 1845 2067 0100 0000
0007 Prstt t r t s s tr r
t s s r r sst s s 8 1445 2067 0100 0000 0007
Prstt t r t s s tr r
rt s rst r r r
stt s t t s t r r t s

 t r D sst s s r P rst r D
t s t r t s r t s
t st s r D t t s rst t
r 1

r sst s s r s r r D t rst s
0 r 1 t r r s s rst s Dmax
rstt sst s s r s n r t r

Dmax = rn1

t s rst t r D t r1
s Dr1 s t st s r s s rst t r
r D
Dr1 = rn 1 D

t r 1 r D = dn1 dn2 . . . d1 d0 rd s rtt

r s r s rd t st s
r r t r 1 rst r 1 di sst s s r
rst s r r r 1
sst s s r nt t r D = dn1 dn2 . . . d1 d0 t s
t r t r t s Dr t r
t s
Dr = rn D

P r rsr s

Dr = (rn 1 D) + 1 = Dr1 + 1

s r s r D t s
t st s s t s rst s Dr1

t s t r rst

(9999 1845) + 1 = 8154 + 1 = 815510

(9999 2067) + 1 = 7932 + 1 = 793310
(9999 0100) + 1 = 9899 + 1 = 990010
(9999 0000) + 1 = 9999 + 1 = 10000 = 000010
s s rs s rtt 10000 r
t s s r
r t r 1 d rr r r rtt r
t r s t st s rtt
st s s rst r t s
r r sst s s t s t

(9999 0007) + 1 = 9992 + 1 = 999310

t t t r t s rst

6333 5711 7700 0000 7771

t rstt r r s 000000 111111
s r s rst r r s rst
r s s r r M SB = 1 t
t t t r rstt r
011111 r s r 31 s t r
st r s t r rstt
t s t r r 100000 s 32
s n t rstt r s
2n1 1 2n1
Pt rs t

t
t r rstt r r
t s s t

17 119 0 1 128
t s trt r r D r t rt r
D r t s s t

011 101 100 111 000

r r s t t 00010001 r 17
r st t rst r t

17 = 00010001 = 11101110 + 1 = 111011112

s

119 = 01110111 = 10001000 + 1 = 100010012

0 = 00000000 = 11111111 + 1 = 1000000002 = 000000002
rs s t t

1 = 00000001 = 11111110 + 1 = 111111112

128 = 10000000 = 01111111 + 1 = 100000002
t mt t r r r t D = dm1 dm2 . . . d1 d0
st r nt t s n > m s t st n m t r
st t t dm1 r D r D nt t s
t
D = dm1 dm1 . . . dm1 dm2 . . . d1 d0
s r r r tr r rst rsr
r t t r r r t

 r t st t
011 = 00000011 = 11111100 + 1 = 11111101 s s s t
r 011 > 0
101 = 11111101 = 00000010 + 1 = 00000011 s s s
t r
s
100 = 11111100 = 00000011 + 1 = 00000100
r rtt r tr r 100 s r
st dt r 100 rst s s t t
11111100 r t t 00000100 r
td t r 100 r t rst 4
r 4 rstt r t s tr t r
rstt r t s t t r
t 0100
111 = 11111111 = 00000000 + 1 = 00000001
000 = 00000000 = 11111111 + 1 = 100000000 = 00000000
rs s t t t

t
r r rstt r t t
s tr t 101 011 1100 0
r rstt t t s tr
r 100 0 987 789

r D t s r t r 1 s s r

Dr1 = rn 1 D

s r rst t r r t
s s t r r 2n 1 n r t rs
rst r r t t t r s
r r r rsr r t s s s
r r
r r 101

1111 0101 = 1010KM V

r r 011

1111 0101 = 1100KM V

r r 1100

1111 1100 = 0011KM V

r r 0

1111 0000 = 1111KM V

 Prst r D t t s tr r s
s r D s r r
stt s tr r t r 104 1 t r s r
r rsr r r s s s
r r
r 100

