FREE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MOLDOVA INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL STUDIES CHAIR OF APPLIED FOREIGN LANGUAGES

A Guide to Legal Englis

Natalia URSUL! Olga DIMO

C isinau " #$%$

FREE INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF MOLDOVA

INSTITUTE OF LINGUISTIC AND INTERCULTURAL STUDIES CHAIR OF APPLIED FOREIGN LANGUAGES

Natalia URSUL! Olga DIMO

A Guide to Legal Englis

Chisinau - 2009 3

A Guide to Legal Englis

The Guide has been written for everyone working or training to work in the legal profession. It provides basic knowledge of legal words and ter s. The various e!ercises throughout the Guide focus on the key legal vocabulary that ust be known by law learners.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Instead of an Introduction 1. The #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 2. %ources of #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 3. Courts in &ngland and 'ales$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 4. (verview of the #egal )rofessions$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 5. *udges in the +nited ,ingdo $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 6. Truth -s the .unda ental )rinciple of the *udicial )leading$$$$$$$$$$$$. 7. /ranches of #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$. 8. ,inds of #aw0 Cri inal and Civil$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. 9. .a ily #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ 10. Co ercial #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

11. International #aw$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ %upple entary 1eadings$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$.. /ibliography

INSTEAD OF AN INTRODUCTION 2

Language is the only instrument of science, and words are but the signs of ideas. 3 %a uel *ohnson #egal &nglish is the style of &nglish used by lawyers and other legal professionals in the course of their work. #egal &nglish has traditionally been the preserve of lawyers fro &nglish-speaking countries 4such as the +%-5 +,5 Canada5 -ustralia5 6ew 7ealand8 which have shared co on law traditions. 9owever5 due to the spread of &nglish as the predo inant language of international business5 as well as its role as a legal language within the &uropean +nion5 legal &nglish is now a global pheno enon. :odern legal &nglish is based on standard &nglish. 9owever5 it contains a nu ber of unusual features. The &nglish language can be said to have begun around "20 -.;.5 when boatloads of -ngles5 *utes5 %a!ons and .risians arrived fro the Continent. These <er anic invaders spoke closely related languages5 which ca e to for what we call -nglo-%a!on or (ld &nglish. -lthough the -nglo-%a!ons see to have had no distinct legal profession5 they developed a type of legal language5 re nants of which have survived until today. &!a ples include words like goods, guilt, manslaughter, murder, oath, right, sheriff, steal, swear, theft, thief, and witness. The -nglo-%a!ons used not only (ld &nglish as a legal language5 but also #atin. -lthough #atin was introduced to &ngland during the 1o an occupation around the ti e of Christ5 it beca e a a=or force only after the arrival of Christian issionaries in 29>. #atin was i portant for &nglish law ainly as the language of court records. &nglish lawyers and =udges liked to e!press sayings or a!i s about the law in #atin. -n e!a ple that has survived is caveat emptor, dura lex sed lex5 etc. .ollowing the 6or an con?uest in @0AA the official legal language was .rench. /y @3@0 al ost all acts of )arlia ent were in the .rench language. - si ilar evolution took place with the idio of the courts. - vast a ount of legal vocabulary is .rench in origin5 including such basic words as appeal, attorney, court, defendant, evidence, judge, jury, justice, party, plaintiff, verdict and voir dire.The .rench language of lawyers beca e increasingly corrupt. The language of that ti e is often called Bdog #atinC eaning a corrupted for of #atin5 which consisted of a i!ture of #atin5 .rench and &nglish words used in &nglish sentence structures. It also contained any words which had nothing to do with #atin5 but were fra ed fro the &nglish by erely adding a #atin ter ination5 as merdrum for murder. In @>305 )arlia ent abolished #aw #atin and .rench in legal proceedings5 but any #atin and .rench phrases had already entered co on use in legal language5 and have survived to this day. 1. Here are some Latin words and expressions used in the legal profession. How many of the meanings on the left can you match with the expressions on the right? 1. ab initio a. in fact 4taken as a atter of fact5 even though the legal 2. actus reus status ay not be certain8 3. consensus ad ide b. an act forbidden by cri inal law 4. de facto c. abbreviation for exempl !"a# a$ eaning Bfor 5. de novo e!a pleC 6. inter alia %. a real agree ent to a contract by both parties 7. pro rata e. fro the beginning 8. odus operandi &. wayD ethod of perfor ance 9. et se?. !. a ongD in addition to other things 10. e.g. '. in proportion 11. i.e. . abbreviation for Be# (e)*e+#e($ eaning Band what followsC ,. starting again -. abbreviation for % e(#$ eaning Bthat isC A

. !he words in this exercise are used a lot in the legal profession, and appear at various stages throughout this course, so it is important you understand what they mean. "atch the definitions on the left with the words on the right. Te"m @. law 2. lawyer 3. legal case ". civil 2. cri inal A. cri e >. defence E. defendant 9. court @0. =udge @@. contract @2. sentence @3. prosecute @". prosecutor @2. appeal .e& + # /+ a. so eone who is accused of a cri e in a cri inal case b. to ask a high court to change its decision or sentence c. to bring so eone to court to answer a cri inal charge %. an ad=ective referring to cri e e. an ad=ective referring to the rights and duties of private persons or organiFations &. a dispute between opposing parties5 being resolved by a court of law !. the argu ents used when fighting a case '. body of enacted rules recogniFed by a co unity as bindingG one of these rules . an institution of dispute resolution ,. an illegal activity which is punishable by law 4e.g. killing5 robbery8 -. to give a punish ent toG an order given by a =udge5 a punish ent for a cri inal declared to be guilty in a court of law l. an official who presides over a court m. a legal agree ent between two or ore parties +. a person who prosecutes in a trial /. a person who had studied law and can practise it T"a+(la# /+

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1. T0E LA1 #ura lex sed lex. <enerally speaking5 by la2 we understand any nor ative act issued by a le! (la# 3e b/%4 of a state5 following a pre-established procedure. /ut5 what we understand by law is only the nor ative act passed in )arlia ent5 following5 of course5 a pre-established procedure. #egislative initiative in the 1epublic of :oldova lies with the e bers of 5a"l ame+#5 the )resident of :oldova5 the 6/3e"+me+#5 and the )eopleHs -sse bly of the a*#/+/m/*( territorial unit of <agauFia. Le! (la# /+ is passed by the )arlia ent in the for of constitutional laws5 organic laws and ordinary laws. !he constitutional laws are ai ed at revising the Constitution5 they establish the organiFation of the political powers and the principles of govern ent of the state5 regulate the rules5 the funda ental civil liberties and so e i portant social relations5 which are the =uridical basis of the other laws. The constitutional laws have to be adopted with a a=ority of at least two thirds fro the total nu ber of the )arlia ent e bers and it is approved by referendu . The c/+(# #*# /+ is the funda ental law of a state5 consisting of a syste of =uridical standards invested with a superior =uridical force. The Constitution is the irror of the econo ic structures5 for s of property and state organiFation. !he organic laws have the second =uridical force after the Constitution and the constitutional laws. The purpose of the organic laws is to direct and control the electoral syste 5 the organiFation of "e&e"e+%*m(5 the organiFation of )arlia ent and <overn ent and of the local ad inistration5 the organiFation and functioning of political parties5 the general organiFation of the educational syste 5 the granting of am+e(#4 and pa"%/+5 etc. The organic laws in the 1epublic of :oldova shall be passed by a=ority vote based on at least two ball/#(. In the +, they are adopted with the absolute a=ority of the e bers of the two 9ouses of )arlia ent. !he ordinary laws establish the ost various social relations e!cept for those which are regulated by the constitutional and organic laws. In the 1epublic of :oldova they shall be passed by the a=ority of the votes by the e bers present in session 4in the +, they are adopted by the absolute a=ority of the e bers who are present in each 9ouse of )arlia ent8. )roble s of *#m/(# gravity or urgency confronting the :oldovan society or %tate shall be resolved by referendu . The decisions of the republican referendu have supre e =udicial power. #aws have three a=or characteristics0 they are general, compulsory and permanent. The law is a conscious act of 2 ll5 which is ade to reach certain ai s and to realise so e social ideals. It is general because it is valid for all the e bers of a society 4an e!ception is represented by the individual laws5 which are adopted for certain specific acts8. The law is compulsory because its observance does not depend on the option of those asked to confor the selves to its disposals. -s a rule5 the law is permanent$ it is in operation until it is ab"/!a#e%. The only e!ception is represented by the te porary laws5 which are in operation up to a certain established date or an event foreseen by that law itself. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; the co bination of the rules and principles of conduct pro ulgated by legislative authority5 derived fro court decisions and established by an act of )arlia ent5 local custo or practice official authorities who ake or a end or abrogate laws a national representative body having supre e legislative powers within a state body of people that sets and ad inisters public policy5 and e!ercises e!ecutive5 political5 and sovereign power through custo s5 institutions5 E

La2 Le! (la# 3e b/%4 5a"l ame+# 6/3e"+me+#

A*#/+/m/*(

Le! (la# /+ C/+(# #*# /+ :e&e"e+%*m Am+e(#4 5a"%/+ Ball/# 9#m/(# 1 ll T/ ab"/!a#e

and laws within a state - not controlled by others or by outside forcesG independentG < independent in ind or =udg entG self-directedG < independent of the laws of another state or govern entG selfgoverning - the act or process of aking lawsG - a proposed or enacted law or group of laws the syste of funda ental laws and principles that prescribes the nature5 functions5 and li its of a govern ent or another institution and according to which a state is governed a vote in which the people in a particular country are all asked to say whether they agree or disagree with a particular policy an act of forgiveness granted to a large group of individuals by a govern ent5 especially for political offences the release of a convicted person fro punish ent of an offence or cri eG e!e pt fro penalty the act5 process5 or ethod of voting5 especially in secret of the highest or greatest degree5 a ount5 or intensityG ost e!tre e - the faculty of conscious and deliberate choice of actionG volitionG - a docu ent in which you declare what you want to happen to your oney and property after you die to cancel or annul especially by authority 4to abrogate a law or custo 8

1. %nswer the following &uestions' l. 'hat do we understand by lawI 2. 'hich are the three types of lawsI 3. 'hat are the constitutional lawsI ". 'hat is the ConstitutionI 2. 'hat are the ain purposes of the organic lawsI 2. 'ho votes the ordinary lawsI A. Talk about the characteristics of the law. . (oin pairs of synonyms. @. purpose 2. ordinary 3. state ". co pulsory 2. liberty A. to approve >. conscious E. property 9. a nesty @0. ballot @@. ut ost @2. per anent @3. body a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. =. k. l. binding institution pardon a!i u co on ai freedo to adopt possession aware country vote . constant @. f

). *ill in the blan+ spaces with the missing words' a8 - law is passed in )arlia ent following a .................... procedure. b8 There are three types of laws0.................... laws5 ................... laws and ..............laws. c8 Constitution is the .................. law of a state5 is the ................. of the organiFation of a state. d8 The ordinary laws are adopted with the $$$$$$ a=ority of the e bers $$........ in each 9ouse of )arlia ent. e8 The law is the conscious act of $$$$$$$. f8 The law is valid for all the e bers of the $$$$$$... ,. -onsult your dictionary and find as many synonyms as possible for the following words'

a state5 legislative body5 to adopt5 purpose5 to regulate5 gravity5 to abrogate

2. .hat are the differences between the following words' law J the law5 a nesty J pardonI /. .hat do you call the laws which' a8 establish the organiFation of the political powersI b8 establish the referendu I c8 represent the develop ent of the principles of the constitutional laws5 but cannot confute the I 0. How many word partnerships can you form by combining the two lists below? To pass To give To pronounce -ctual Contrary to To elaborate To issue To grant -bsolute 4a8 sentence over a veto 4a8 law pardon a andate banknotes orders property

1. 2ead an abstract from the -onstitution of the 2epublic of "oldova and fill in the gaps with the words in the box' membe"(= + # a#e%= c # >e+(= 2a"= +%epe+%e+ce= "e&e"e+%*m= la2 p"/,ec#(= &"ee%/m( T7TLE 87 < :E87S7N6 T0E CONST7T9T7ON %rticle 1,1. Initiatives for Constitutional 1evision ?1@ - revision of the Constitution ay be KKKKKKKKK by0 a8 a nu ber of at least 2005000 voting KKKKKKKKK of the 1epublic of :oldova. The citiFens initiating a revision of the Constitution ust cover with the nu ber of their listed residences at least a half of the nationLs districts and unicipalities5 and in their turn each of those districts and unicipalities ust be represented by at least 25000 registered signers in support of said initiativeG @0

b8 no less than a third of the KKKKKKKKKK of )arlia entG c8 the )resident of the 1epublic of :oldovaG d8 the <overn ent. ?2@ Constitutional KKKKKKK shall be sub itted to )arlia ent on condition that the Constitutional Court issues the appropriate reco endation supported by at least " =udges. %rticle 1, . #i its of 1evision ?1@ The provisions regarding the sovereignty5 KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK and unity of the state5 as well as those regarding the per anent neutrality of the state ay be revised only by KKKKKKKKKKKK based on a a=ority vote of registered voting citiFens. ?2@ 6o revision shall be allowed if it results in the suppression of the funda ental rights and KKKKKKKKKKKKKK of citiFens5 or of the guarantees of those rights and freedo s. ?3@ The Constitution ay not be revised under a state of national e ergency5 artial law or KKKKKKKKKK. 3. -omment on the statements below' #aws havenHt changed since pri eval ti es. 9owever hard people try5 laws are always insufficient. There is so e eternal law. It is good for all ti es and places. The ore laws5 the less =ustice. The strictest law so eti es beco es the severest in=ustice. <ood people do not need laws to tell the to act responsibly5 while bad people will find a way around the laws. 6obody has a ore sacred obligation to obey the law than those who ake the law.

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2. SO9:CES OF LA1 % -onstitution should be short and obscure. 3 6apoleon /onaparte S/*"ce( /& la2 are the aterials and processes out of which law is developed. In odern nation states5 the basic sources of law include a Constitution5 (#a#*#e(5 case law5 and regulations issued by govern ent agencies. The ain sources of law can be classified in the following way0 theoretical 4philosophical85 docu entary5 historical5 for al and literary sources of law. The historical sources of law are the acts and events in past ti e5 which have given rise to particular principles and rules of law. In the +nited ,ingdo and Continental &uropean legal syste s5 these include the 1o an law5 the ca+/+ la25 the feudal c*(#/m(5 the law erchant and the general ariti e law of 'estern &urope. (ne of the basic historical sources of law in the +nited ,ingdo is the :agna Carta5 it is a charter granted by the ,ing *ohn in @2@25 recogniFing the rights and privileges of the barons5 church and free en. The formal sources of law represent legal acts accepted by the official authourities. These are %ecla"a# /+( by )arlia ent in the for of legislation5 state ents of law by superior courts5 etc. The ter BsourcesC is so eti es applied to those philosophical 4theoretical8 principles which have influenced law5 otivated legislation or p"/mp#e% change. &.g.5 the philosophy of :ar!is #eninis has been the source of whole legal syste s. The ter is used of the documentary sources refer to the docu ents containing the athoritative state ennts of rules of law. In the +nited ,ingdo 5 these are the volu es of states5 statutory instru ents and of reports of case law. The literary sources of law represent legal literature5 the books to which one turns for infor ation. These include encyclopedias5 treaties5 te!tbooks which are based on the aterial sources but have no authority and validity as rules of law5 and no =udge is bound to accept the rules stated there. 6otice that the continental countries have c/% & e% their laws 4reduced the to statutes8. %tatutes and constitutions are classified as Bwritten or statutory lawC. The &nglish-speaking countries are based on co on or case 4so eti es unwritten8 law. The basic characteristic of the co on law is that a case once decided establishes a p"ece%e+# that will be followed by the courts when si ilar c/+#"/3e"( e( are later presented. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; S#a#*#e Ca+/+ la2 C*(#/m .ecla"a# /+ T/ p"/mp# T/ c/% &4 5"ece%e+# an enact ent of a legislative body e!pressed in a for al docu entG a per anent rule ade by a body or institution for the govern ent of its internal affairs the law governing the affairs of a Christian Church5 esp. the law created or recogniFed by papal authority in the 1o an Catholic Church the long-established habits or traditions of a societyG convention - a for al state ent or announce entG procla ationG - the ruling of a =udge or court on a ?uestion of law5 esp in the chancery division of the 9igh Court to give rise to by suggestion to organiFe or collect together 4laws5 rules5 procedures5 etc.8 into a syste or code a =udicial decision that serves as an authority for deciding a later case @2 -

