P

t
rst sr r sst s s s t rt
s t rs 100.112 + 10.012 111112 + 100112 rs 1 29410 + 4210
53257 + 41637 AF 3.5016 + F B2.B916 264178 + 131408
rst r sst s s s t r
t s t rs t 1101012 101102 1000102 100102
1 25.210 2.810 4368 6278 F B.2B916 AF.35016 264178 131408

r r A = an an1 . . . a1 a0 B = bn bn1 . . . b1 b0 s r
r sst s s r rs r r r t
st sr r Pr sr r ai bi s rst
rs ci r r i si = (ai + bi + ci )(mod r)
rs ci+1 = 1 s ai + bi + ci r t tr st r 0 sr
sr r s r r t
tr rt

cn+1 cn cn1 . . . c1 c0
an an1 . . . a1 a0
+ bn bn1 . . . b1 b0
sn+1 sn sn1 . . . s1 s0
100.112 + 10.012
rs
2
2
2
111112 + 100112 rs 1
rs
2
2
2
29410 + 4210
rs
10
10
10
53257 + 41637
rs
7
7
7

AF 3.5016 + F B2.B916
rs
16
16
16
264178 + 131408
rs
8
8
8
r A = an an1 . . . a1 a0 B = bn bn1 . . . b1 b0 s r
r sst s s r rs r r r
t st r Pr r ai
bi s rst rs c r r i di = (ai bi
ci )(mod r) rs ci+1 = 1 s ai bi ci r
t tr st r 0 sr r
s r r t tr rt s
r r tr rst s s t r
t t rs
cn+1 cn cn1 . . . c1 c0
an an1 . . . a1 a0
bn bn1 . . . b1 b0
dn+1 dn dn1 . . . d1 d0
1101012 101102

2

2
2
1000102 100102 1

2

2
2
25.210 2.810

10

10
10
4368 6278

8
8
8

F B.2B916 AF.35016

16
16
16
264178 131408

8
8
8

rst s r st rst rs
r t
A+B AB B A B A A2B A+C C A D +C C D 2A+D AB +C D
A = 010010 B = 001010 C = 101100 D = 111001

Pr rtt r s r X Y tr r rt r
tt st rst rtt s rtt r st
rst r X Y
r A B s t s C D t Pstr st rst
r t t t t |B| < |C| < |A| < |D|

A + B
rtt t s r s sr t r A + B =
0xn . . . x1 x0 ZA xn . . . x1 x0 r rst r |A| + |B| srt r
r Pst |A| + |B| = 100102 + 010102 = 111002 t A + B =
011100ZA
A B
r t r |B| < |A| t rtt t
A B = 0xn . . . x1 x0 ZA xn . . . x1 x0 r rst r |A| |B|
srt r r Pst |A||B| = 100102 010102 = 010002
t A B = 001000ZA
B A
r t r |B| < |A| t rtt t
B A = 1xn . . . x1 x0 ZA xn . . . x1 x0 r rst r |A| |B|
srt r r Pst |A||B| = 100102 010102 = 010002
t B A = 101000ZA
B A
B A = 111100ZA
A 2B

 r r b r 2n rtt s r t
r r b n st s s
tr t r A = 010010 2B = 0010100 Pst s r t
|A| < |2B| rtt t t Pst |2B| |A| = 101002 100102 = 000102
t A 2B = 100010ZA

A + C
A + C = 000110ZA
C A
C A = 111110ZA
D + C
D + C = 1100101ZA
C D
r t r |C| < |D| t rtt t
C D = 0xn . . . x1 x0 ZA xn . . . x1 x0 r rst r |D| |C|
srt r r Pst |D||C| = 011002 110012 = 010012
t C D = 001000ZA
2A + D
2A + D = 001011ZA
A B + C D
A B + C D = 001000ZA 001000ZA = 000000ZA

t
rst sr r t s sst s s s t
rs s r rt r r rr
r
0102 + 00112 112 + 1102 01102 + 10112 11002 + 01012 01012 + 01102 11012 + 10112
1.02 + 10.12 43510 + 83410 A32F16 + 47616 3247 + 3657
rst r t s sst s s
s t rs s r rt r r
rr r
0102 11012 112 0102 01102 01012 11002 10112 01.012 10.102 11012 01012
102 0112 43510 16610 A32F16 52416 813516 F A3B16 3647 3027
Pt t rs r

r r t s rs t sr
r r t r s r st r
r t sr r t rd rst

r r s s t rtt r rs
s r rtt s s s
Prr s ttt s sr st r srt
t s ttt rr str rs
t s rs rt s rr

