Uml Ocl

Advanced Modeling with UML
Part 1: Model Management Part 2: Extension Mechanisms and Profiles Part 3: Object Constraint Language (OCL)
Jos Warmer, Klasse Objecten j.warmer@klasse.nl
82
Overview
What are constraints Core OCL Concepts Advanced OCL Concepts Wrap up
83
Why use OCL ?

Whats in it for me?
Use the Object Constraint Language
84
Thats why !!
flights 0..*
1
Flight
Airplane
PassengerFlight 0..*
CargoFlight
0..* 1
PasssengerPlane 1
CargoPlane
85
Diagram with invariants
Flight type = enum{cargo, passenger}
0..* flights
Airplane type = enum{cargo, passenger}
context Flight inv: type = #cargo implies airplane.type = #cargo inv: type = #passenger implies airplane.type = #passenger
86
Definition of constraint
A constraint is a restriction on one or more
values of (part of) an object-oriented model or system.
87
Different kinds of constraints

Class invariant
T
a constraint that must always be met by all instances of the class a constraint that must always be true BEFORE the execution of the operation a constraint that must always be true AFTER the execution of the operation
Precondition of an operation
T
Postcondition of an operation
T
88
Constraint stereotypes
UML defines three standard stereotypes for
constraints:
T T T
invariant precondition postcondition
89
What is OCL?
OCL is
a textual language to describe constraints T the constraint language of the UML

T
Formal but easy to use
unambiguous T no side effects

T
90
Constraints and the UML model

OCL expressions are always bound to a UML
model
91
Overview
92
Example model
Flight
Airport
name: String
origin
departing Flights departTime: Time * /arrivalTime: Time duration : Interval * maxNrPassengers: Integer arriving Flights passengers
* {ordered}
flights
*
destination
airline
Airline
name: String
Passenger
$minAge: Integer age: Integer needsAssistance: Boolean book(f : Flight)
0..1
airline
0..1
CEO
93
Constraint context and self

Every OCL expression is bound to a specific
context. The context may be denoted within the expression using the keyword self. Who? Me?
94
Notation
Constraints may be denoted within the UML
model or in a separate document.

T T T
the expression:
context Flight inv: self.duration < 4
is identical to:
context Flight inv: duration < 4
is identical to:
Flight <<invariant>> duration < 4 duration: Integer
95
Elements of an OCL expression

In an OCL expression these elements may be
used:
basic types: String, Boolean, Integer, Real. T classifiers from the UML model and their features
T
attributes, and class attributes T query operations, and class query operations
T
associations from the UML model
96
Example: OCL basic types
context Airline inv: name.toLower = klm context Passenger inv: age >= ((9.6 - 3.5)* 3.1).floor implies mature = true
97
Model classes and attributes

Normal attributes
context Flight inv: self.maxNrPassengers <= 1000

Class attributes
context Passenger inv: age >= Passenger.minAge
98
Example: query operations

context Flight inv: self.departTime.difference(self.arrivalTime) .equals(self.duration)
Time $midnight: Time month : String day : Integer year : Integer hour : Integer minute : Integer difference(t:Time):Interval before(t: Time): Boolean plus(d : Interval) : Time Interval nrOfDays : Integer nrOfHours : Integer nrOfMinutes : Integer equals(i:Interval):Boolean $Interval(d, h, m : Integer) : Interval
99
Associations and navigations

Every association is a navigation path. The context of the expression is the
starting point.
Role names are used to identify the
navigated association.
100
Example: navigations
Navigations
context Flight inv: origin <> destination inv: origin.name = Amsterdam context Flight inv: airline.name = KLM
101
Association classes
context Person inv: if employer.name = Klasse Objecten then job.type = #trainer else job.type = #programmer endif
Job type : {trainer, programmer} Person
* employee
1 employer
Company name : String

102
The OCL Collection types

What are constraints Core OCL Concepts
T
Collections
Advanced OCL Concepts Wrap up
103
Three subtypes to Collection

Set:
T
arrivingFlights(from the context Airport) arrivingFlights.duration (from the context Airport) passengers (from the context Flight)
Bag:
T
Sequence:
T
104
Collection operations
OCL has a great number of predefined
operations on the collections types.
Syntax:
collection->operation
105
The collect operation

Syntax: collection->collect(elem : T | expr) collection->collect(elem | expr) collection->collect(expr) Shorthand: collection.expr The collect operation results in the collection of
the values resulting evaluating expr for all elements in the collection
Advanced Modeling with UML 106
Example: collect operation

context Airport inv: self.arrivingFlights->collect(airLine)->notEmpty
f1 airline1 f2 f3 airp2 f4 airline3 f5 airline2
airp1
departing flights
arriving flights
The select operation

Syntax:
collection->select(elem : T | expression) collection->select(elem | expression) collection->select(expression)

The select operation results in the subset of all
elements for which expression is true
108
Example: collect operation

context Airport inv: self.departingFlights->select(duration<4)->notEmpty
f1 duration = 2 airp1 f2 duration = 5 f3 duration = 3 airp2 f4 duration = 5 f5 duration = 2 departing flights arriving flights
airline1
airline2
airline3
The forAll operation

Syntax:
collection->forAll(elem : T | expr) collection->forAll(elem | expr) collection->forAll(expr)