C/+#"/3e"(4

dispute5 argu ent5 or debate5 esp. one concerning a atter about which there is strong disagree ent and esp. one carried on in public or in the press

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat are the ain sources of lawI 2. 'hat are the historical sources of law that have shaped the legal syste of the +,I 3. 'hat are the for al sources of lawI ". 'hat is the na e used for writings by =uristsI 2. -re legal treaties and encyclopedias accepted as binding in courts of lawI A. 'hat have the continental countries done with their lawsI >. Is case law written or unwrittenI E. 'hat is the basic characteristic of the co on lawI 9. 'hat is the ain source of law in the 1epublic of :oldovaI @. basic . (oin pairs of synonyms a. co on law

@ 2 3 " 2 A >

2. legal 3. ariti e law ". authorities 2. case law A. validity >. statutory law

b. ad iralty law c. ain d. legality e. licit f. written law g. officials

). "a+e sentences using the antonyms of the following words' controversy5 co on law5 odern5 to give rise5 free an

,. How many meanings can you find to these words? Custo #aw %ource 4. 5n the text, find 6nglish e&uivalents for the following' organ guverna ental drept canonic Varta 4a drepturilor5 etc.8 MNOPQRSTUVRPSWWXY 4Z[V\]ONVRPSWWXY8 [NZOW ^SN_[PW[S 4_OW[WQ`SV_[S8 MNOP[ aONRQb @3

a codifica precedent =udiciar cutu e legislahie

_[]QcQ^QN[PORU dNQ]Q`SV_QY MNS^S]SWR [fgSS MNOP[ iO_[W[]ORSTUVRP[

/. !ranslate the following word combinations containing the word 7source8 into your mother tongue' - confidential sourceG - illegiti ate sourceG - legal source of cri eG - legal sourceG - legiti ate sourceG - original sourceG - source of increased dangerG - source of lawG - sources of evidence. /. -omplete the following table with the corresponding verb9s:, noun9s: or adjective9s: where appropriate. N/*+ #aw To regulate Code 1esolution To approve )rovision ---%tatute To declare 1. ;olve the crossword to find the mistery phrase. !he first word has been done for you. --authoritative binding 8e"b <<<<< legal A%,ec# 3e

%
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

e m

i t p

11 12 a

n n r u m d

@. The act or process of aking laws. 2. (f or relating to the inorityG below the age of legal a=ority. 3. -n enact ent of a legislative body e!pressed in a for al docu ent. @"

". *ustice has KKKKKKKKKK5 the guilty an has been punished. 4infinitive8 2. - =udg ent5 conclusion5 or resolution reached or givenG verdict. A. This intervention in another nationHs affairs has set

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a KKKKKKKKKKKKK which we hope other countries will not follow. >. - de and5 condition 4of a contract85 or stipulation for ally incorporated in a docu ent. E. The :oldavian Constitution is the ain KKKKKKKKK of law in the 1epublic of :oldova followed by codes and parlia entary statutes5 and e!ecutive laws. 9. -n i prove ent or change for the better5 esp. as a result of correction of legal or political abuses or alpractices. @0. AAAAAAAAAAA le! (la# /+ 4also referred to as (ec/+%a"4 le! (la# /+ or (*b/"% +a#e le! (la# /+8 is law ade by an e!ecutive authority under powers given to the by pri ary legislation in order to i ple ent and ad inister the re?uire ents of that pri ary legislation. @@. )rescribed or authoriFed by statute. @2. #aw established by following =udicial decisions given in earlier cases 42 words8. 9. *ill in the blan+s with the appropriate words from the box' 2" ##e+= mp/"#a+#= &"/m= la2(= "*le(= %/c*me+#(= c/*"#(= #/= emb/% e% The /ritish Constitution is =ust as KKKKKKKKKKK to the /ritish as the +% Constitution is to the - ericans. 6evertheless5 it is not KKKKKKKKKKKKG that is to say5 it has never been wholly reduced KKKKKKKK writing. This does not ean5 however5 that the /ritish possess no i portant constitutional KKKKKKKKKKK. It erely eans that the constitution is not KKKKKKKKKKKK in any single docu ent5 or series of docu ents5 containing their essential constitutional KKKKKKKKKKKKK. :any constitutional rules are jlawsH in the ordinary sense5 so they will be recogniFed and enforced by the KKKKKKKKKKK. /ut there are certain other KKKKKKKKKKKK which govern the working of the constitution5 which are not laws in this sense. They are called j conventionsH5 because they arise KKKKKKKKK usage5 or agree ent.

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3. CO9:TS 7N EN6LAN. AN. 1ALES !here is no such thing as justice, in or out of court. < Clarence ;arrow The +nited ,ingdo does not have a single unified =udicial syste - &ngland and 'ales have one syste 5 %cotland another5 and 6orthern Ireland a third. 9owever5 all types of courts in the +nited ,ingdo are ad inistered by 9er :a=estyLs Courts %ervice5 an exec*# 3e agency of the :inistry of *ustice. There are the following types of courts in &ngland and 'ales0 The ;upreme -ourt of the =nited >ingdom is the court of last resort in all atters under &nglish law5 'elsh law5 6orthern Irish law and %cottish civil law. The %upre e Court was established by )art 3 of the Constitutional 1efor -ct 2002 and started work on @ (ctober 2009. +ntil 2009 the 9ouse of #ords served as the court of last instance for ost instances of +, law. It was presided over by the L/"% C'a+cell/" and consisted of three to seven #ords of -ppeal in (rdinary 4appointed as life pee"(8 and peers who held high =udicial office. -ourt of %ppeal 4Cri inal and Civil ;ivision80 hears appeal( fro the 9igh Court and the Crown Court. High -ourt of (ustice0 original and appellate =urisdiction in all civil and so e cri inal cases. It has three subdivisions0 .a ily ;ivision5 Chancery ;ivision 4ad inistration of e(#a#e( and interpretation of wills8 and the kueenHs /ench 4all cases not dealt with by the other two divisions8. -rown -ourt0 responsible for all cri inal cases above the level of agistratesH courts. -ll #" al( are held with one =udge 4and aybe a =ury8. -ounty -ourts 4300 in &ngland and 'ales80 cover all types of civil (* #( including c/mpla +#( of race and se! discri ination. Trials are conducted by a professional circuit =udge and ight be assisted by a =ury. "agistrates8 -ourts0 consist of three unpaid la4 ma! (#"a#e( 4known as H=ustices of the peaceH8 who try m +/" /&&e+ce( without a =ury. They have li ited civil =urisdiction5 ainly in %/me(# c atters. -bout 90l of cri inal investigations begin here. The legal syste also includes =uvenile courts 4which deal with offenders under seventeen8 and coronersH courts 4which investigate violent5 sudden or unnatural deaths8 . There are ad inistrative #" b*+al( which ake ?uick5 cheap and fair decisions with uch less for ality. Tribunals deal with professional standards5 disputes between individuals5 and disputes between individuals and govern ent depart ents 4e.g.5 over ta!ation8. ?ota bene 0 %cotland has its own legal syste 5 which has ore si ilarities with the law syste of Continental countries5 civil law being based on the principles of 1o an rather than &nglish Co on #aw. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; Exec*# 3e L/"% C'a+cell/" having the function or purpose of carrying plans5 orders5 laws5 etc.5 into practical effect the cabinet inister who is head of the =udiciary in &ngland and 'ales @>

5ee" Appeal

E(#a#e T" al

and %peaker of the 9ouse of #ords a person who holds any of the five grades of the /ritish nobility0 duke5 ar?uess5 earl5 viscount5 and baron - the =udicial review by a superior court of the decision of a lower tribunalG - a re?uest for such review G - the right to such reviewG - to apply to a superior court to review 4a case or particular issue decided by a lower tribunal8 - property or possessionsG - the total e!tent of the real and personal property of a deceased person or bankrupt the =udicial e!a ination of the issues in a civil or cri inal cause by a co petent tribunal and the deter ination of these issues in accordance with the law of the land - a civil proceedingG lawsuitG - the act or process of suing in a court of law a state ent by which a civil proceeding in a agistratesL court is co enced a e ber of the public who voluntarily gives up hisDher ti e to preside over agistratesL courts. They need have no for al legal ?ualifications5 although they are trained in court procedures. petty or less serious act of breaking the law of or involving the ho e or fa ily - a court of =ustice or any place where =ustice is ad inisteredG - 4in /ritain8 a special court5 convened by the govern ent to in?uire into a specific atterG - a raised platfor containing the seat of a =udge or agistrate5 originally that in a 1o an basilica

S* # C/mpla +# La4 ma! (#"a#e

B +/" /&&e+ce ./me(# c T" b*+al

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat is the difference between cri inal and civil law in the +nited ,ingdo I 2. 'ho ad inisters courts of law in the +,I 3. 'hat types of courts e!ist in the +,I ". 'hat is the ost co on type of /ritish courtsI 2. 'hat is the jsupre eH court in the +,I A. 'ho are lay agistratesI >. 'hat type of courts deals with offenders under seventeen years oldI . .or+ in pairs and discuss the following. 'hich courts do you think would deal with0 a8 a bank robberyI b8 a divorce caseI c8 a burglary co itted by a fifteen-year-oldI d8 a drowningI @E

e8 a case of driving too fastI ). *ind common collocations 9sometimes more than one solution is possible:'
to hear to break to deliver to charge to recover to cross-e!a ine to reverse to return to cite to instruct da ages a decision a case an opinion a witness a verdict the law a fee the =ury a case

,. *ind in the text the 6nglish e&uivalents for the words below' putere e!ecutiva [NZOW QVM[TWQRSTUW[Y PTOVRQ lord cancelar T[N]-_OW^TSN siste =udecetoresc V\]SfWOb VQVRSmO :inisterul *ustihiei nQWQVRSNVRP[ dVRQ^QQ curte de =ustihie cri inale 4in o\] p[N[WX -nglia8 agistrat mQN[P[Y V\]Ub Ca era #orFilor qOTORO T[N][P delict mST_[S MNOP[WON\rSWQS5 ]STQ_R curtea =uvenile V\] M[ ]STOm WSV[PSNrSWW[TSRWQa contravenient MNOP[WON\rQRSTU oarte violente WOVQTUVRPSWWOb VmSNRU proces penal \Z[T[PW[S ]ST[ proces civil ZNOs]OWV_[S ]ST[ a =udeca un proces VT\rORU ]ST[ 4. %naly@e the court structures in the =>, =;% and 2" a@ T'e 9+ #e% C +!%/m !his figure shows a topAdown representation of how the court system is structured in the =nited >ingdom. !est your +nowledge of the system by rearranging the letters in bold to ma+e words.

@9

@. Court of c*D( e# of the +E*aep/" *mC/(+ me#

#& soHeu o' rodsL

(& Cou)t o' pAlpe *amiCriln

viiinosd+

,& Cou)t o' pAalpe

viiinosd+

*vCili

-& wCnro Cou)t

.& gHhi Cou)t

0& gastaitresM' Cou)t

/& tonCyu Cou)t

b@ T'e 9+ #e% S#a#e( /& Ame" ca !his figure shows a topAdown representation of how the courts are structured in the =;%. !est your +nowledge of the system by rearranging the letters in bold to ma+e words.

1. peuremS Court

2. Courts of pAplae (12 cuitCris)

3. Court of pAplae (realdeF Circuit)

4. Court of italyiMr spAplae

5. 94 stDtiric viRwee

6. xaT Court

8. teInrnalation edraT Court

9. sliCma Court

10. Court of Vanstere'

7. Courts of italyiMr Courts

20

c@ T'e :ep*bl c /& B/l%/3a

tinstCoituonal ouCtr

The Supreme Court o !ustice dstramin!eiti adn Cil!i Colgele oomn"cic Colgele Criinaml leColge iSx Crtous o Apapel

Cina#isu

a$til

en$rde

#uCal

Cmaort

%#e &piali'eecd (nom"coic) ortusC of sticue(

16

15

courts of justice of the first level

2@

4. O8E:87E1 OF T0E LE6AL 5:OFESS7ONS

% good lawyer is a great liar. 3*ean <iradou!

ay be roughly classified in the following way0 S/l c #/"( /y the id-@200s in &ngland two types of lawyers had appeared0 solicitors and barristers. %olicitors ake up the largest branch of the legal profession in &ngland and 'ales. They are found in every town5 where they deal with all the day-to-day work of preparing legal docu ents for buying and selling houses5 aking wills5 etc. They are involved in co ercial work relating to business e.g. dealing with co ercial #"a+(ac# /+(5 corporate atters5 land5 share and other property dealings. %olicitors also work on court cases for their clients in agistrateHs and county courts5 prepare cases for barristers to present in the higher courts. :ost solicitors are graduates with a law degree. They ust also undertake professional training both by a one-year #egal )ractice Course and then by two years under a training contract with a solicitor in practice. The controlling body is the La2 S/c e#4. Ba"" (#e"( The traditional work of barristers is a%3/cac4 - they present cases in court5 where their ability to speak and to think ?uickly ton their feett is i portant. The barrister will be tbriefedt 4instructed8 by a solicitor - it is the solicitor who first c/+#ac#( the client and has initial conduct of the case. !he Bar -ouncil 9owever5 the barrister is to a fair e!tent independent of the solicitor and regulates the wor+ of can take an independent =udg ent as to how to conduct the case. /arristers are barristers occasionally advocates in agistratesH courts 4 ore co only in #ondon than elsewhere85 but they ainly work in the Crown Court 4it is possible to have a solicitor advocate but this is still rare85 the 9igh Court or in appeal courts. :ost barristers are law graduates and they undergo professional training through a /ar uocational Course and through a p*p lla!e with a ?ualified barrister. The highest level of barristers have the title kC 4kueenHs Counsel8 or ttake silkt. In court5 barristers wear wigs and gowns in keeping the e!tre e for ality of the p"/cee% +!(. D*%!e( - =udge5 or arbiter of =ustice5 is a lead official who presides over a court of law. They are trained as barristers5 as there is no separate training for =udges. The =udge hears all the 2 #+e((e( and any other e3 %e+ce presented by the prosecution and the defence. If the accused is convicted5 then the =udge pronounces the sentence. They also wear wigs and black gowns. They are usually addressed as t:y #ordt or t:y #adyt5 tvour 9onourt5 tvour 'orshipt. D*"4 D9:O:ES OAT0 - =ury consists of twelve people 4j,*"/"(H85 who are ordinary I do sole nly5 sincerely and people5 chosen a# "a+%/m fro the &lectoral 1egister 4the list of people truly declare and affir that who can vote in elections8. The =ury listens to the evidence given in court I will faithfully try the in certain cri inal cases and decides whether the defendant is guilty or defendant and give a true innocent. If the person is found guilty5 the punish ent is passed by the verdict according to the presiding =udge. *ury is rarely used in civil cases. evidence. Ba! (#"a#e( :agistrates 4also known as *ustices of the )eace or *)s8 =udge cases in the lower courts. They are usually unpaid and have no for al legal ?ualifications5 but they are respectable people who are given so e training. The legal profession in the +nited ,ingdo

22

C/"/+e"( - coroner is a public official responsible for the investigation of violent5 sudden5 or suspicious deaths and in?uiries into #"ea(*"e<#"/3e. They have edical or legal training 4or both8. Cle"-( /& #'e C/*"# Clerks look after ad inistrative and legal atters in the courtroo . BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; T"a+(ac# /+ La2 S/c e#4 A%3/cac4 T/ c/+#ac# Ba" C/*+c l 5*p lla!e 5"/cee% +!( 1 #+e(( E3 %e+ce T"ea(*"e<#"/3e so ething that is transacted5 esp. a business deal or negotiationG the act of obtaining and paying for an ite or service

4in &ngland or %cotland8 the professional body of solicitors5 established in @E22 and entrusted with the registration of solicitors 4re?uiring the passing of certain e!a inations8 and the regulation of professional conduct the act of pleading or arguing in favor of so ething5 such as a cause5 idea5 or policyG active support to get in touch withG co unicate with in a Co onwealth country and in the 1epublic of Ireland5 is a professional body that regulates the profession of barristers together with the Inns of Court. the period spent by a newly called barrister in the cha bers of a e ber of the bar - legal actionG litigation. (ften used in the pluralG - the instituting or conducting of legal action a person who has seen or can give first-hand evidence of so e event esp. in the court of law atter produced before a court of law in an atte pt to prove or disprove a point in issue5 such as the state ents of witnesses5 docu ents5 aterial ob=ects5 etc valuable articles5 such as coins5 bullion5 etc.5 found hidden in the earth or elsewhere and of unknown ownership. In @99A treasure was defined in the +, as any ite over 300 years old and containing ore than 2l of precious etal in a purposeless fashionG not following any prearranged order

A# "a+%/m

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat types of legal professions are entioned in the te!tI 2. 'hat are the two types of lawyers in the +nited ,ingdo I 'hat is the difference between the I ". 'hy barristers are called jtake silkHI ". 'hat is the =udgeHs role in a proceedingI 2. Is there a separate training for =udgesI A. 'ho are *)sI >. 'hat are coronersH dutiesI E. 'hat are the ain branches of the legal profession in the 1epublic of :oldovaI . *ind synonyms in the text for the following words and expressions' @. authority having the power to control so ething KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 23

2. infor ation proving so ething 3. a e ber of a =ury ". guiding5 directing or influencing official 2. to pronounce a sentence @. 2. 3. ". 2. A.

KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK

). -hoose the correct term for each legal profession mentioned in the text. an officer acting as a =udge in the lower courtsG a public official with authority to hear and decide cases in law courtG a group of people who swear to give a true decision on issues in a law courtG an official who investigates the cause of any death thought to be violent or unnaturalG a lawyer who has the right to speak and argue in higher law courtsG a lawyer who prepares legal docu ents5 advises clients on legal atters and speaks for the lower law courts.

in

,. -omplete each of the following sentences with the correct alternative from a, b and c. @. #awyers ay e!ercise their profession 4a8 as lawyers5 solicitors and barristers 4b8 as solicitors and barristers 4c8 as solicitors5 barristers and =udges 2. The controlling body for solicitors is 4a8 the #aw %ociety 4b8 the Inns of Court 4c8 the /ar Council 3. In the case of solicitors the practical training takes the for of0 4a8 one-year training 4b8 two-year training 4c8 three-year training ". -ll lawyers undergo an e!tensive period of education through0 4a8 practical training 4b8 for al acade ic learning 4c8 both 2. The barristerHs task is0 4a8 to present the case 4b8 to e!press the argu ents on the clientHs behalf 4c8 both A. %olicitors 4a8 deal directly with the client 4b8 ensure that the barrister chosen is properly and fully instructed 4c8 both >. :agistrates usually =udge cases in 4a8 County courts 4b8 lower courts 4c8 Crown Court E. Coroners in?uire into 4a8 violent or natural deaths 4b8 treasure-trove 4c8 both 4. ;tudy the following table and supply the missing information. SOL7C7TO: S#a#*( a+% %e& + # /+ /& - legal practitioner in the +,. )ractising solicitors #'e p"/&e(( /+ BA::7STE: D9.6E

ust possess certificate issued annually by the #aw %ociety. %olicitors for uch the larger part of the &nglish legal profession.

2"

C/+#"/ll +! b/%4

E%*ca# /+ a+% #"a + +!

.*# e(

/. Label the following as British 6nglish 9B6: or %merican 6nglish 9%6:. ;ome could be both British and %merican. 1 la23e) 444444444444444 1 5ounsello) 4444444444444 1 ad6o5ate 444444444444444 1 atto)ne3 444444444444444 1 soli5ito) 444444444444444 1 7a))iste) 444444444444444 1 5ounsel 444444444444444 1 2)ite) 44444444444444444 0. -ircle the words related to law to describe major areas of legal practice. company relevant state corporate market target cooperative finance criminal regulation labour common real contract tax copyright development public 1. =nderline the appropriate words or phrases to finish these sentences. 8La2 formsCfirms o''e) 5o9:lete legal se)6i5es 'o) do9esti5 and inte)national clienteleCcustomers. 8La23e)s draw upCdecide on do5u9ents su5 as 5ont)a5ts! deedsCdrafts and willsCwarranties. 8T e3 t3:i5all3 alternateCarbitrate :)o7le9s and dis:utes 7et2een playersCparties. 8La23e)s 5an foldCfile a 5ase o' 2)ong"doing 2 e)e so9eone 2ants to sueCto sew 'o) a 5as settle9ent& 8; en a :e)son doesn<t 2ant to tal= di)e5tl3 to t e ot e)! atto)ne3s o'ten s:ea= in spite ofCon behalf of so9eone&
9. Look at the picture of an American court. Match the numbers in the picture with the words below:

22

,*"4 "ep/"#e" c/*"#

"/be !a3el ,*"4 b/x

c/*"# /&& ce" #"a+(c" p# %e&e+%a+#

2 #+e(( be+c' ,*%!e

p"/(ec*# +! a##/"+e4 %e&e+ce a##/"+e4 2 #+e(( (#a+%

1D. *ill in the blan+s with the appropriate words from the box' T0E F7:ST 1OBEN LA1;E:S ame+%me+#(, p"/&e(( /+(= p"ac# (e%= (*pp/"#= e)*al #4= la24e"(= legal, & !'#= %e!"ee
Sin5e olden ti9es! 4444444444 :)o'ession 2as 5onside)ed to 7e a >gentle9en<s? one&

'o en first began to enter the legal KKKKKKKKKKKKKin the late nineteenth century5 at a ti e when two refor ove ents were significant. (ne was the ove ent for wo enHs KKKKKKKKKKKKKand the e ergence of odern professions and of ideas about Bprofessionalis C in law. The first wo en KKKKKKKKKKKK appeared in the +nited %tates a few years after the Civil 'ar. ;uring the civil war any en left to KKKKKKKKKK5 so universities ad itted ore wo en students and teachers. Thus the first wo en lawyers appeared. They included -rabella :ansfield5 who beca e the first wo an for ally ad itted to a state bar when she gained ad ission in Iowa in @EA95 and -da ,epley5 the first - erican wo an to obtain a university law KKKKKKKKKK in @E>0. -lthough ad itted to the bar5 they never actually KKKKKKKKKK law5 instead focusing on teaching and other activist work. - few years later5 however5 the Illinois legislature enacted a ending legislation to per it wo enHs ad ission to the bar5 and a nu ber of other - erican states enacted si ilar KKKKKKKKKKKKKK. Thus5 by the late @EE0s there was a sufficient nu ber of - erican wo en lawyers to establish the &?uity Club5 a correspondence club that provided infor ation and KKKKKKKKKKK to wo en lawyers all over the +nited %tates for several years. 11. 2ead the text carefully and comment on the advice given to jurors. Be ready to explain the relevance of each item' ./E( a+% ./+E#( &/" D*"/"( .*" +! #" alF 2A

@. .O arrive on ti e and .O return pro ptly after breaks and lunch. The trial cannot proceed until all =urors are present. 2. .O pay close attention to witnesses. Concentrate both on what the witness say and on their anner while testifying. If you cannot hear what is being said5 raise your hand and let the =udge know. 3. .O keep an open ind all through the trial. ". .O listen carefully to the instructions read by the =udge. 1e e ber5 it is your duty to accept what the =udge says about the law to be applied to the case. 2. .ONGT try to guess what the =udge thinks about the case. 1e e ber that rulings fro the bench do not reflect the =udgeLs personal views. A. .ONGT talk about the case5 or issues raised by the case with anyone--including other =urors--while the trial is going on5 and .ONGT let others talk about the case in your presence5 even fa ily e bers. If so eone insists on talking to you or another =uror about the case5 please report the atter to a court e ployee. These rules are designed to help you keep an open ind during the trial. >. .ONGT talk to the lawyers5 parties5 or witnesses about anything. This will avoid the i pression that so ething unfair is going on. E. .ONGT try to uncover evidence on your own. 6ever5 for e!a ple5 go to the scene of an event that was part of the case you are hearing. vou ust decide the case only on the basis of evidence ad itted in court. 9. .ONGT let yourself get infor ation about the case fro the news edia or any other outside source. &ven if news reports are accurate and co plete5 they cannot substitute for your own i pressions about the case. If you accidentally hear outside infor ation about the case during trial5 tell a e ber of the court staff in private. .*" +! %el be"a# /+F @. .O work out differences between yourself and other =urors through co plete and fair discussions of the evidence and of the =udgeLs instructions. .ONGT lose your te per. 2. .ONGT ark or write on e!hibits 4docu ents8. 3. .ONGT try to guess what ight happen if the case you have heard is appealed. -ppellate courts deal only with legal ?uestions--they will not change your verdict if you decided the facts based on proper evidence and instructions. ". .ONGT play cards5 read5 or engage in any other diversion. 2. .ONGT talk to anyone about your deliberations or about the verdict until the =udge discharges the =ury. -fter discharge5 you ay discuss the verdict and the deliberations with anyone5 including the edia5 the lawyers5 or your fa ily. /ut .ONGT feel obligated to do so -- no =uror can be forced to talk without a court order.

2>

5. D9.6ES 7N T0E 9N7TE. C7N6.OB % good judge conceives &uic+ly, judges slowly. < Eroverb The +nited ,ingdo is al ost uni?ue in having not only two different kinds of lawyers but also of =udges. The two kinds of =udges are "agistrates and High -ourt (udges. :agistrates in &ngland and 'ales ay be subdivided into0 la4 agistrates and legal professionals per anently e ployed by the :inistry of *ustice 4+nited ,ingdo 8. The vast a=ority of =udges are unpaid. They are called "agistrates5 Lay "agistrates or (ustices of the Eeace 4*)s8. They are about 30 000 in the +,5 half of the are wo en. They are volunteers fro all walks of life who deal with about 92 per cent of cri inal cases in &ngland and 'ales5 including any of the cri es that ost affect the public5 such as a+# (/c al behaviour. In order to beco e a agistrate you need to be able to co it at least 2A half-days per year to sit in court. :agistrates are not paid for their services5 so they give up their ti e voluntarily. :agistrates can be appointed fro the age of @E and they ust "e# "e at >0. 9owever5 the #ord Chancellor will not generally appoint anyone aged A2 or over. %election is based entriely on erit and applications are welco e fro all sections of the co unity regardless of gender5 e#'+ c #45 religion or se!ual orientation. vou donLt need legal or acade ic ?ualifications to be a agistrate and full training is provided. The initial training will nor ally last si! days 4@E hours8. -s was entioned5 no for al ?ualifications are re?uired but agistrates need intelligence5 c/mm/+ (e+(e and the capacity to act fairly. )olice officers5 #"a&& c 2a"%e+( and e bers of the ar ed forces5 as well as their close relatives will not be appointed. The second group5 professional agistrates5 are nowadays known as #istrict (udges 4:agistratesL Court8 or ;tipendiary "agistrates 4which is to say5 agistrates who receive a stipend or pay ent8. +nlike lay agistrates5 ;istrict *udges sit alone and have the authority to sit in any agistratesL court. :agistrates are selected by special co ittees in every town and district. 6obody5 even the :agistrates the selves5 knows who is on the special co ittee in their area. The co ittee tries to select :agistrates fro as wide a variety of professions and social classes as possible. - s all proportion of =udges are not :agistrates. They are for ally called (ustices of Her "ajestyFs High -ourt of (ustice or si ply High -ourt (udgesG they deal with the ost serious cri es5 such as those for which the cri inal ight be sent to prison for ore than a year. 9igh Court *udges5 unlike :agistrates5 are paid salaries by the state and have considerable legal training. 9igh Court =udges are appointed by The kueen on the advice of the )ri e :inister and #ord Chancellor. +nder the Constitutional 1efor -ct 420028 a new *udicial -ppoint ents Co ission has re oved the appoint ent of =udges fro the political arena. .or erly5 9igh Court =udges could only be appointed fro a ong barristers of at least @0 yearsL (#a+% +!. 9owever5 a typical app/ +#ee has about of twenty to thirty yearsL e!perience as a lawyer. +ntil 2009 only four solicitors have been appointed as 9igh Court =udges - :ichael %achs in @9935 #awrence Collins in 20005 9enry 9odge in 200"5 and <ary 9ickinbotto in 200E. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; La4 non-professional or non-specialistG a ateur 2E

A+# <(/c al T/ "e# "e E#'+ c #4 C/mm/+ (e+(e T"a&& c 2a"%e+ S#a+% +! App/ +#ee

contrary or in=urious to the interests of society in general to give up or to cause 4a person8 to give up his work5 a post5 etc.5 esp. on reaching pensionable age 4in /ritain and -ustralia usually A2 for en5 A0 for wo en8 - social group with a shared history5 sense of identity5 geography and cultural roots which ay occur despite racial difference plain ordinary good =udg entG sound practical sense a person who is appointed to supervise road traffic and report traffic offences - lengthDperiod of e!istence5 e!perience5 etc. - the right or capacity to initiate a suit one who is appointed to an office or position

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat are the ain types of =udges in the +,I 2. 'hat kind of people are :agistratesI 3. 'hy and how are they selectedI ". 'ho selects #ay :agistrates and what is unusual about this syste I 2. 'hat is the difference between #ay and %tipendiary :agistratesI A. 'ho would =udge a person who co itted a cri e like urderI >. 'ho can be appointed as a 9igh Court *udgeI E. 'hy are so few solicitors appointed as 9igh Court *udgesI . %re these statements true or false? a. In the +nited ,ingdo there are two types of =udges called "agistrates and High -ourt (udges. TD. b. -ll agistrates are unpaid. TD. c. To beco e a agistrate a person has to devote not less than @ onth per year to sitting in court. TD. d. )eople of all professions can be appointed as agistrates. TD. e. %tipendiary :agistrates sit alone and have the authority to sit in any agistratesL court. TD. f. The co ittee tries to draw :agistrates fro as ini al variety of professions and social classes as possible. TD. g. 9igh Court =udges could only be appointed fro a ong solicitors of at least @0 yearsL standing. TD. ). 5n the text, find 6nglish e&uivalents for the following words and expressions' =udecetor de pace voluntar #ord cancelar ofiher de polihie forhe ilitare agistrat salariat :aiestatea %a beneficiar5 persoane nu ite {ntrun post mQN[P[Y V\]Ub ][fN[P[TS^5 P[T[WRwN x[N]-_OW^TSN [cQ^SN M[TQ^QQ P[[N\swWWXS VQTX mOZQVRNOR5 M[T\`OdgQY sOT[POWUS yw zSTQ`SVRP[ fSWScQ^QONQY5 WOiWO`OSm[S TQ^[

,. 2ead ;ocrates8 saying. .hat judge8s &ualities are mentioned? .ho is a goodCsuccessful judge for you? .ould you li+e to become a judge? .hy? 29

B.our things belong to a =udge0 to hear courteously5 to answer wisely5 to consider soberly5 and to decide i partiallyC. 4%ocrates8 4. 2ead the following abstract from the -onstitution of the 2epublic of "oldova. *ill in the blan+s with the appropriate words from the box' p"e( %e+#= la2= (*cce((&*ll4= +c/mpa# ble= exp "a# /+= #e+*"e= mpa"# al= excep#= "eac' +!= ma4 S#a#*( /& D*%!e( ?1@ *udges sitting in the courts of KKKKKKKKK are independent5 KKKKKKKKKKK and irre ovable under the law. ?2@ *udges sitting in the courts of law shall be appointed5 under the law5 by the KKKKKKKKKKKKKK of the 1epublic of :oldova upon proposal sub itted by the %uperior Council of :agistrates. *udges who KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK passed the contest shall be firstly appointed for a 2-year ter of office. -fter the KKKKKKKKKKKKK of the 2-year ter of office5 the =udges shall be appointed to this position until KKKKKKKKKKKK the age li it fi!ed under the law. ?3@ The )residents5 uice-)residents and =udges of the %upre e Court of *ustice shall be appointed by )arlia ent following a proposal sub itted by the %uperior Council of :agistrates. They ust have a working KKKKKKKKKKKKK as =udge of at least @0 years. ?4@ *udges shall be pro oted and transferred only at their own consent. ?5@ *udges KKKKKKKKKKK be punished as provided for under the rule of law. ?6@ The office of =udge shall be KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK with the e!ercise of any other public or private re unerated position5 KKKKKKKKKKKKK for the didactic and scientific activity. /. ;tudy the following table and supply the missing information, comparing judges8 service in the =nited >ingdom and the 2epublic of "oldova.

