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Name : Merlin Dergham.

The author discusses in details the relation between duality, ambiguity and flexibility
taken relative to simple Arithmetic.

It is the duality between the process and concept of the same symbolism that forms
ambiguity and ambiguity forms conflict or flexibility.
It is the duality between carrying out a mathematical operation (things to do) with the
mental models (things to know). So we say: process of counting and the concept of
number.
Such duality is in the deep nature of procedures in carrying out the process that are
conceived as conflict to concept. This leads to ambiguity of notation but when it is
resolved there are a room for flexibility. For example, “-5” is a process of shifting five to
the left of zero or a process of “subtract five” while at the same time it is the concept of
the negative number -5.

The author then comes up with a proceptual vision which is a mixture of process and
concept for the same symbolism. A procept which is a mixture of three components:
Process-Object-Symbols. A process that produces a mathematical object using symbols to
represent either process or object. Then he goes in refining the notion of procept to
resolves the ambiguity to a more flexible situation. Such flexibility of the procept of
number is fundamental to development of arithmetic. Now one can view addition
intertwined with subtraction of which they are interrelated. This leads to flexibility in
solving addition and subtraction problems.

For example, procept 6 includes the process of counting 6, and a collection of other
representations such as 3+3, 4+2, 2+4, 2x3, 8–2, etc. All of these symbols represent the
same object although obtained by different processes. Hence it can be decomposed and
recomposed in a flexible manner.

So a math thinker is successful when his mental structure is proceptual. This leads with
empirical evidence to a new distinct mathematical thought in quality between the more
able and the less able who have opposite approaches in dealing with mathematics. It
allows a more insightful analysis of the process of learning mathematics because it
provides a more natural cognitive development.

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