OF = 1 cn+1 6= cn s 2
z }| {
cn+1 cn cn1 . . . c1 c0
an an1 . . . a1 a0
+ bn bn1 . . . b1 b0
sn sn1 . . . s1 s0

sn+1

s
OF = 1 an = bn 6= sn s
s an bn rst st
rt
rst sn s
0102 + 00112
rs
2 st
2
2

112 + 1102
rs
2 st
2 st
2

01102 + 10112
rs
2
2
2

11002 + 01012
rs
2
2
2

01012 + 01102
rs
2
2
2

11012 + 10112
rs
2
2
2

1.02 + 10.12
rs
2 st
2 st
2

43510 + 83410
rs
10 st
10 st
10

A32F16 + 47616
rs
16
16 st
16

3247 + 3657
rs
7 st
7 st
7

r t s s s rs sd
sr r t s t st s rst
t s s 1 sr s
rt t s st r r
r st r rtt s
r r s r
0102 11012
rs
2 st
2 t
2

112 0102
rs
2 st
2 t st
2

01102 01012
rs
2
2 t
2

11002 10112
rs
2
2 t
2

01.012 10.102
rs
2
2 t
2

11012 01012
rs
2
2 t
2

102 0112
rs
2 st
2 t st
2

43510 16610
rs
10 st
10 t st
10

A32F16 52416
rs
16
16 t st
16

813516 F A3B16
rs
16
16 t
16

3647 3027
rs
7 st
7 t st
7

t
rst sr r t s rst sst s s
s t rs s r rt r r
rr r
0102 + 00112 112 + 1102 01102 + 10112 11002 + 01012 01012 + 01102 11012 + 10112
1.02 + 1.012 43510 + 83410 A32F16 + 47616 3247 + 3657
rst r t s rst sst s s
s t rs s r rt r r
rr r
0102 11012 112 0102 01102 01012 11002 10112 01.012 10.102 11012 01012
102 0112 43510 16610 A32F16 52416 3647 3027
Pt t rs r

r r t s rst s rs s
sr r t s s t st s r
rs r s rtt Prr s
stt st sr t s r s str
sr r

OF = 1 cn+1 6= cn s 2
z }| {
cn+1 cn cn1 . . . c1 c0
an an1 . . . a1 a0
+ bn bn1 . . . b1 b0
tn+1 tn tn1 . . . t1 t0
+
tn+1
sn sn1 . . . s1 s0

OF = 1 an = bn 6= sn s
s an bn rst st
rt rst sn
s
0102 + 00112
rs
2 st
2
2
2
2

112 + 1102
rs
2 st
2 st
2
2
2
01102 + 10112
rs
2
2
2
2
2
11002 + 01012
rs
2
2
2
2
2
01012 + 01102
rs
2
2
2
2
2
11012 + 10112
rs
2
2
2
2
2
1.012 + 1.02
rs
2 st
2 st
2
2
2

43510 + 83410
rs
10 st
10 st
10
10
10
A32F16 + 47616
rs
16
16 st
16
16
16
3247 + 3657
rs
7 st
7 st
7
7
7
r t s rst s s rs
sd sr r t s rst t st s
tr s rst sr s
rst r t s rst rt
sd sr r r s r
tr rst st t t s
drtt s r r

0102 11012
rs
2 st
2 tr s rst
2
2
2
112 0102
rs
2 st
2 tr st
2
2
2

01102 01012
rs
2
2 tr st
2
2
2
11002 10112
rs
2
2 tr s rst
2
2
2
01.012 10.102
rs
2
2 tr s rst
2
2
2
11012 01012
rs
2
2 tr s rst
2
2
2
102 0112
rs
2 st
2 tr st
2
2
2
43510 16610
rs
10 st
10 tr st
10
10
10

A32F16 52416
rs
16
16 tr st
16
16
16
3647 3027
rs
7 st
7 tr st
7
7
7

t
rst r r 10110 01010 110.01 10.101
0110.1 1.0110
rst tt r r t t 10110
01010 110.01 10.101 0110.1 1.0110

r rs s st rt
r

10110 01010

110.01 10.111

0110.1 1.0110

t rs r
t r t
r st
r t t sst s s
t rd drtt sr st sr s r
s r

10110 01010

t r

110.01 10.111

t r

0110.1 1.0110

t r

r t s s s rt
r s t st s sr drtt rs r
sr t s r t r st r s
st st sr t s r s
sr tr t t s r drtt r s
t sr s rt sr r st t
s r rst rr rs s r s sr
str s r rtt tr t
d t r t t s 1
t t 1 r r t t t t 2n t ss tr
trt r t s sr

10110 01010

st

st

110.01 10.111

st
st
st

st

r t r 11001

0110.1 1.0110

st
st
st

st

r t r 01101

r r st r r rt r
s r s s tr rsrt r t
st st st s rr s
r tr rt s r s

10110 01010

t r

st st
st

st st
st
st st
st
st st

110.01 10.111

t r

st st
st

st st
st
st st
st
st st

r t t 1

0110.1 1.0110

t r

st st
st

st st
st
st st
st
st st

r t t 1

rst r r
11010111/1011 1001101001/101 10001011/1101

r r s rs st rt
r

11010111/1011

r rtt

s r
r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt
stt

1001101001/101


r rtt

s r
r rtt

s r
r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r
r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt
stt
10001011/1101

r rtt

s r
r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt

s r

r rtt
stt