30

9C S#a#*( a+% %e& + # /+ /& ,*%!e( C/+#"/ll +! b/%4

:B

E%*ca# /+ a+% #"a + +!

D*%!e(E app/ +#me+#

C/mpa# b l #4 2 #' #'e exe"c (e /& /#'e" p/( # /+(

0. 2ead the following text and answer the &uestions' @. 'hat are the ain types of =udges in the +%-I 2. 'hat do the surrogate =udges deal withI 3. 9ow are subordinate =urisdiction =udges calledI ". 'ho are refereesI 2. 'hat type of =udges does not receive the honorific for s of addressI D*%!e( + #'e 9+ #e% S#a#e( In the +nited %tates5 a =udge is addressed as tvour 9onort or t*udget when presiding over the court. The =udges of the %upre e Court of the +nited %tates are called tjusticest or tjudges of the peacet. 6ew vork =udges who deal with guardianships5 trusts and estates are known as tsurrogatest. - senior judge5 in +.%. practice5 is a retired =udge who handles selected cases for a govern ental entity while in retire ent5 on a part-ti e basis. ;ubordinate or inferior jurisdiction judges in +.%. legal practice are so eti es called magistrates5 although in the federal court of the +nited %tates5 they are called magistrate judges. %ubordinate =udges in +.%. legal practice appointed on a case-by-case basis5 particularly in cases where a great deal of detailed evidence ust be reviewed5 are often called tmasterst or tspecial masterst. *udges of courts of specialiFed =urisdiction 4such as bankruptcy courts or =uvenile courts8 were so eti es known officially as BrefereesC5 but the use of this title is in decline. *udges sitting in courts of e?uity in co on law syste s 4such as =udges in the e?uity courts of ;elaware8 are called t-hancellorst. Individuals with =udicial responsibilities who report to an e!ecutive branch official5 rather than being a part of the =udiciary5 are often called t administrative law judgest in +.%. practice and co only ake initial deter inations regarding atters such as eligibility for govern ent benefits5 regulatory atters5 and i igration deter inations. 3@

*udges who derive their authority fro a contractual agree ent of the parties to a dispute5 rather than a govern ental body are called arbitrators5 and typically do not receive the honorific for s of address5 and do not have the sy bolic trappings5 of a publicly appointed =udge. 1. ;olve the crossword. AC:OSS 3. - group of5 usually twelve5 people sworn to deliver a true verdict according to the evidence upon a case presented in a court of law. 6. - person or thing that causes annoyance or botherG a onthly eeting that was ore KKKKKKKKKKK than pleasure. 9. ThievesH 'orld 4abbreviation8. 10. -n act or o ission prohibited and punished by law. 14. - inor official5 such as a =ustice of the peace5 having ad inistrative and li ited =udicial authority. .O1N 1. - person against who an action or clai is brought in a court of law. 2. - group of5 usually twelve5 people sworn to deliver a true verdict according to the evidence upon a case presented in a court of law 4. - rule or body of rules ade by the legislature. 5. The unlawful pre editated killing of one hu an being by another. 7. - agistrate who receives stable salary. 8. The place where legal proceedings and trials are heard. 11. The duration of holding a position5 standing. 12. :ilitary forces of a nation or nations5 including the ar y5 navy5 air force5 arines5 etc.
1 3 4 6 7 9 1 0 8 5 2

11

1 2 1 4

32

6. T:9T0 AS T0E F9N.ABENTAL 5:7NC75LE OF T0E D9.7C7AL 5LEA.7N6 5f you tell the truth you donFt have to remember anything. 3 :ark Twain The ter jtruthH has no single definition about which the a=ority of professional philosophers and (c'/la"( agree5 and various theories of truth continue to be %eba#e%. .ro the =uridical point of view truth represents an acc*"a#e reflection of the ob=ective reality in thinking5 by co paring what e!ists with what really happens. There are three kinds of truth0 ob=ective5 relative and absolute. The ob=ective truth reflects the e!isting reality5 which is independent fro the hu an consciousness. The criterion of truth and its sources are based upon the social-historical e!perience of hu ankind5 that is why finding out the truth is a continuous process unli ited in ti e one. The relative truth is the reflection of reality5 which is ,*(#5 but appro!i ate. %cientific facts represent e!a ples of relative truth. +sing the relative and ob=ective truths5 hu an consciousness per anently ai s to the absolute truth. The concept of absolute truth - what it is and whether it e!ists - has been debated a ong any different groups of people. )hilosophers find the selves in troubles trying to define the absolute truth. .or e!a ple5 )lato believed that absolute truth e!isted5 but that truth on earth was erely a shadow of great for s of the absolute truth e!isting in the universe. -lternatively5 any believe in relative truth5 where facts ay vary depending on the circu stances. -long the history5 all the conceptions5 syste s and schools were appreciated through their attitude towards the truth. Truth is the key to any la2(* # or =uridical proceeding. 33

-t the basis of all the branches of the studies of law lies the principle of absolute truth5 especially in the p"/ce%*"al la25 where co plete concordance between the facts regarding the cause and the conclusion of the cri inal lawsuit is de anded. - person who has to give evidence in a trial will have to swear an /a#' that he will tell the truth and nothing but the truth. 9e is re?uired not to ake a false state ent or pass the truth over in silence. 'hat we ean by telling the truth is that a person says a true sentence and not a false one. -s -ristotle said5 Ba true state ent is the one by which you say that it is what it is and that it is not what it is nott. In the :iddle -ges5 philosophers sustained that truth is the acc/"% between ob=ect and intellect. #egally speaking5 we have the right to sustain that our opinions are true5 but we ust be able to otivate the 5 seriously and fir ly. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; Sc'/la" .eba#e Acc*"a#e D*(# La2(* # 5"/ce%*"al la2 Oa#' Acc/"% a learned person5 esp. in the hu anities a for al discussion5 as in a legislative body5 in which opposing argu ents are put forwardG discussion or dispute faithfully representing or describing the truth - fair or i partial in action or =udg entG - confor ing to high oral standardsG honest a proceeding in a court of law brought by one party against another5 esp. a civil action law that co prises rules and prescribes the procedures and ethods according to which a court hears and deter ines what happens in civil lawsuit or cri inal proceedings a sole n pronounce ent to affir the truth of a state ent or to pledge a person to so e course of action5 often involving a sacred being or ob=ect as witness agree ent or consent of opinion

@. 2. 3. ". 2. A. >. E.

1. %nswer the following &uestions' 'hat is truthI 'hat kinds of truth did you read aboutI 'hat does ob=ective truth deal withI 'hat is relative truthI ;oes absolute truth e!ist according to )latoHs point of viewI ;o you think absolute truth e!istsI 'hat is a true state ent in -ristotleHs way of thinkingI 9ow did :edieval philosophers define truthI . 5n the text, find synonyms to the following words and ma+e sentences with them' /" ! += ma+- +%= p" +c ple= pe"&ec#= #/ exp"e((= +%ee%= p"ec (e= (c e+# (#= acc/"%a+ce= (#a+%p/ +#

). (oin pairs of antonyms.

3"

@. truth

a. fiction

@ 2 3 " 2 A > E

2. false 3. ob=ective ". reality 2. a=ority A. absolute >. disagree ent E. respective

b. concordance c. lie d. irrespective e. sub=ective f. partial g. true h. inority

,. *ill in the blan+ spaces with the missing words' a8 Truth de ands a co plete $$$$$$$. of facts. b8 The relative truth is the $$$$$$5 but $$$$$$. reflection of reality. c8 :any believe in relative truths5 where facts ay $$$$. depending on the circu stances. d8 To say truth eans to say a $$$$$.. sentence5 not a false one. e8 %cientific facts represent $$$$$$ truth. f8 The process of finding out truth is $$$$$$. and $$$$$$.. in ti e. g8 /efore giving evidence in a trial5 the witness ust say the $$$$. 5 the whole $$$$$.. and nothing but the $$$$$$$. 4. 5n the text, find 6nglish e&uivalents for the following' a depune erturie con|tiinhe u ane a trece sub tecere a depune un =ure {nt adever relativ cauFa a descoperi adeverul afir ahie false ]OPORU VPQ]SRSTUV_QS M[_OiOWQb `ST[PS`SV_[S V[iWOWQS [fa[]QRU m[T`OWQSm5 \ROQPORU MNQW[VQRU MNQVbZ\ [RW[VQRSTUWOb QVRQWO MNQ`QWO PXbVWQRU MNOP]\ T[sW[S \RPSNs]SWQS

/. =se the following expressions in sentences of your own' to give evidence to tell the truth to pass so ething over in silence =udicial proceedings

0. How many meanings can you find to these words? sentence fir cause 32

1. 2oleAplay' *inding out the truth. a: Erovide a term for the following definition. - general pardon5 especially for offences against a govern entG a period during which a law is suspended to allow offenders to ad it their cri e without fear of prosecution J is called

b: %nd now examine the cases and be ready to defend your viewApoint. !he phrases in the boxes will help you. 7+ 3 e2 /& #'e &ac#I T'e ma + "ea(/+ 2'4.. .*e #/I See +! a( '/2I I Beca*(e /& #' (I I O+ acc/*+# /& #' (I I T'a#E( #'e "ea(/+ 2'4I

6&' )1&%I;&6T (..&1% -:6&%Tv} 9e has called a eeting of his advisors 4you8 to decide which prisoners should be released. The president has provided each group of advisors with a list of potential prisoners. 9e wants his advisors to reco end which S7H prisoners should be released fro =ail. &!a ine the facts of nine prisoners carefully and present your decisions in a written for al letter. Bem/ T/0 - nesty Co ittee -dvisors F"/m0 The (ffice of the )resident :e0 #ist of )risoners N/#eF To preserve the prisonerHs identity fro the press5 na es have been withheld fro this e o. 9ere follows a list of the nine prisoners up for a possibility of a nesty. -ll are considered as very little risk to society. )lease infor the )resident of your final decision. N*mbe" 1 is a 20-year-old student. 9e broke into the policeHs co puter syste and tried to erase his previous cri inal record 4so e parking tickets8. 9e was also charged with fraud after police discovered he had hacked into a piFFa co panyHs co puter and ordered hi self free piFFas for over a year. 9e is serving a five-year sentence. N*mbe" 2 is a 22-year-old engineer. 9e was charged with anslaughter after he hit and killed a child while driving drunk. 9e has no previous cri inal record. 9e is serving a ten-year sentence. N*mbe" 3 is a 30-year-old other of two. %he was charged with drug dealing when police found half a kilogra of ari=uana in her apart ent. %he says it was for personal use5 but drug laws are very strict in this country. %he is serving a five-year sentence. N*mbe" 4 is a 2"-year-old student and activist. 9e was arrested during an anti-globalisation protest and charged with terroris . 9e is a leader of a non-violent social ove ent and did not participate directly in any violent acts during his protests. 9e is serving a three-year sentence. N*mbe" 5 is a "0-year-old business an. 9e was charged with fraud when police discovered that he had stolen over ~2 illion fro his co pany using a false syste of accounting. 9e is serving a tenyear sentence. 3A

N*mbe" 6 is an une ployed wo an. %he was arrested for stealing food fro a super arket. This was not the first ti e that she had stolen food5 and she had been warned. %he is serving an eight-year sentence. N*mbe" 7 is a prisoner of war. 9e was taken prisoner during the last war with the countryHs neighbours si! years ago. 9e was a arine and engineer and was responsible for bo bing a s all village in the ountains. 9e says he was following orders. The two countries are now at peace. 9e is serving a twenty-year sentence. N*mbe" 8 is a landlord. 9e was arrested for keeping a block of flats in very dirty5 and so e cases dangerous conditions. 9e was also renting the apart ents to illegal i igrants and charging a lot of oney for the . 9e is serving a seven-year sentence. N*mbe" 9 is a politician. %he was a leading e ber of the +ltra political party5 an e!tre e group who believed that cri inals should be e!ecuted and i igrants e!pelled fro the country. The +ltra party is very weak now. %he was arrested for stealing party funds and is serving a ten-year =ail sentence. 3. -omment on the statement below' The lawyerLs truth is not Truth5 but consistency or a consistent e!pediency. 49enry ;avid Thoreau8 - #awyer will do anything to win a case5 so eti es he will even tell the truth. 4/arton 9olyday8 It takes a good shovelful of earth to bury the truth. 4)roverb8 Children and fools cannot lie. 4)roverb8

7. B:ANC0ES OF LA1 .here you find the laws most numerous, there you will find also the greatest injustice. 3 -rcesilaus .hat legal subjects do you study this year? 5n groups brainstorm as many subjects as you can thin+ of which ma+e up a law degree.

3>

In order to understand the any different aspects of law it is helpful to look at the various areas or classifications of law. There are any legal principles or rules of law that are found in statutes5 cases decided by courts5 and other sources that are appl e% by the courts in order to decide lawsuits. These principles of law are classified as substantive law. (n the other hand5 the legal procedures that provide how a lawsuit is begun5 how the trial is conducted5 how appeals are taken5 and how a =udg ent is e+&/"ce% are called procedural law. In other words5 substantive law is that part of law that defines rights5 and procedural law establishes the procedures according to which rights are enforced and protected. #aw is also fre?uently classified into areas of public and private law. )ublic law includes those branches of law that affect the public generallyG private law includes the areas of the law that are concerned with the relationship between individuals. )ublic law ay be divided into three general categories0 @. constitutional law5 which concerns with the study5 interpretation5 and application of a stateHs constitution5 including the issues of !/3e"+a+ce5 the powers of the branches of govern ent5 civil liberties5 and civil rights. 2. administrative law5 which concerns with different governing ad inistrative agencies - that is5 the agencies created by Congress or state le! (la#*"e(. 3. criminal law5 which consists of rules and statutes that forbid certain conduct and provides punish ent for violation of these laws. Erivate law is the branch of law that deals with the relationships between individuals in an organiFed society. )rivate law considers the sub=ects of contracts5 torts and property. &ach of these sub=ects includes several branches of law. .or e!a ple5 the law of contracts ay be subdivided into the sub=ects of (ale(5 co ercial paper5 business organiFations. The law of torts is the pri ary source of litigation in country. - tort is a 2"/+! co itted by one person against another person or his property. In a civiliFed society people who in=ure other persons or their property should co pensate the for their l/((. The law of property ay be thought as a branch of the law of contracts. In any case property is the basic ingredient in our econo ic syste 5 and the sub=ect atter ay be subdivided into several areas such as wills5 #"*(#(5 e(#a#e + la+%5 personal property and any ore. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; T/ appl4 T/ e+&/"ce 6/3e"+a+ce Le! (la#*"e Sale 1"/+! ?+.@ L/(( T"*(# E(#a#e + la+% to put to practical useG to put in an application or re?uest to ensure and i pose observance of or obedience to 4a law5 decision5 etc.8 the action5 anner5 or syste of governingDcontrolling a body of persons vested with power to ake5 a end5 and repeal laws the e!change of goods5 property5 or services for an agreed su of oney or credit violation of another personLs rights5 rendering the offender liable to a civil action5 as for breach of contract or tort the act or an instance of losing an arrange ent whereby a person to who the legal title to property is conveyed 4the trustee8 holds such property for the benefit of those entitled to the beneficial interest an interest in land that is provided with certain rights and obligations5 and carries a right to occupy or receive the benefit of the land

1. %nswer the following &uestions' 3E

@. 2. 3. ". 2. A. >. E.