The forAll operation results in
true if expr is true for all elements of the collection
110
Example: forAll operation

context Airport inv: self.departingFlights->forAll(departTime.hour>6)
f1 depart = 7 airp1 f2 depart = 5 f3 depart = 8 airp2 f4 depart = 9 f5 depart = 8 departing flights arriving flights
airline1
airline2
airline3
The exists operation

Syntax:
collection->exists(elem : T | expr) collection->exists(elem | expr) collection->exists(expr)

The exists operation results in
true if there is at least one element in the collection for which the expression expr is true.
Example: exists operation

context Airport inv: self.departingFlights->exists(departTime.hour<6)
f1 depart = 7 airp1 f2 depart = 5 f3 depart = 8 airp2 f4 depart = 9 f5 depart = 8 departing flights arriving flights
airline1
airline2
airline3
Example: exists operation

context Airport inv: self.departingFlights -> exists(departTime.hour < 6)
114
Other collection operations

isEmpty: true if collection has no elements notEmpty: true if collection has at least one
element size: number of elements in collection count(elem): number of occurences of elem in collection includes(elem): true if elem is in collection excludes(elem): true if elem is not in collection includesAll(coll): true if all elements of coll are in collection
Result in postcondition
Example pre and postcondition
context Airline::servedAirports() : Set(Airport) pre : -- none post: result = flights.destination->asSet
116
Statechart: referring to states

The operation oclInState returns true if the
object is in the specified state.

Bottle filled : enum {empty, half, full}
open context Bottle inv: self.oclInState(closed) implies filled = #full
closed
117
Local variables
The Let construct defines variables local to one
constraint:
Let var : Type = <expression1> in <expression2>
118
Iterate
The iterate operation for collections is the most
generic and complex building block.

collection->iterate(elem : Type; answer : Type = <value> | <expression-with-elem-and-answer>)
119
Iterate example
Example iterate:
context Airline inv: flights->select(maxNrPassengers > 150)->notEmpty
Is identical to:
context Airline inv: flights->iterate(f : Flight; answer : Set(Flight) = Set{ } | if f.maxNrPassengers > 150 then answer->including(f) else answer endif )->notEmpty
120
Inheritance of constraints
Guiding principle Liskovs Substitution Principle
(LSP):
T
Whenever an instance of a class is expected, one can always substitute an instance of any of its subclasses.
121
Inheritance of constraints
Consequences of LSP for invariants:
An invariant is always inherited by each subclass. T Subclasses may strengthen the invariant.
T
Consequences of LSP for preconditions and
postconditions:
A precondition may be weakened T A postcondition may be strengthened
T
122
Wrap up
123
Current Developments
Feedback from several OCL implementors
handled in UML-RTF
e.g. the grammar has some loose ends T typical tool-related issues
T
Development of OCL metamodel
currently concrete syntax only T will result in abstract syntax

T
OCL Workshop with pUML group

T
formalization of OCL
OCL Tools
Cybernetics T ww.cybernetic.org University of Dresden T www-st.inf.tu-dresden.de/ocl/ Boldsoft T www.boldsoft.com ICON computing T www.iconcomp.com Royal Dutch Navy Others
Conclusions and Tips

OCL invariants allow you to T model more precisely T stay implementation independent OCL pre- and postconditions allow you to T specify contracts (design by contract) T precisely specify interfaces of components OCL usage tips T keep constraints simple T always combine natural language with OCL T use a tool to check your OCL

Uml Ocl

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Advanced Modeling with UML

Advanced Modeling with UML

Advanced Modeling with UML

Why use OCL ?

Use the Object Constraint Language

Advanced Modeling with UML

Diagram with invariants

Flight type = enum{cargo, passenger}

Airplane type = enum{cargo, passenger}

values of (part of) an object-oriented model or system.

Advanced Modeling with UML

Different kinds of constraints

Advanced Modeling with UML

invariant precondition postcondition

Advanced Modeling with UML

a textual language to describe constraints T the constraint language of the UML

Formal but easy to use

unambiguous T no side effects

Advanced Modeling with UML

Constraints and the UML model

Advanced Modeling with UML

Advanced Modeling with UML

Advanced Modeling with UML

Constraint context and self

Advanced Modeling with UML

model or in a separate document.

Advanced Modeling with UML

Elements of an OCL expression

associations from the UML model

Advanced Modeling with UML

Example: OCL basic types

Advanced Modeling with UML

Model classes and attributes

context Flight inv: self.maxNrPassengers <= 1000

context Passenger inv: age >= Passenger.minAge

Advanced Modeling with UML

Example: query operations

Advanced Modeling with UML

Associations and navigations

Advanced Modeling with UML

Advanced Modeling with UML

Company name : String

Advanced Modeling with UML

The OCL Collection types

Advanced OCL Concepts Wrap up

Advanced Modeling with UML

Three subtypes to Collection

Advanced Modeling with UML

operations on the collections types.

Advanced Modeling with UML

The collect operation

Example: collect operation

The select operation

collection->select(elem : T | expression) collection->select(elem | expression) collection->select(expression)

elements for which expression is true

Advanced Modeling with UML

Example: collect operation

The forAll operation

collection->forAll(elem : T | expr) collection->forAll(elem | expr) collection->forAll(expr)

true if expr is true for all elements of the collection

Advanced Modeling with UML

Example: forAll operation

The exists operation