9999 0100 = 9899KM V

r 0

9999 0000 = 9999KM V

r 987

9999 0987 = 9012KM V

r 789

9999 789 = 9210KM V

rst s r trt r r t t
r rtt r rs 4 t rt
r rs r rr r s rr
t OF = 1
1101 + 1010 1000 + 1000 0101 + 0110 0111 + 0111 0111 + 1001
0100 0011 0011 0100 0011 1100 1101 1100

r r t t r s r r s
r r t rr r t rtt sr
t s s t sr ds st rt
t rtt sr Prr ttt s
tr rs s r sr t s
rr t rs r r sr
rt t rs
r A B s s r t t
str r r sr r s rst
t B s rst t Prr s
rd st r sr
t rst r 1101 1010 st t rtt r sr
rst t rr OF rd s s


2
2
2

s rd st rtt r sr

2
2
2

2
2
2

2
2
2

2
2
2

tt r A B r r r sr
A + (B) t r r st t

2
2
2 2
2

2
2
2 2
2

2
2
2 2
2

2
2
2 2
2

rst s r trt r r t t

 rt rr r r rs r
s rr t OF = 1
1101 + 1010 1000 + 1000 0101 + 0110 0111 + 0111
0100 0011 0011 0100 0011 1100 1101 1100

r sr t rs s s
r sr r t r t s sr
nt t r rtt sr n + 1 rs sr t
n rs sr s rtt sr
t rs r rs s rr r sr s
rr s Prr s rs st r sr
r r r t
r sr t r r st t

2
2
2
2
2
rs s s rtt r t rtt
r 1000 r t sr st rtt
sr r r s rr s
s

2
2
2
2
2
rs s t s rtt r t rtt
r r r 0001 t t rtt sr
rt t sr r s rtt r s
rr

2
2
2
2
2


2
2
2
2
2
r r r r t rs s st
r r r t r AB
rs s A+(B) s r B r t st rd
rst tr s t r r r B
r t r r st t

2
2

2
2
2
rs s t s rtt r t rtt
r r r 0001
s
2
2

2
2
2 2
2
2
2

2
2
2 2
2
2
2

2
2
2 2
2
2
2
rs s t s rtt r t rtt
r r r 0001

t
rst r trt r r
Prt s r s rs r r

1011 1101 0011 1001

rst r trt r r t t
Prt s r r
1011 1101 0011 1001

Pr r r t r rr s r
r rst t
rst t Pr r s r
rst t s rst rr r r
rrs r r t
r rd s r r s t r rs
rsrs t r sr s r rd r r
tt r nt t mt t r r s
rstt s s n + m t
r r st t r

r r r r rr r
r s s r s
s rst r r s r rst
r sr Pst r s r r r
r r t t Pt rst rtt
st s rst 0000
r r st t r r r

Pst r r t r t
s r r s st tr t
s r r rst r r Prsr r t r
r sr r r rs s s rr
r t r s rsr r t s t
d r rd r r r t
tr t r t
rst r r s t rst rst
r t
trt r r st t t t
t r

rsr s r t

rsr s r t

rsr s r t

1011 r t

r s r r sr rs rtt r
00001111 r 15
s rd rtt r r st t

rst s r r r 11011001/1011 110101010/1001

r rst r r rt r rtt s
tt

r r r s st s
r

t rtt

t rtt
stt
s

t rtt

s
t rtt
stt

 Prstt r 0 9 BCD
s tr r

t t r r
s tr r
rt ts t t t
rst s r sr t r t

01011001 + 01111001 01010111 + 00111001

r r rstt r r

01101010 10101111

r rst r
s tr r
t t
Prst r tr t
r s r

s tr r s ts s
ts
s t s ts
t r t 80 40 20 10 8 4 2 1 s
t ts t t 80 s ts t r
t 20 40 20 10 2 4 2 1
r trst r s ss r r t
r r rst s t