'hat is substantive law according to the classification of lawI 'hat is procedural lawI Into what areas is law fre?uently classifiedI 'hat does public law includeI Into what three general categories ay public law be dividedI 'hat is private lawI 'hat is the pri ary source of litigationI 'hat is propertyI

. %re the following statements true or false? -orrect the false ones. @. In order to understand the any different aspects of law it is useful to look at few classifications of law. TD. 2. #aw is often classified into areas of public and constitutional law. TD. 3. )ublic law ay be divided into three general categories0 constitutional5 ad inistrative and penal law. TD. ". Civil law consists of rules and statutes that forbid certain conduct and provides punish ent for violation of these rules. TD. 2. )rivate law includes the sub=ects of contracts5 torts and property. TD. A. - tort is a wrong co itted by one person against another one or his property. TD. >. )roperty is the ain ingredient in any econo ic syste . TD. ). !ranslate the following words and word combinations' procedural law proprietate private `OVRWOb V[fVRPSWW[VRU co ercial paper to provide punish ent violation of law drept public |i privat pre=udiciu siste econo ic M\fTQ`W[S Q `OVRW[S MNOP[ to decide lawsuits ]STQ_RDZNOs]OWV_[S MNOP[WON\rSWQS _[W[mQ`SV_QY VRN[Y legal principles sub=ect of sale drept contractual ][Z[P[NW[S MNOP[5 ][Z[P[NW[[fbiORSTUVRPSWW[S MNOP[ a. co pensate their loss b. affect the public c. a branch of the law of contracts %. wills5 trusts5 estates in land5 etc. e. violation of law &. are sub=ects of private law for

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

,. "atch the elements of the phrases from the text' public law includes bodies of law that relationship between individuals punish ent is provided for for in=uring people you have to the property law is often thought as sub=ects of the property law are 2. How many meanings can you find to these words? wrong

39

sub=ect body /. "atch the terms with their definitions'

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

co on law &nglish law =udge- adeDcase law civil law ariti e law businessDco ercialDtrade law 7. law of e?uity 8. fa ily law 9. patent law 10. penal law 11. 1o an law 12. international law 13. labour law

a. the syste of =urisprudence of ancient 1o e5 codified under *ustinian and for ing the basis of any odern legal syste s b. law established by following =udicial decisions given in earlier cases c. the legal syste of &ngland and 'ales5 that is the basis of co on law legal syste s used in ost Co onwealth countries and the +nited %tates %. the body of law based on =udicial decisions and custo 5 as distinct fro statute law &. the law that consists of the totality of the =uridical standards regarding business activity !. law that deals with fa ily relations e. laws and regulations5 including international agree ents and treaties5 which e!clusively govern activities at sea or in any navigable waters '. the law of a state relating to private and civilian affairs . branch of =urisprudence that studies the laws governing patents ,. the body of law dealing with the constitution of offences and the punish ent of offenders -. the set of legal principles5 in =urisdictions following the &nglish co on law tradition5 which supple ent strict rules of law where their application would operate harshly5 so as to achieve what is so eti es referred to as tnatural =usticet l. those areas of law which appertain to the relationship between e ployers and e ployees and between e ployers and trade unions m. the totality of standards and principles that regulates the relationships between states and international organiFations

0. 2oleAElay. !elephone -onversation % visiting lecturer from %ustralia is coming to your law faculty to give a series of lectures. He needs some information about your courses. He is calling the *aculty Gffice and spea+s to a student who is wor+ing there partAtime. If you are a student5 study the following infor ation0

vouare areaa vou studentof oflaw5 law5 student working partworking partti eein inthe the ti .aculty(ffice. (ffice. .aculty vou receive vou receive aa

"0

an-ustralian -ustralian an professor whois is professor who co ing ingto toyour your co faculty ne!t faculty ne!t weekfor foraaseries series week vou areaaand of lectures and vou are of lectures )rofessor of Civil wants to en?uire )rofessor of Civil wants to en?uire #aw at the about courses #aw atcourses the about +niversity of taughtin inyour your +niversity of taught Canberra5 faculty. -nswer Canberra5 faculty. -nswer -ustralia5 and are the professorHs -ustralia5 and are the professorHs co ingto to ?uestions and co ing ?uestions and :oldova ne!t offer to send an :oldova ne!t an offer to send week to give a e- ail ail essage week to give a eessage series of lectures with detailed series of lectures with detailed to@st-year @st-year of e!planations of to e!planations students oflaw. law. In thecourses courses that students of In the that order to prepare are of particular order to particular prepare are of your lectures5 you interest tohi hi your lectures5 you interest to .. would like so e 1e e ber to would so to e 1e like e ber background check theee- ail ail background check the infor ation on the address infor ation on the address coursestaught taughtin in courses your university. your university. Callthe the.aculty .aculty Call (ffice5e!plaining e!plaining (ffice5 who you areand and who you are askingfor forthe the asking relevant relevant infor ation. ation. infor )repare what you )repare what you aregoing goingto to are en?uire about. en?uire about. -skfor fordetails details -sk concerningthe the concerning courses you are courses you are interested. interested.

If you are a professor5 this infor ation will help you0 .ith a classAmate, write an eAmail message to the %ustralian Erofessor and give him details about your curriculum. 1. !ranslate the following text into 6nglish. "@

S (#em*l le!al 1a urile de baFe ale siste ului de drept sunt constituite din0 dreptul constituhional5 dreptul ad inistrativ5 dreptul financiar5 dreptul funciar5 dreptul civil5 dreptul fa iliei5 dreptul uncii5 dreptul penal5 dreptul procedural-civil procedural-penal5 etc. ;reptul statal este cel ai i portant dintre toate ra urile siste ului legal5 deoarece dreptul legal 4c{teodata denu indu-se |i constituhional8 for eaFe principiile de baFe5 care de fapt sunt baFa altor ra uri legale. )artea de baFe a nor elor dreptului constituhional al 1epublicii :oldova sunt stipulate {n Constituhia 1epublicii :oldova5 de ase enea |i {n alte acte =uridice 4de e!e plu5 {n drept de cetehenie8. 6or ele dreptului constituhional consolideaFe baFa constituhionale a siste ului social5 a drepturilor u ane5 siste ul puterii de stat |i altor aspecte ale organiFerii de stat.

JKLMNOP QRPSP oQVRSmO MNOPO P_Td`OSR P VSfb VTS]\dgQS [VW[PWXS [RNOVTQ0 Z[V\]ONVRPSWW[S5 O]mQWQVRNORQPW[S5 cQWOWV[P[S5 iSmSTUW[S5 ZNOs]OWV_[S5 VSmSYW[S5 RN\][P[S5 \Z[T[PW[S5 ZNOs]OWV_[S MN[^SVV\OTUW[S Q \Z[T[PW[-MN[^SVV\OTUW[S Q R.M. zS]\gSS mSVR[ P VQVRSmS MNOPO iOWQmOSR Z[V\]ONVRPSWW[S MNOP[. R[ VPbiOW[ V RSm5 `R[ Z[V\]ONVRPSWW[S 4QW[Z]O [W[ QmSW\SRVb _[WVRQR\^Q[WWXm8 MNOP[ c[NmQN\SR [VW[PWXS MNQW^QMX5 _[R[NXS V[VROPTbdR [VW[P\ ]Tb ]N\ZQa [RNOVTSY MNOPO. WO`QRSTUWOb `OVRU W[Nm _[WVRQR\^Q[WW[Z[ MNOPO SVM\fTQ_Q n[T][PO V[]SNsQRVb P p[WVRQR\^QQ SVM\fTQ_Q n[T][PO5 O RO_sS P ]N\ZQa iO_[W[]ORSTUWXa O_ROa 4WOMNQmSN5 P iO_[WOa [ ZNOs]OWVRPS8. [NmX _[WVRQR\^Q[WW[Z[ MNOPO iO_NSMTbdR [VW[PX _[WVRQR\^Q[WW[Z[ VRN[b5 MNOP[P[S M[T[sSWQS TQ`W[VRQ5 VQVRSm\ Z[V\]ONVRPSWW[Y PTOVRQ Q ]N\ZQS P[MN[VX Z[V\]ONVRPSWW[Z[ \VRN[YVRPO "2

8. C7N.S OF LA1F C:7B7NAL AN. C787L Good people do not need laws to tell them to act responsibly, while bad people will find a way around the laws. 3)lato There are two ain kinds of law0 C1I:I6-# #-' and CIuI# #-'. Constitutional law affects both of the . -riminal law In a cri inal case the state prosecutes the accused person for co itting a cri e or breaking the law. L)rosecutesL eans the state akes a c'a"!e against so eone. If the court finds the person guilty5 the person can be sent to prison5 or & +e%5 or punished in so e other way. &!a ples of different cri es and breaking the law are0 rape public violence assault theft #"e(pa((. +sually the state is not the c/mpla +a+# 4the one aking a charge8. The state prosecutes5 but any person or individual can be the co plainant and lay a charge against another person or against the state. - cri inal case can be brought against anyone who broke the law5 including a person who works for the state5 such as a e ber of the police or defence force. %o if5 for e!a ple5 you are unlawfully assaulted or shot by a e ber of the police or defence force you can bring a cri inal case against the . -ivil law Civil law is the set of rules for your private relationships with other people. The state does not take sides in a dispute between private people. &!a ples of what civil law deals with are0 arriage and divorce if so eone /2e( you oney rent a!"eeme+#( e3 c# /+( da age to property in=uries to people disputes over a hire-purchase agree ent. - civil case is usually brought by a person 4called the pla +# &&8 who feels that he or she was wronged by another person 4called the %e&e+%a+#8. If the plaintiff wins the case5 the court usually orders the defendant to pay co pensation 4 oney8. %o eti es the court ay also order a defendant to do5 or stop doing5 so ething - for e!a ple5 to stop da aging the plaintiffLs property. The state ay be involved in a civil case as a party if it is (* +! or being sued for a wrongful act for e!a ple5 if govern ent property is da aged or a govern ent official in=ures so ebody without good reason. -riminal and civil actions %o eti es a personLs act ay lead to both cri inal and civil actions. .or e!a ple5 )iet .ick hits one of the workers in his factory. This is a cri e of a((a*l#. The state will prosecute hi in the criminal court if the worker lays a charge against hi . If there is enough p"//& to show that he is guilty5 he ay be punished by the state.

"3

/ut )iet .ick -#%( causes pain to the worker. This is a da age that one person does to another person. The in=ured worker could sue :r .ick for da ages and ake hi pay co pensation for edical e!penses5 lost wages and pain and suffering. This will be a civil clai for da ages through the civil court. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; the law that deals with the constitution of offences and the punish ent of offenders a for al accusation brought against a person stating the cri e that he is alleged to have co itted 4noun8 a certain a ount of oney e!acted as a penaltyG 4verb8 to i pose to pay a certain a ount of oney e!acted as a penalty the intentional and wrongful invasion of anotherLs real property a person who akes a for al charge in the court of law a person who brings a civil action in a court of law 4also known as clai ant8 the law of a state relating to private and civilian affairs to be under an obligation to pay 4so eone8 to the a ount ofG to be in debt a properly e!ecuted and legally binding accord or contract 4in civil law8 deprivation of buyerHs property according to the court decision a person against who an action or clai is brought in a court of law to institute legal proceedings 4against8 a violent attack5 either physical or verbal - any evidence that establishes or helps to establish the truth5 validity5 ?uality5 etc.5 of so ethingG - the whole body of evidence upon which the verdict of a court is based

C" m +al la2 C'a"!e F +e T"e(pa(( C/mpla +a+# 5la +# && C 3 l la2 T/ /2e A!"eeme+# E3 c# /+ .e&e+%a+# T/ (*e A((a*l# 5"//&

@. 2. 3. ". 2. A. >. E.

1. %nswer the following &uestions' 'hat kinds of law do you knowI 'hat do we ean by the ter jto prosecuteHI 'hat can happen with a person if heDshe is found guilty by the court of lawI <ive e!a ples of cri inal actions. 'hat do we ean by jcivil lawHI <ive e!a ples of civil actions. 'ho brings a civil case in the court of lawI 'hat are the basic differences between cri inal and civil lawI

""

. (oin pairs of antonyms. @. to be released fro prison 2. to sell 3. defendant ". divorce 2. to observeDfollow the law A. =uridical person >. to lose an action a. arriage b. to win a case c. individual d. plaintiff e. to break the law f. to be sent to prison g. to purchase @

"2

). *ind synonyms for the following words' @. wages - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. prison - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 3. to rent - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ". to break the law - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2. individual - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK A. case - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK >. defence - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ,. *ind in the text the 6nglish e&uivalents for the words below' plngere QV_ a co ite o cri e c[PSNrQRU MNSVR\MTSWQS a {ncelca legea WON\rORU iO_[W a pleti despegubiriDreco pensa PXMTO`QPORU _[mMSWVO^Qd 4pentru8 a a enda WOTOZORU rRNOc a tri ite pe cineva la {nchisoare VSVRU P RdNUm\DfXRU MNQZ[P[NwWWXm _ RdNSmW[m\ iO_Td`SWQd a aduce cuiva o acuFahie MNS]bPTbRU [fPQWSWQS @ MN[RQP _[Z[-TQf[ 2 3 cheltuieli edicale NOVa[]X WO mS]Q^QWV_[S [fVT\sQPOWQS repire QiWOVQT[POWQS furt _NOsO

"A

4. L%. B26%>62;. a: "atch the definitions on the left with the words on the right. La2 B"ea-e" @. an arsonist 2. a shop-lifter 3. a ugger ". an offender 2. a vandal A. a burglar >. a urderer E. a kidnapper 9. a pickpocket @0. an acco plice @@. a drug dealer @2. a spy @3. a terrorist @". an assassin @2. a hooligan @A. a stowaway @>. a thief @E. a hi=acker @9. a forger 20. a robber 2@. a s uggler 22. a traitor 23. a gangster 2". a deserter 22. a biga ist .e& + # /+ a. attacks and robs people5 often in the street b. sets fire to property illegally c. is anyone who breaks the law d. breaks into houses or other buildings to steal e. steals fro shops while acting as an ordinary custo er f. kills so eone g. deliberately causes da age to property h. steals things fro peopleHs pockets in crowded places i. gets secret infor ation fro another country =. buys and sells drugs illegally k. takes away people by force and de ands oney for their return l. helps a cri inal in a cri inal act . uses violence for political reasons n. causes da age or disturbance in public places o. hides on a ship or plane to get a free =ourney p. takes control of a plane by force and akes the pilot change course ?. urders for political reasons or a reward r. is so eone who steals s. akes counterfeit 4false8 oney or signatures t. is a e ber of a cri inal group u. steals oney5 etc. by force fro people or places v. arries illegally5 being arried already w. is a soldier who runs away fro the ar y !. brings goods into a country illegally without paying ta! y. betrays his or her country to another state T"a+(la# /+

b: Group the lawAbrea+ers according to the following classification' Law-breakers committed crimes a ai!st t"e #erso! Law-breakers committed crimes a ai!st #ro#ert$

%ublic order offe!ders

Se&ual offe!ders

%olitical offe!ders

Offe!ders committed crimes a ai!st 'ustice

">

/. !ranslate the following article into 6nglish. BE.7C7 .7N C07T7NU9 :7SCU SU F7E CON.ABNAV7 5ENT:9 AT7T9.7NEA 7N9BANU FAVU .E O 5AC7ENTU Chi|ineu. )rocuratura +ngheni a deschis un dosar penal pe nu ele unor lucretori edicali5 acuFahi de ignorarea regulilor |i etodelor de asistenhe edicale5 soldate cu decesul -lei 9a ureac5 {n v{rste de 2E de ani5 locuitoarea satului 1o anovca. -genhia I6.(T-< trans ite cu referire la surse din )rocuratura <enerale ce5 pe " noie brie 200A5 fe eia a nescut un copil la spitalul raional din +ngheni. 6a|terea a decurs cu co plicahii |i copilul a fost tri is la Centrul %enetehii :a ei |i Copilului din Chi|ineu5 dar {n a bulanhe nu s-a gesit loc |i pentru a e. 9a ureac5 care de ase enea a suportat na|terea cu are greu5 a fost nevoite se a=unge {n capitale cu o a|ine de ocaFie5 dar la Centru nu i s-a acordat atenhia |i trata entul cuvenite. .e eia a le|inat |i nu a putut fi readuse {n cuno|tinhe nici {n sechia de reani are5 unde a intrat {n co e. n aceaste stare5 peste "0 de File5 ea a fost tri ise {napoi la spitalul din +ngheni5 unde a decedat cu o septe {ne ai t{rFiu. n caFul {n care edicii vor fi gesihi vinovahi de deces5 ei risce p{ne la 2 ani de {nchisoare |i interdichia practicerii activitehii edicale pe parcursul ur etorilor 2 ani. VSTO [mOW[P_O " W[bfNb 200A Z. N[]QTO NSfwW_O P WZSWV_[Y NOYf[TUWQ^S. q[V_[TU_\ N[]X MN[rTQ V [VT[sWSWQbmQ5 NSfSW_O [RMNOPQTQ P pQrQWSPV_QY ^SWRN mORSNQ Q NSfSW_O5 MNQ R[m VOm[Y N[sSWQ^S WS WOrT[VU mSVRO P mOrQWS V_[N[Y M[m[gQ. Om\Nb_5 RbsST[ MSNSWSVrOb N[]X5 PXW\s]SWO fXTO ][fQNORUVb P VR[TQ^\ WO M[M\RW[Y mOrQWS. ]WO_[ P ^SWRNS SY WS [_OiOTQ ][TsW[Z[ PWQmOWQb Q TS`SWQb. nS]Q_Q VM[aPORQTQVU5 R[TU_[ _[Z]O sSWgQWO M[RSNbTO V[iWOWQS. z NSOWQmO^QQ SS WS \]OT[VU MNQPSVRQ P V[iWOWQS5 f[TSS R[Z[5 [WO PMOTO P _[m\. P RO_[m V[VR[bWQQ N[sSWQ^\ VM\VRb "0 ]WSY [RMNOPQTQ 2> ]S_OfNb [fNORW[ P NOY[WW\d f[TUWQ^\5 Z]S `SNSi WS]STd Om\Nb_ V_[W`OTOVU. yVTQ V\] [MNS]STQR5 `R[ P SS VmSNRQ PQW[PWX mS]Q_Q5 Qm ZN[iQR ][ MbRQ TSR TQrSWQb VP[f[]X Q iOMNSR WO RO_[Y sS VN[_ iOWQmORUVb PNO`SfW[Y ]SbRSTUW[VRUd.

