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What is an EEG?
An electroencephalogram is a measure of the brain's voltage fluctuations as detected from scalp electrodes. It is an approximation of the cumulative electrical activity of neurons.
EEG Background
1875 - Richard Caton discovered electrical properties of exposed cerebral hemispheres of rabbits and monkeys. 1924 - German Psychiatrist Hans Berger discovered alpha waves in humans and invented the term electroencephalogram 1950s - Walter Grey Walter developed EEG topography - mapping electrical activity of the brain.
Physical Mechanisms
EEGs require electrodes attached to the scalp with sticky gel
Require physical connection to the machine
Electrode Placement
Standard 10-20 System Spaced apart 10-20% Letter for region
F - Frontal Lobe T - Temporal Lobe C - Center O - Occipital Lobe
Electrode Placement
A more detailed view:
Brain Features
User must be able to control the output:
use a feature of the continuous EEG output that the user can reliably modify (waves), or evoke an EEG response with an external stimulus (evoked potential)
Mu Waves
Studied since 1930s Found in Motor Cortex Amplitude suppressed by Physical Movements, or intent to move physically (Wolpaw, et al 1991) trained subjects to control the mu rhythm by visualizing motor tasks to move a cursor up and down (1D)
Mu Waves
P300 Experiments
(Farwell and Donchin 1988) 95% accuracy at 1 character per 26s
Atau Tanaka (Stanford Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics) uses it in performances to switch synthesizer functions while generating sound using EMG.
In Review
Brain Computer Interfaces
Allow those with poor muscle control to communicate and control physical devices High Precision (can be used reliably) Requires somewhat invasive sensors Requires extensive training (poor generalization) Low bandwidth (today 24 bits/minute, or at most 5 characters/minute)
Future Work
Improving physical methods for gathering EEGs Improving generalization
Improving knowledge of how to interpret waves (not just the new phrenology)
References
http://www.cs.man.ac.uk/aig/staff/toby/research/bci/richard.seabrook.brain.com puter.interface.txt http://www.icad.org/websiteV2.0/Conferences/ICAD2004/concert_call.htm http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/1020.html http://www.biocontrol.com/eeg.html http://www.asel.udel.edu/speech/Spch_proc/eeg.html Toward a P300-based Computer Interface James B. Polikoff, H. Timothy Bunnell, & Winslow J. Borkowski Jr. Applied Science and Engineering Laboratories Alfred I. Dupont Institute Various papers from PASCAL 2004 Original Paper on Evoked Potential: https://access.web.cmu.edu/http://www.jstor.org/cgibin/jstor/viewitem/00368075/ap003886/00a00500/0?searchUrl=http%3a//www. jstor.org/search/Results%3fQuery%3dEvokedPotential%2bPotential%2bCorrelates%2bof%2bStimulus%2bUncertainty%26hp %3d25%26so%3dnull%26si%3d1%26mo%3dbs&frame=noframe&dpi=3¤ tResult=00368075%2bap003886%2b00a00500%2b0%2c07&userID=80020b32 @cmu.edu/01cce4403532f102af429e95&backcontext=page
Invasive BCIs
Have traditionally provided much finer control than non-invasive EEGs (no longer true?) May have ethical/practical issues (Chapin et al. 1999) trained rats to control a robot arm to fetch water (Wessberg et al. 2000) allowed primates to accurately control a robot arm in 3 dimensions in real time.