Cerebellum Divisions Spinocerebellum o Vermis Sends output to the Fastigial Nuclei Damage here produces problems with posture,

re, eye movements and especially locomotion o Intermediate Hemisphere Sends output to the Interposed Nuclei Damage here produces problems with limb movements Cerebrocerebellum o Lateral Hemisphere Sends outputs to the Dentate Nuclei Vestibulocerebellum o Flocculus o Nodulus Sends axons to Vestibular Nuclei of the brainstem Cerebellar Arteries Superior o Ipsilateral Limb Ataxia o Walking Ataxia o Speech and Nystagmus Posterior o Vertigo, Unsteadiness o Walking Ataxia o Nystagmus Anterior Inferior o Limb Ataxia o Vestibular Signs o Facial Sensory Loss If the cerebellar cortex is damaged but leaves the deep nuclei intact recovery is impressive. But damage that intruds upon the deep nuclei makes recovery difficult. Paraneoplasias: Is an autoimmune attacks on epitopes present both in tumor cells and in CNS neurons, particularly Pukinje Cells in cerebellar cortex. Purkinje Cells: are neurons from the Cerebellar Cortex that send their axons to deep cerebellar nuclei. Release neurotransmitter GABA onto Deep Nuclie. Ataxia: is a failure of coordination, due to loss of neurons in the Spinocerebellum. SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIA (SCA) Autosomal Dominant Neurodegenerative disorder of Purkinje Cells, also target neurons of the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei.

Action Tremor Deficit in vestibulo-ocular reflex

Prism Adaptation Very specific to the limb that is used during practice. Normal Folks adapt after putting on prisms and after taking them off. People with damage to inferior olives never adapt to prisms and show no need to adapt after taking them off. Cerebellar damage prevents adaptation to the presence of prisms. They continue to throw darts in the wrong place no matter how long they practice. As a result they do not produce erroneous throwing when the prisms come off they never learned and so they never had to unlearn. The Inferior Olivary Nucleus: is the source of error signal. Axons that arise in the Inferior Olive and end in the Cerebellum are called Climbing Fibers, they instruct the neurons of the cerebellar cortex that a motor outcome did not match the predicted outcome.

PREVIOUS TEST QUESTION RELATED TO LECTURE

1. What is meant by the term, ataxia? a. A failure in coordination between muscles and movements. 2. What is the common target of the SCAs (that is, where is neural degeneration always found)? a. Purkinje Cells of the Vermis and Intermediate Hemisphere, and also in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei. 3. Most neurons in spinal cord communicate with Spinocerebellum by way of the inferior cerebellar peduncles. On which side of the body would you expect an ataxia following a stroke that completely destroys the right inferior cerebellar peduncle (do be sure to explain your answer). a. Cerebellum and spinal cord have a strictly ipsilateral relationship, damage to the peduncle on the right side produces an ataxia on the right side.

4. Inferior cerebellar peduncles also carry axons from the inferior olives to the cerebellar cortex. What kind of axons are these (we give them a particular name what is it)? What kind of motor deficit would you expect if only those axons or the inferior olives, themselves, were damaged? a. These are Climbing Fibers. You would expect a lack of motor learning/adaptation (prisms would produce a motor error that was not corrected and removal of prisms would not produce an after-effect).

5. Cerebellum is thought to produce an internal model of the movement produced by a motor command. What is the source of that model? By that I mean, by what anatomical route would a command sent to motor neurons also reach the cerebellum? a. Cerebral Cortical input to Pontine Nuclei and their innervation of pontocerebellum appears to be the path by which a model is constructed. 6. What is the need for an internal model when the sensory systems provide a separate representation of the where we are in space? a. Sensory system feedback is to slow. 7. What are the two things provided by cerebellums predictive control? a. Where you want to go (the outcome of a pattern of muscle activity), and how to get there ( which muscles need to be contracted and in which order to produce a desired movement)