WXYXZ[\JWX[ ][^XWX ]_`ab cdbe _Jaf^[Zd gh c[JJ[i^[jZ_[ _bZ_Y[ZX[ W XZ_`_i_^Z[k lhmX[ZbW[ pQrQWSP. qN[_\NOR\NO Z[N[]O WZSWU P[if\]QTO \Z[T[PW[S ]ST[ M[ cO_R\ MNSWSfNSsSWQb MNOPQTOmQ Q mSR[]OmQ [_OiOWQb mS]Q^QWV_[Y M[m[gQ5 `R[ MNQPST[ _ VmSNRQ 2E-TSRWSY TX Om\Nb_. pO_ V[[fgQTQ tt P SWSNOTUW[Y MN[_\NOR\NS5 RO sQRSTUWQ^O "E

0. Here is an example of a case where set of events can lead to both criminal and civil actions. 2ead it and identify the purpose of the action, parties involved, decision ta+en and sanctions. S#"a+!e b*# T"*e S#/"4 /& #'e C !a"( - an fro Charlotte5 6orth Carolina5 having purchased a case of very e!pensive cigars5 insured the against5 a ong other things5 fire. 'ithin a onth5 having s oked his entire stockpile5 the an filed a clai against the insurance co pany5 stating that the cigars were lost Lin a series of s all firesL. The insurance co pany refused to pay5 citing the obvious reason that the an had consu ed the cigars in the nor al fashion. The an sued - and won. In delivering the ruling the =udge5 agreeing that the clai was frivolous5 stated nevertheless that the an held a policy fro the co pany in which it had warranted that the cigars were insurable and also guaranteed that it would insure against fire5 without defining what it considered to be Lunacceptable fireL 5 and was obliged to pay the clai . 1ather than endure a lengthy and costly appeal the insurance co pany accepted the ruling and paid the an ~@25000 for the rare cigars he had lost Lin the firesL. -fter he cashed the che?ue5 however5 the co pany had hi arrested on 2" counts of arson. 'ith his own insurance clai and testi ony fro the previous case being used against hi 5 the an was convicted of intentionally burning his insured property and sentenced to 2" onths in =ail and a ~2"5000 fine. -an you thin+ of cases related to both civil and criminal law? 5n pairs prepare to describe such cases to the class. 1. Eunishments and penalties. -hec+ your +nowledge of punishment and penalty vocabulary with this &ui@. @. 2. 3. ". 2. A. >. E. 9. @0. @@. Eunish is the verb and punishment is the noun5 but what is the ad=ective for of the wordI 'hat are the verb and ad=ective for s of the noun penaltyI Choose the ost appropriate word in b/l% in this sentence0 LThe court ordered the defendant to pay p*"!a# 3e D p*+ (' +! D p*+ # 3e D p*!+ac /*( da ages to the clai ant for the e otional distress he had caused.L 'hat do we call a punish ent which is considered to be strong enough to stop so eone fro co itting a cri eI Is it0 4a8 a detergent 4b8 a deterrent 4c8 a detri ent 4d8 a deter inantI %o e countries still have corporal punishment and so e still have capital punishment. 'hat happens to the people who receive these punish entsI In :oldova5 a an is stopped by the police for driving at 92 in a 20 ph Fone. 'hat will 4probably8 happen to hi I 6e!t week5 the sa e an is stopped again5 and the police discover that he has been drinking alcohol and has over twice the allowed li it of alcohol in his body. 'hat will probably happen to hi nowI 1earrange the letters in b/l% to ake words. The first and last letters of each word are in the correct place0 LIf a defendant is found guilty of an offence in a court of law5 he is c ec+/#3%. If he is found not guilty5 he is a#e)c *#%.L 'hatLs the difference between a custodial sentence5 a suspended sentence and probationI 'hat is the a!i u penalty allowed for cri e in the +nited ,ingdo I Erison is a noun. 'hat is the verb for of this wordI - wo an is sentenced to A onths in prison for theft5 " onths in prison for selling drugs5 and @ onth in prison for refusing to pay her council ta!. The =udge tells her that these sentences will be concurrent5 or run concurrently. 'hat is the a!i u length of ti e the wo an will spend in prisonI True or false0 If so eone receives a community service order5 they have to go to prison. "9

@2.

@3. @". @2.

Choose the correct word in b/l% in this sentence0 -n +,ec# /+ D +,*+c# /+ D +,*"4 D +,*(# ce is a court order telling so eone to stop doing so ething5 or not to do so ething. 'hat do we call oney that is paid fro one party to another to cover the cost of da age5 loss5 in=ury or hardshipI 4Clue0 it begins with c and ends with n8 :r. % ith goes to the /aha as to start a new life. 'hile he is there5 an &nglish court applies a free@ing order to :r. % ithLs assets. 'ould :r. % ith be happy or unhappy about thisI 3. #ebate.

:e +#e!"a# /+F a :eal 5"/ce(( /" a Bea+ +!le(( 1/"%n 2ead the statements below attentively and wor+ in groups H pro and con. Erepare your arguments for and against the statements below. %ppoint the 7-hair8 of the debate who will give the floor to the spea+ers of the both teams. %ociety is not ready to accept e!-prisoners. They will always be ob=ects of suspicion in the co unity. %ociety helps prisoners ake the transition fro prison to the co unity. ItHs never too late to start again.

20

9. FAB7L; LA1 !he family is one of natureFs masterpieces. 3 <eorge %antayana .a ily law is a branch or specialty of law5 also known as jdo estic relationsH law that deals with fa ily relations. It concerns with such sub=ects as a%/p# /+5 arriage5 divorce5 (epa"a# /+5 pa#e"+ #45 child c*(#/%4 and visitation5 separation agree ent5 e(#a#e planning5 support and child care. In the past5 fa ily law has been closely connected with the law of property. It has origins in the econo ic law. In old legal syste s5 arriage was regarded as the transfer of a wo an fro the power of her fa ily to that of her husband under ter s specified in the arriage contract. -nd the standard ethod of dissolving a arriage usually resulted in the return of the wo an to the power of her fa ily. The odern idea of arriage5 which is beco ing al ost universal5 is a voluntary e!change of pro ises between the an and the wo an. /efore getting arried couples ay be involved in substantial decision to property5 these atters now tend to be auto atic 4when there is no arriage contract8 or to be for aliFed separately. The cere ony itself is nor ally an e!change of c/+(e+#( acco panied by religious observances or a civil cere ony 4or both8. The purpose of the legal for alities is to differentiate the relationship fro c/+c*b +a!e allowing to legally recogniFe custody of children5 rights under atri onial regi es5 etc. In order to satisfy the re?uire ent of a voluntary consent to a arriage5 a party ust have reached an age at which he or she is able to give a eaningful consent. :ost odern legal syste s provide for a legal ini u age of arriage fro @2 to 20 years. %o e syste s re?uire parental consent to arriage when the parties are above the ini u age. (ther laws forbid arriage between persons having certain # e( of relationship5 either of blood or of arriage. - arriage can ter inate as a hu an relationship before it is % ((/l3e% by law. (ften the court rulings - as to property and the custody of children - will erely confir arrange ents that have already been ade by the parties. In the +nited %tates and Canada5 E0 to 90l of divorce proceedings are undefended. There are various divorce for ulas0 divorce for fault5 such as a%*l#e"45 cruelty or i prison entG divorce for co!tract(s frustratio!5 such as incurable ental diseases or disappearance of the spouseG divorce by mutual agreementG and divorce on the ground that the marriage has bro+en down. - co plicating factor in divorce law is the ?uestion of giving recognition to foreign divorces. The divorce laws of countries and states differ. %o a person living a =urisdiction in which divorce is difficult to obtain ay be able to go to another country in which divorce laws are ore liberal. .a ily law also shares an interest in so e social issues with other areas of law 4e.g.5 cri inal law8. (ne of the issues that has received uch attention is the very difficult proble of violence within the 2@

fa ily. This ay take the for of physical violence by one adult e ber on another 4in this case the wo an is al ost always the 3 c# m85 or by an adult on a child. The proble is one of social i portance and so e studies indicate that a high proportion of violent cri e originates in fa ily units. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; A%/p# /+ Sepa"a# /+ 5a#e"+ #4 C*(#/%4 E(#a#e C/+(e+# C/+c*b +a!e T/ % ((/l3e A%*l#e"4 F"*(#"a# /+ /& a c/+#"ac# 8 c# m a legal proceeding that creates a parent-child relation between persons not related by bloodG the adopted child is entitled to all privileges belonging to a natural child of the adoptive parents 4including the right to inherit8 the ter ination of cohabitation 4living together8 between a an and wife5 either by utual agree ent or under a decree of a court the fact or state of being a father the act of keeping safe or guarding5 esp. the right of guardianship of a child the whole property or possessions acceptance or approval of what is planned or done by another the act of living together without being arried to co e or bring to an end se!ual unfaithfulness of a husband or wife #atin adulterium legal ter ination of a contract due to unforeseen circu stances that 4@8 prevent achieve ent of its ob=ectives5 428 render its perfor ance illegal5 or 438 ake it practically i possible to e!ecute a person or thing that suffers har 5 death5 etc.5 fro another or fro so e adverse 4negative8 act5 circu stance5 etc.

@. 2. 3. ". 2. A. >. E. 9.

1. %nswer the following &uestions' 'hat is fa ily lawI 'hat are the origins of fa ily lawI 'hat is arriageI 'hat is the ini u age of arriageI ;o you think that arriage contract is the best solution of arital-property proble sI 'hy is society interested in legal regulation of fa ilial relationshipsI 'hat are the ost co on divorce for ulasI 'hat is foreign divorceI ;oes the proble of fa ily violence e!ist in :oldovaI . (oin pairs of synonyms'

22

@. do estic relations law

a. only

@ 2 3 " 2 A > E 9 @0 @@ @2 @3

2. support 3. connected ". econo ic law 2. arriage A. arriage contract >. voluntary E. to tend to 9. parental @0. erely @@. disease @2. substantial @3. spouse

b. i portant c. fa ily law d. atri ony e. freewill f. arital agree ent g. paternal h. illness i. to ai at =. business law k. help l. a wife or a husband . related

). 5n the text, find antonyms for the following words and ma+e sentences with them' max m*m= a%*l#= *+ & ca# /+= &/"ce%= #/ all/2= % 3/"ce ,. *ill in the blan+ spaces with the missing words' In the past5 fa ily law has been closely connected with the law of $$$$$$ . In old legal syste s5 the standard ethod of dissolving a $$$$. usually was in the return of the $$.$ to the power of her fa ily. %o e syste s re?uire $$$$ consent to arriage when the parties are $$$$ the ini u age. The divorce $$$.. of countries and states differ. .a ily violence ay take the for of $$$$. violence by one adult e ber on another or by an $$$. on a child. - high proportion of violent $$$$. originates in fa ily $$$$ .

@. 2. 3. ". 2. A.

4. "a+e up sentences out of these words and expressions. !hey can be found in the text. @. a branch5 .a ily5 deals with5 law5 is5 or5 of5 law5 specialty5 relations5 that5 fa ily. 2. idea of5 wo an5 between5 e!change5 The odern5 arriage5 is5 of5 the an5 and5 the5 a voluntary5 pro ises. 3. observances5 itself5 is5 e!change of5 cere ony5 an5 The cere ony5 consents5 acco panied5 a5 civil5 by5 or5 nor ally5 religious. ". ter inate5 can5 - arriage5 as5 before5 a relationship5 hu an5 law5 it5 by5 is5 dissolved. 23

/. -orrect mista+es in the sentences given below. Iou can find the right versions in the text. @. In old legal siste s5 ariage was regarded as the transfer of a wo an fro the power of her fa ily to that of her husband under ter specifyed in the ariage contract. 2. /efore geting aried couples ay be involved in substantal decision to property5 thise atters now tends to be auto atic 4when there is no ariage contract8 or to be for alised separatly. 3. In order to satisfy the re?uir ent of a voluntary consent to a ariage5 a party ust have reached an age at which he or she is able to give a eaningfull consent. 0. *ind in the text the 6nglish e&uivalents for the words below' drept fa ilial viFitarea copilului {ngri=ire de copii Concubina= consi he {nt perintesc desfacerea cesetoriei detenhiune cu {nchisoarea Federnicie a unui contract violenha fa iliale cSmSYW[S MNOP[ M[VSgSWQS NSfwW_O iOf[RO [ NSfwW_S PWSfNO`W[S V[sQRSTUVRP[ N[]QRSTUV_[S fTOZ[VT[PSWQS NOVR[NZORU fNO_ RdNSmW[S iO_Td`SWQS RgSRW[VRU ][Z[P[NOD WS][VRQsQm[VRU ^STQ ][Z[P[NO WOVQTQS P VSmUS @. 2.

1. *ill in the gaps with the appropriate forms from the table' The arriage law of ost 'estern &uropean nations and of the +%- is the product of 1o an Catholic law that .................... 4@8 by the changed cultural and social conditions of odern industrialiFed and urbaniFed life. :odern arriage law regards arriage as a civil transaction and allows only onoga ous unions. The age li its for arriage5 which for ely per itted @2-year-olds or even younger persons to arry5 ..................... 428 upward in ost countries to @2-2@ years of age. Isla ic law ..................... 438 the practice of polyga y5 but polygany was decreasing in al ost all :usli countries by the late 20th century. )olyga ous arriages ...................... 4"8 under custo ary laws in any -frican nations5 but there is growing tendency toward onoga y. There is no unifor arriage law in any developing -frican countries. The regulation of arital relations is based ............428 on religion...............428 on the custo ary laws of the territory. This gives rise to co ple! proble s in the case of tribal5 ethnic5 or religious inter arriage. 1 had been modified were revised ) permitted , have been permitted 4 neither ... nor has been modified have been revised has permitted were permitted or ... either was modified had been revised permits are permitted either ... or

3. #ivorce -ase a: "a+e as many words as they can using these letters'

)-IT6%9&1(#I

2"

b: Look at these expressions about John and Cristina. Which ones indicate that they are in a happy relationship and which expressions indicate that they are in an unhappy relationship! Write H for happy and U for unhappy next to each sentence. Their relationship is on the rocks. They are still in a honey oon period. They arenHt getting along very well. TheyHre going through a rough patch. They canHt see enough of each other. %he canHt put up with hi any ore. TheyHre going 4their8 separate ways. They stick together through thick and thin. c: "ma#ine you are $ud#es. %&' are responsible for di(orce cases where the husband and wife cannot a#ree. )oday you ha(e been presented with another difficult case: *ord (s. *ord. +ead about the case below. C" (# +a F/"% Cristina .ord is a forty-year-old advertising e!ecutive. %he works very long hours and earns a lot of oney. %ince their daughter (livia was born four years ago5 Cristina has worked and supported the fa ily. D/'+ F/"% *ohn .ord is an une ployed forty-two year old an. 9e worked for any years in a bookshop. -t the o ent he is trying to write a novel. 9e stopped working when their daughter (livia was born5 and has stayed at ho e to take care of her for the past four years. T'e . 3/"ce *ohn and Cristina got arried ten years ago. They began to have proble s in their arriage after (livia was born. They have decided to get divorced5 but are now very angry with one another. C" (# +a 2a+#(F .ull custody of (livia. The fa ily house5 a three-bedroo house in a nice part of town. Charlie5 the fa ily dog. Cristina wants to sell the su er beach apart ent and share the oney. %he refuses to give *ohn any oney at all. %he does not want any oney fro *ohn. *ohn can see his daughter every two weeks and have her for the su er holidays. D/'+ 2a+#(F .ull custody of (livia. Charlie5 the fa ily dog. The su er beach apart ent so he can write there. *ohn wants to sell the fa ily house in the city and share the oney. 9e also wants Cristina to pay ~@000 a onth for child support. Cristina can see her daughter every two weeks and have her for the su er holidays. *ohn also wants ~22 000 co pensation because he feels he sacrificed his work to raise (livia. d8 ,ow discuss with the other $ud#es in your #roup. %ou must come to a decision and make some clear recommendations. Write your recommendations.