s tr trst r s ttr s r t
r r t s tr s tr s t t
r r r t r 0 0011 s tr r 9 1100
s tr s str
r sr r t s t st s r sr
t r t r t r s
rtt r sr r rst 9
s 1001 rtt sr str r s
rst r s rst 6 0110 r
r sr t r st t

r t

59
79
rtt sr 1001
s r 0110
rtt sr r
r 0110
138

57
39
r 0110

96

r r r r s rt r
r s
t nt t r r bn1 . . . b0 r t r r
i t gi = 1 bi 6= bi+1 srt
gi = 0 Pr rd rst t r t t gn1
r s rst t bn
Pr st t t r r r r

01101010BIN 01011111GRAY
10101111BIN 11111000GRAY

t
trt r r t r rtt r
rst s sr r t str
d ss r
st rst rt rst
r 100 001 001 101 rst
tr
rst

s r s r s r d ss r
t r rst r str r
st r d ss r

110
010

111
011

100
000

101
001

Pr d ss
r s r
rst d nt
r r r rst
r s r t
r r s
t rst rst r t r r
t

d r r
rst d ss
r 1 s r
st t r rs s s ss s r
s rtt rtr rtr s s
ttt rs st s st r
r r
s t
s r rst d r 100 001
2 d r 001 101 1 rst
s rst st t r rs

t
t 3t r r D Prstt t r D s r r
rst r t
r
s
rt rst d r s
r r rst t

s r rst st t r rs r
t r

r 4 t tr r t r
st r r D s tr t s t rst t
rst t t r r
s str r tr t r s
s r
rst tr t s t r rst r s s
r rst tr t s t r rst
s r
rst s rt r r r t

r rd rst r r D t t t
d2 d1 d0 rst r t t c0 tr t t rst


r rt rst r r D
r r D s r rst s r rst
d2 d1 d0
d 2 d 1 d 0 c0
d 2 d 1 d 0 c0

s s
r s s r r rst
r t s t d2 d1 d0 c0 s t
rst r

r
s r rst r
rst d
rst 2 st s tt r
t rs
trst s r r rst st t
r r rs s tt s 1, 3, 5 . . . rs

s t rst st r rs r
rst d r r 2 st s
st r r rs
rst d r 3

s t rt n s
r rst d
r rt
r 4
rt st r t t rs
rt st r t t rs
rt st r t t rs

10001011
10101011
00101011

11001011
11000011

Kodne reci
Nekodne reci
rt n s
r

st s rst rd r rs

ttt s rt r r

Minimalno ovo rastojanje = 2c + d + 1

r c r rs t
rt d
t r t rs ttt r t rs
rt ttt r t
ttt r d + c
s s rst d r r
s 4 s r

4 = 2c + d + 1

r c rst r t rs rt d t
r t ttt
s t rt s 1t rs
ttt r 2t rs st r 2t rs s r
r 10001011 s s
r st rs
r r st r s
d ttt 3t rs dt rs t rt
t rs t r rs rst r rt
trt rs s r s rt
t rs
s t st s st r t rs
s r t rs ttt s rt

10001011
10101011
00101011

11001011
11000011

Kodne reci
Nekodne reci
Oblast korekcije
Oblast detekcije
rt n s st r t
rs

t
t 4t r r rt s
rst
r s t d7 d6 d5 d3 c4 c2 c1 = 0101011 s di r t
ci tr t s t
s rst 3 rst
r rs r t s t rs
rt
s rst 4 s rs 4t
t
s r r t r t
s rst 3 5 tr
t

Pr tst t tr t rst
3 t r t r s
rst 3 t r 2i 1 i r tr t
s s rst 3

2i i + j

i r tr j r r t
s t st t j = 4 i = 3 s t r
t tr t
t
rs 1 t 2i 1 t
r r t r t 4t r r 3 t
rr rs tr t P tr t s 20 21 22 1 2 4
s s tr t s 2i 1 i r t
tr t s s rs
t 3 4