22

10. B9S7NESS LA1 % lawyer8s opinion is worth nothing unless paid for. 3 &nglish proverb /usiness law 4also known as co ercial law8 consists of the totality of the =uridical standards regarding interposing and circulation of erchandise fro the producer to the consu er. It includes all aspects of business5 including a%3e"# ( +! and ma"-e# +!5 collections and ba+-"*p#c45 banking5 2A

contracts5 negotiable instru ents5 #"a+(ac# /+(5 and trade in general. (ther popular areas refer to insurance5 wills and estate planning5 consu er and creditor protection. .ro the =uridical point of view5 co ercial law establishes not only the production 4industry85 but also the circulation 4distribution8 of 2a"e(. !he %nti&uity In ancient ti es5 the first anifestation of e!change appeared at the sa e ti e with the e erging of the idea of property. In order to satisfy their vital needs5 people started to e!change their products between the selves. In this way appeared the barter5 a pri itive for of e!change of goods 4services8 for other goods 4or services8 without the use of oney. The continuous increase of the peopleHs needs deter ined certain for s of organiFation5 in which they assured the conditions for a great nu ber of people to eet in certain periods of ti e and in places already established. This way appeared the arkets. The <reeks were the first who established rules regarding tradersH activity. Thus5 the city agoranomos 4 arket supervisor8 had to ensure that sellers sell fairly and use the cityHs 2e !'#( and easures. 9e could not restrict the sellers to volu e of sales or ti e. In the good years of 1o e there were =uridical institutions regarding tradersH activity. !he "iddle %ges In the :iddle ages5 the c/llap(e of 1o an & pire deter ined the division of political power. -nd instead of a unifor law5 there appeared the specific law for the different states that resulted. In order to defend their rights5 the #"a%e(me+ began to organiFe the selves in corporations 4called universitaria8 which significantly obtained the ad inistrative5 =uridical and even legislative a*#/+/m4. - corporation consisted of all co ercial en and 'a+% c"a&#(me+ fro the sa e field and the leader was a consul5 helped around by councillors. The consul issued internal standards5 based on custo s5 in order to solve litigations between the e bers of a corporation. These nor s were collected in statutes. !he "odern Eeriod It was the period when the written law of co erce appeared. The first country that passed fro co on law to written law for the whole territory was .rance5 starting with Charles IHs edict issued in @2A3. In @E0>5 the .rench Co ercial Code was adopted5 representing one of the five codes of 6apoleon. The funda ental concepts of the 6apoleonic codification are freedo of contract and the a((e"# /+ of /2+e"(' p as an absolute right. +nder the influence of the .rench 1evolution5 a great nu ber of countries 4Italy5 9olland5 %pain5 /raFil5 /elgiu 5 &gypt8 took over the .rench Co ercial Code as their own. In &ngland and the +nited %tates the co on law is used5 establishing rules both for co ercial and non-co ercial en. 6owadays various regulatory sche es control the way co erce is conducted. )rivacy laws5 safety laws5 food and drug laws are so e e!a ples. BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; A%3e"# ( +! Ba"-e# +! Ba+-"*p#c4 T"a+(ac# /+ 1a"e( 1e !'# the pro otion of goods or services for sale through i personal edia5 such as radio or televisionG - the business that specialiFes in creating such publicity the scienceDprocess of interesting potential custo ers and clients in products or services5 it involves researching5 pro oting5 selling and distributing of goodsDservices the legal process in which a person or fir declares inability to pay debts the act of obtaining and paying for an ite or service articles of anufacture considered as being for sale - a easure of the heaviness of an ob=ectG the a ount anything weighsG 2> -

C/llap(e T"a%e(ma+ A*#/+/m4 0a+% c"a&#(ma+ A((e"# /+ O2+e"(' p 5" 3ac4 la2 Sa&e#4 la2

- a syste of units used to e!press the weight of a substance - a sudden large decline of business or the prices of stocksG - a sudden failure or breakdown a an engaged in trade5 esp. a retail dealer - the right or state of self-govern ent5 esp. when li itedG - freedo to deter ine oneLs own actions5 behaviour5 etc. a an skilled in anual work - a positive state ent5 usually ade without an atte pt at furnishing evidenceG - the act of affir ing or stating so ething - the state or fact of being an ownerG - legal right of possessionG proprietorship regulation or statute that protects a personHs right to be left alone5 and governs collection and release of hisDher financial5 edical5 and other personal infor ation - law passed by +% Congress to prevent e ployees fro being in=ured or contracting diseases in the coarse of their e ploy ent

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat is business lawI 2. 9ow did co ercial law appear in ancient ti esI 3. 'hat is barterI Is it still usedI ". 9ow and where did the first arkets appearI 2. 'hich are the first organiFations of trades en in the :iddle -gesI A. 'ho was the leader of the edieval organiFations of trades enI >. 'hen and where was the first Co ercial Code adoptedI E. 'hat are the funda ental principles of the first .rench Co ercial CodeI 9. Is there any difference between the Co ercial Codes of the statesI . *ill in the blan+s with the missing words' @. /usiness law includes all $$$$$. of business5 including a%3e"# ( +! and ma"-e# +!5 collections and ba+-"*p#c45 banking5 contracts5 $$$$$$. instru ents5 #"a+(ac# /+(5 and trade $$$$ general. 2. - pri itive for of e!change was the $$$$$.. . 3. In -ncient <reece arket supervisors had to ensure that the sellers sell $$$$.. and use the cityHs weights and $$$$$ . ". In :edieval ti es a corporation consisted of all $$$$.. en and $$$$$$$ fro the sa e field and the leader was a $$$$$$.5 helped around by $$$$$$. . 2. In &ngland the $$$$.. law is used to establish rules both for co ercial and non-co ercial en. ). *ind as many synonyms as possible for the following words and ma+e up sentences with them' wares KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK bankruptcy - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK distribution - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK trades an - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK assertion - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK ancientness - KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK 2E

to ensure JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ unifor A JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ ,. -onsult your dictionary and explain the following terms' collection4s8 producer consu er 4. *ind common collocations 9sometimes more than one solution is possible:' black business oney consultant illegal circulation co erce in bribe advertising delivery absolute arket goods owner legal power A. %re these statements true or false? -orrect the false ones. @. )opular areas of business law include insurance5 wills5 estate planning5 consu er and creditor protection. TD. 2. In ancient ti es5 in order to satisfy their vital needs5 people started to sell their products between the selves. TD. 3. The 1o ans were the first who established the rules of tradersH activity. TD. ". The city agoranomos could restrict the sellers to volu e of sales. TD. 2. In order to defend their rights5 trades en began to organiFe the selves in corporations which gradually obtained the ad inistrative5 =uridical and legislative autono y. TD. A. The .rench Co ercial Code was adopted in @90>. TD. >. +nder the influence of the .rench 1evolution5 a big nu ber of countries took over the .rench Co ercial Code as their own. TD. 0. !ranslate the following words and word combinations' regulele de securitate asigurare 4unitate de8 v{nFare e|te|ugar esura MNOPQTO RSaWQ_Q fSi[MOVW[VRQ VRNOa[POWQS vital needs S]QWQ^O QimSNSWQb5 mSNO MN[]OsO5 VfXR collapse NSmSVTSWWQ_ written law ownership food law 1. "atch the terms with their definitions' 29

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

co erce erchandise producer product consu er circulation e!change contract edict barter handicrafts an treaty agree ent business law

a. e!change of erchandiseG the buying and selling of goods an servicesG trade b. goods for sale5 wares5 co odities for co erce c. one who produces articles of consu ption %. anything that can be offered to a arket that ight satisfy a want or needG thing produced by natural process or anufacture e. an individual or a household that purchaises and uses goodsDservices generated within the econo y &. trans ission5 distribution of things5 news5 coins5 books !. act5 process of e!changing of goods5 prisoners of war5 etc. '. a legally binding e!change of pro ises or agree ent between parties that the law will enforce . order proclai ed by authority5 decree ,. e!change of goods or i aterial things for other goods -. an skilled in a handicraft l. an agree ent under international law entered into by actors in international law5 na ely states and international organiFations m. pro ise of action5 such as one ade between people5 groups5 businesses5 or countries +. the body of law which governs business and co erce and is often considered to be a branch of civil law and deals both with issues of private law and public law

3. !here are many different +inds of contract for different situations. Loo+ at the following paragraphs, and decide what +ind of contract is being described or tal+ed about. l/a+ a!"eeme+#= p*"c'a(e a!"eeme+#= 3e"bal c/+#"ac#= ca"<' "e a!"eeme+#= empl/4me+# c/+#"ac#= #e+a+c4 ?"e+#@ a!"eeme+#= &"a+c' (e a!"eeme+# @. :y cousin /ob said he was going to get rid of his co puter and buy a new one. I said that I needed a co puter and suggested I bought his old one. -nyway5 we agreed on a price5 I gave hi a 20 deposit5 and agreed to pay the balance in install ents over the ne!t three onths. IL going round to collect the co puter this evening. 2. The property is unfurnished5 and the rent is A205 which has to be paid onthly in arrears. &lectricity5 gas and phone bills are e!tra. ThereLs a co unal garden and a co unal parking area5 for which I also have to pay a no inal aintenance fee. The landlord is responsible for any repairs to the property. ILve signed this agree ent for @E onths. 3. 'eLre opening our own branch in the town centre ne!t week. The deal is si ple0 we get the right to use the co panyLs na e5 their trade ark5 their trade na es and products and wear their unifor s. They also provide our staff with all the necessary training5 give us anagerial assistance and provide advertising aterials. In return5 we have to eet specific re?uire ents5 such as ?uality of service5 aintaining good custo er relations5 and following the co panyLs standard procedures. (h5 and of course to buy all the products we sell fro the . ". The total a ount you are borrowing fro a bank is 95000 at an -)1 4-nnual )ercentage 1ate8 of A.Al. 1epaid in onthly over 3 years5 this gives you a onthly repay ent figure of 2>2."A5 A0

totalling 959@A.2A. If you wish to ake an early pay ent5 the su will be recalculated accordingly. -s soon as you sign a for 5 your funds will be released into your bank account. 2. This appoint ent is for a period of two years5 following a "-week probationary period. vour salary package includes an annual gross salary of 325000. vour hours of work are 9 to 2 :onday to .riday5 although you ay be asked to work overti e during busy periods. The co pany has its own edical and pension sche es which you ay =oin. A. The total cost is 25E>05 which is payable in full before the goods can be delivered. -lternatively5 we can arrange credit ter s. -ll goods are covered by the anufacturerLs warranty5 which is valid for one year. If you are not happy with your erchandise5 it can be returned for an e!change or full refund 4but please note that this is valid for 2E days only5 and we will need to see your che?ue or other proof of purchase8. >. The rent of this car is 2E a day. This price includes unli ited kilo etrage and fully insurance. refuelling service charge will be applied if you do not replace the fuel you have used. 1D. *ill in the blan+s with the appropriate words from the box' ELECT:ON7C COBBE:CE

( !+e%= pa"# e(= bac-= !"/2 +!= "e%*ce%= le! (la# 3e= e+c/%e= a!"eeme+#= (e"3 ce(= /+l +e

&lectronic co erce is already KKKKKKKKKKKKK in i portance and it will beco e even ore i portant in future years. It offers businesses the opportunity to reach a wider custo er base5 enabling consu ers and businesses to purchase goods and KKKKKKKKKKKKK fro a wide range of suppliers. 9owever5 KKKKKKKKKKKK need to be assured that electronic contracts are as effective as contracts ade traditionally. - nu ber of KKKKKKKKKKKKKK instru ents have now been adopted by the +nited 6ations 4@99A85 &+ 420008 and etc. to secure electronic contracts. 6owadays electronic contracts and electronic signatures are =ust as legal as traditional paper contracts KKKKKKKKKKKK in ink. -n electronic contract is an KKKKKKKKKKKKKKK created and BsignedC in electronic for J in other words5 no paper or other hard copies are used. .or e!a ple5 you write a contract on your co puter and e ail it to a business partner5 and the business partner e ails it KKKKKKKKKK with an electronic signature indicating acceptance. -n e-contract can also be in the for of a BClick to -greeC contract5 co only used with downloaded software. The ost secure ethod of signing contracts KKKKKKKKKKKKK is the ethod known as )ublic ,ey Infrastructure 4),I8. ),I uses an algorith to code and KKKKKKKKKK online docu ents. (nly people who know the jkeyH can have access to the infor ation. &-co erce is profitable for co panies that conduct business online. This way they save considerable su s of oney. .or e!a ple5 one online co pany esti ated that eli inating paperwork fees KKKKKKKKKKKK costs up to ~>20. @. 2. 3. ". 11. ;olve the crossword' - person who is appointed to deal with financial or other atters on behalf of another person. - licence to trade using a brand na e and paying a royalty for it. -n official who investigates co plaints by the public against govern ent depart ents or other large organisations 4especially banks5 travel co panies5 and electricity5 gas5 water and teleco unications providers8. %o ebody who gives a guarantee. A@

2. - failure to carry out the ter s of an agree ent5 a contract5 etc. A. (ne of the ain conditions of a contract5 where one party agrees to what is proposed by the other party. -lso the act of signing a bill of e!change to show that you agree to pay for it. >. The notifiable offence of telling lies when you have ade an oath to say what is true in court. E. %o ebody who has co itted a civil wrong to so ebody5 entitling the victi to clai da ages. 9. - pay ent ade by a person or co pany to cover the cost of da age or hardship which he D she Dit has caused. @0. -n atte pt by a third party to ake the two sides in an argu ent agree. @@. - docu ent in which a co pany acknowledges it owes a debt and gives the co panyLs assets as security. @2. The closing of a co pany and the selling of its assets. @3. :oney clai ed by a clai ant fro a defendant because of har or da age done5 or oney awarded by a court to a clai ant as a result of har suffered by the clai ant 4Clue0 this word has already appeared elsewhere in this e!ercise8. A2

@". The legal responsibility for paying so eone for loss or da age incurred. @2. - failure to give proper care to so ething5 especially a duty or responsibility5 with the result that a person or property is har ed. @A. The good reputation of a business and its contacts with its custo ers 4for e!a ple5 the na e of the product it sells or its popular appeal to custo ers8. @>. - court order telling a person or a co pany to stop doing so ething5 or telling the not to do it in the first place.

11. 7NTE:NAT7ONAL LA1 5nsofar as international law is observed, it provides us with stability and order and with a means of predicting the behavior of those with whom we have reciprocal legal obligations. A3

3 D. 1 ll am F*lb" !'# International law can refer to0 public international lawG private international law or conflict of lawsG the law of supranational organiFations. %ublic i!ter!atio!al law )ublic international law is the totality of standards and principles that regulates the relations between sub=ects of international law J states and intergovern ental organiFations. It is developed ainly through m*l# la#e"al c/+3e+# /+(5 though c*(#/m can play an i portant role too. The funda ental principles of public international law contain general rules of conduct5 whose observance is essential to the develop ent and co-operation between states5 to the aintaining of international peace and security. Its odern corpus started to be developed in the iddle of the @9th Ventury. The two 'orld 'ars5 the #eague of 6ations and other international organiFations such as the International #abour (rganisation all contributed to accelerate this process and established uch of the foundations of odern public international law. -fter the failure of the uersailles Treaty and 'orld 'ar II5 the #eague of 6ations was replaced by the +nited 6ations5 founded under the +6 C'a"#e". The basic principles of the Charter of the +nited 6ations5 adopted in @9>05 are as follow0 not to "e(/"# to force and to threat by forceG the (e##leme+# of international conflicts by peaceful eansG not to +#e"3e+e in internal affairs of one stateG international co-operationG e?uality of rights for all the nations and the right of nations to (el&<%e#e"m +a# /+G sovereign e?uality of statesG the good-faith acco plish ent of assu ed %*# e(. Three ore principles were added at the Conference for %ecurity and Co-operation in &urope held at 9elsinki in @9>20 the inviolability of frontiersG the territorial integrity of statesG the observance of hu an rights and funda ental liberties. These funda ental principles are the pe"emp#/"4 nor s of international law. The states cannot depart fro these principles in their agree ents5 in their local or b la#e"al relations. This proves the i portance that all the states confer to these principles in the settle ent of their relations. There are so e standards which ai at rights concerning all the states5 but which are not the ob=ect of their sovereignty0 the liberty of seas5 the interdiction of piracy. There are also so e hu anitarian standards5 considered by all states indispensable in order to guarantee the respecting of the ele entary rights of life and hu an % !+ #40 the interdiction of (la3e"45 the rules and anners of the war. Co!flict of laws Conflict of laws5 or tprivate international lawt in civil law =urisdictions5 governs conflicts between private persons5 rather than states. The rise of international corporations increases the nu ber of disputes a ong a unified legal fra ework Increasing nu bers of businesses use co ercial arbitration under the ?ew Ior+ -onvention 1341. Su#ra!atio!al law The &uropean +nion is the first and only e!a ple 4so far8 of a supranational legal fra ework5 where sovereign nations have =oined their authority through a syste of courts and political institutions. It constitutes a new legal order in international law for the utual social and econo ic benefit of the e ber states. A"

B*l# la#e"al C/+3e+# /+ C*(#/m C'a"#e" T/ "e(/"# ?#/@ Se##leme+#

T/ +#e"3e+e Sel&<%e#e"m +a# /+

.*# e( 5e"emp#/"4 B la#e"al . !+ #4 Sla3e"4

BAS7C 8OCAB9LA:; of or involving ore than two nations or parties an international agree ent second only to a treaty in for ality a practice which by long-established usage has co e to have the force of law a for al docu ent fro the sovereign or state incorporating a city5 bank5 college5 etc.5 and specifying its purposes and rights the use of so ething as a eans5 help5 or recourse - the deter ination of a dispute5 etc.5 by utual agree ent without resorting to legal proceedingsG - an ad=ust ent or agree ent reached in atters of finance5 business5 etc to interpose and beco e a party to a legal action between others5 esp. in order to protect oneLs interests - the power or ability to ake a decision for oneself without influence fro outsideG - the right of a nation or people to deter ine its own for of govern ent without influence fro outside a task or action that a person is bound to perfor for oral or legal reasons - ad itting of no denial or contradictionG precluding debateG - obligatory rather than per issive affecting or undertaken by two partiesG utual the state or ?uality of being worthy of honour the state or condition of being a slaveG a civil relationship whereby one person has absolute power over another and controls his life5 liberty5 and fortune

1. %nswer the following &uestions' @. 'hat are the three types of international lawI 2. ;efine public international law. 3. 'hat are the sub=ects of public international lawI ". 'hich are the funda ental +6 principles adopted in @9>0I 2. 'hich are the added principles fro the @9>2 9elsinki ConferenceI A. 'hich are the hu anitarian standards related to international lawsI >. 'hat does private international law deal withI E. 'hat is supranational lawI . 5n the text find antonyms for the following words' p" 3a#e= 2a"= a+c e+#= ex#e"+al= +e)*al #4= % (a!"eeme+#= #/ % m + ('= +a# /+al

). (oin pairs of synonyms'

A2

@.

ultilateral

a. danger

@ 2 3 " 2 A > E 9 @0 @@ @2 @3 @" @2

2. funda ental 3. conduct ". essential 2. security A. to accelerate >. failure E. force 9. threat @0. eans @@. to intervene @2. frontier @3. duty @". to guarantee @2. conflict

b. to ?uicken c. any-sided d. basic5 pri ary e. ethod4s8 f. safety g. indispensable h. behaviour i. dispute =. isfortune k. obligation l. power . to interfere n. boundary o. to assure

,. *ill in the blan+ spaces with the missing words' In the $$$$$ of the +nited 6ations there are $$$. principles0 @. not to resort to $$$$$. and to threat by $$$$$$.. 2. $$$$$$ of rights and the right of nations to $$$$$$. 3. sovereign $$$$$.. of states ". the good faith acco plish ent of the $$$$$$ duties 2. international $$$$$$. A. not to $$$$$. in internal affairs of one state >. the settle ent of international $$$$$.. by peaceful eans. 4. *ill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the table' International law is not new. 6ations 4@8$$.. always $$$ political and econo ic treaties with each other. In the :edieval &urope5 the Canon #aw of the Catholic Church had 428$.. i portant role. #aw :erchant regulated trade across political frontiers. In the fifteenth century5 the Church ediated between %pain and )ortugal by dividing the world 438$$.. their respective areas of interest. The @A"E Treaty of 'estphalia5 which called for e?ual treat ent 4"8$$$$$$.. of )rotestants and Catholics5 428$$$$ be seen as an early international hu an rights law. 6evertheless5 ost international law has been created in the twentieth century. The #eague of 6ations was set up after 'orld 'ar I 4A8$$$$$ AA

disputes between nations. /ut it failed to stop the tension that led to 'orld 'ar II5 partly because so e powerful countries did not =oin 4+%-8 and others 4>8$$$$ when they disagreed with its decisions 4<er any5 *apan8. /ut it led to i portant international legislation like the <eneva Convention on the treat ent of prisoners of war and the @92@ Convention on the %tatus of 1efugees. @ 2 3 " 2 A > has ade an in anywhere can to have regulated left have ade the to everywhere ay to have been regulated had left had been aking a into so ewhere ust to regulate has left

/. *ill in the blan+s with the derivatives of the words in brac+ets' @. International organiFation is any institution drawing its e bership fro two or ore sovereign states and aintaining $$$$.. and facilities to pro ote continuous activities by its e bers. 4arrange8 2. The $$$$$ of international organiFations has been $$$. a 20 th century pheno enon0 about 90l of international organiFations were organiFed in the period @900-@92A. 4create5 ost8 3. International organiFations differ in function5 $$$$$$$ and $$$$$$$$.. criteria. 4 e ber J 2 ti es8 ". Their ai s are to preserve peace through conflict $$$$$.. and better international relations5 pro ote international co-operation on atters such as $$$$$$.. $$$$$$.5 to pro ote hu an rights5 to render hu anitarian aid5 and to econo ic $$$$$$. . 4resolute5 environ ent5 protect5 develop8 2. Co on types of international organiFations include0 a8 $$$$$ organiFations 4this category includes the +nited 6ations and its $$$$$. agencies5 Interpol5 'orld Trade (rganiFation5 and the International :onetary .und8G 4globe5 special8 b8 $$$$$. organiFations J open to e bers fro a particular region or continent of the world. These categories include the Council of &urope5 &uropean +nion5 (rganiFation of - erican %tates and etc. 4region8 c8 $$$$$..5 linguistic5 ethnic5 $$$$.. or $$$$$. (rganiFations J open to e bers based on the entioned above links. &!a ples include the Co onwealth of 6ations5 #a .rancophonie5 #atin +nion5 (rganiFation of Isla ic Conference. 4culture5 religion5 history8. d8 econo ic organiFations J dedicated to free trade5 the $$$$$.. of trade barriers 4The 'orld Trade (rganiFation8 and international develop ent. 4reduce8 0. -orrect grammar mista+es in the sentences given below. @. #ike presept of international orality5 the rules of international law are of a nor ative caracterG that is5 they proscribe standards of conduct. 2. The basic rules of international custo ary law can be su ariFed in the folowing funda ental principals0 sovereinty5 recognition5 concent5 good faith5 freedo of the seas5 international responsibility5 and self-defense. 3. In ti e of war 5 per isible interference with ene y and neutral sheeping is regulated by the rules of sea warfare and prise law. A>

1. !ranslate orally the following text' ;ehinutul a evadat din {nchisoare centrale. 6u ele dehinutului este 6icolas -ra is5 anul na|terii @9A25 brunet5 un pic ai {nalt dec{t statura edie 4@>2 c .85 culoarea ochilor J ceprui. %e ne caracteristice0 o cicatrice pe obraFul drept. Cunoa|te engleFe |i italiane. fost {n %tatele +nite ale - ericii |i Italia. -restat pentru v{nFarea ar elor |i drogurilor. -lte date |i poFe sunt tri ise cu po|ta speciale.

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3. Erepare a report 94A1D minutes: on one of the following topics' The :ain Categories of )ublic International #aw International <overn ental and 6on-<overn ental (rganiFations. S955LEBENTA:; :EA.7N6S BAN CLEA:E. B; .NA F:EE AFTE: 27 ;EA:S .ALLAS= Texa( ?A5@ -- - ;allas an who spent ore than 2> years in prison for a urder he didnLt co it was freed Tuesday5 after being i prisoned longer than any other wrongfully convicted +.%. in ate cleared by ;6- testing. *a es #ee 'oodard stepped out of the courtroo and raised his ar s to a throng of photographers. t6o words can e!press what a tragic story yours is5t state ;istrict *udge :ark %toltF told 'oodard at a brief hearing before his release. 'oodard -- cleared of the @9E0 urder of his girlfriend -- beca e the @Eth person in ;allas County to be released fro prison. ThatLs a figure un atched by any county nationally5 according to the Innocence )ro=ect5 a 6ew vork-based legal center that specialiFes in overturning wrongful convictions. tI thank <od for the e!istence of the Innocence )ro=ect5t 'oodard5 225 told the court. t'ithout that5 I wouldnLt be here today. I would be wasting away in prison.t 'oodard was sentenced to life in prison in *uly @9E@ for the urder of a 2@-year-old ;allas wo an found raped and strangled near the banks of the Trinity 1iver. 9e was convicted pri arily on the basis of testi ony fro two eyewitnesses. (ne has since refused fro her testi ony. -s for the other5 twe donLt believe her testi ony was accurate5t 1oetFel said. 'oodard has aintained his innocence throughout his ti e in prison. /ut after filing si! writs with an appeals court5 plus two re?uests for ;6- testing5 his pleas of innocence beca e so repetitive and routine that tthe courthouse doors were eventually closed to hi and he was labeled a writ abuser5t 1oetFel said. t(n the first day he was arrested5 he told the world he was innocent ... and nobody listened5t *eff /lackburn5 chief counsel for the Innocence )ro=ect of Te!as5 said during TuesdayLs hearing. 9e even stopped attending his parole hearings because gaining his release would have eant confessing to a cri e he didnLt do. tIt says a lot about your character that you were ore interested in the truth than your freedo 5t the =udge told 'oodard after aking his ruling. 'oodard said his fa ily was ts all and scattered5t although he pointed out a niece in the courtroo . 9e said his biggest regret was not being with his other when she died. tI can tell you what ILd like to do first0 breathe fresh5 free air5t 'oodard said during a news conference in the courtroo after the hearing. tI donLt know what to e!pect. I havenLt been in ;allas since buses were blue.t in ate J prisoner AE

throng J crowd5 great nu ber write - clai .NA CLEA:E. T0EB= B9T T0E;GLL NE8E: FEEL F:EE .ALLAS= Texa( ?CNN@ -- 'iley .ountain is ho eless =ust five years after he walked out of prison an innocent an. 9e is one of the @> en wrongfully convicted in ;allas County5 Te!as5 then cleared by ;6- evidence. 9e was one of the lucky few to receive financial co pensation fro the state5 but the ~@905000 or so that ade it into his pocket is long gone. .or a while5 .ountain wandered the streets of ;allas5 looking for alu inu cans to trade in for cash. 9e earned the occasional eal by cleaning the parking lot of a restaurant. -t night he had nowhere to go. 6ow heLs nowhere to be found. *ust as the headlines of his release vanished fro the front pages of the newspaper5 .ountain5 2@5 has disappeared. -nd so have his hopes for a fresh start after spending @2 years in prison for an aggravated se!ual assault he did not co it. Clay <raha 5 a policy director with the Innocence )ro=ect of Te!as5 spends any days worrying about .ountain. In :arch5 he received a phone call with the news that .ountain had been arrested on a theft charge and was sitting in the ;allas County =ail. <raha rushed over to talk with hi . t9e said being ho eless isnHt so bad5t <raha recalled. tThatLs when I thought so ething horrible ust have happened to hi in prison.t - few weeks later5 .ountain was released fro =ail and disappeared. .ountainLs story doesnLt co e as a shock to *eff /lackburn5 one of the lead attorneys with the Innocence )ro=ect of Te!as5 who represents any of the e!onerated for er convicts. /lackburn said these wrongly convicted en get ta double-wha y screw =ob.t 9e said thereLs little help fro the govern ent to transition back into society and theyLre still viewed as cri inals once theyLre out of prison. tThey donLt have any services available to the 5 not even ~@00 and a cheap suit5t /lackburn said. 'hat happens to these en in the onths and years after their release is an often overlooked story. These en find the selves starting life at iddle age. C66 recently interviewed @2 of the @> en who have been e!onerated by ;6- evidence in ;allas County since 200@. Their stories are vastly different5 but they do share co on the es. There is little talk of bitterness and anger. /ut there is great istrust of the world around the and i ense frustration. to vanish J to disappear to e!onerate J to discharge5 release5 free 5:O6:ABBE: 697LT; OF 17FEGS B9:.E: OACLAN.= Cal &/"+ a ?A5@ -- - software progra er was convicted :onday of first-degree urder for killing his wife5 who he affir s ay be living elsewhere. 9ans 1eiser5 ""5 bowed his head in court as the =ury found hi guilty of a cri e that carries a sentence of 22 years to life in prison. 6ina 1eiser disappeared ore than a year ago after dropping off the coupleLs children at 9ans 1eiserLs ho e. 9er body has never been found. 1eiser5 known in progra ing circles as creator of the 1eiser.% co puter file syste 5 testified for several days in the si!- onth trial5 often giving ra bling answers and getting scolded by the =udge for arguing with the prosecutor. To (rloff5 the district attorney for -la eda County5 said the verdict tdoes =ustice for 6ina 1eiser and her fa ily.t A9

;efense attorney ;u /ois argued during the trial that there was no direct evidence linking his client to 6ina 1eiserLs disappearance and suggested the wo an ay be living in her native 1ussia or ay be the victi of foul play. /ut prosecutors argued the circu stantial evidence against 1eiser was strong0 the two were involved in a bitter custody dispute5 traces of her blood were found in his ho e and car and witnesses testified she would never have left her children. 'hen 1eiser was arrested in (ctober 200A5 he was carrying his passport and thousands of dollars. ;u /ois portrayed 1eiser as eccentric5 but nonviolent5 and said there were innocent e!planations for his behavior. 1eiser testified his wife left his house alive and he had nothing to do with her disappearance. 9ora also said 1eiser hated his estranged wife5 and saw her as tthe destroyer.t t%he destroyed his arriage. %he had an affair. 9e -- although it was never proved -- thinks she e beFFled hundreds of thousands of dollars fro hi 5t 9ora said during the trial. 9ora played =urors a tape of an interview with 1ory outside of court in which the prosecutor asked the boy if he knew where his other was. 1ory said he didnLt5 and that ade hi feel sad. t'hat did you like best about herIt 9ora asked. t&verything5t said the boy. to drop off J to leave5 to abandon ra bling J incoherent5 without logical connection B:7T7S0 1OBAN CO9L. FACE LAOS .EAT0 5ENALT; BAN6COC= T'a la+% ?CNN@ -- - pregnant /ritish wo an facing possible e!ecution in #aos will go on trial this week5 the countryLs foreign affairs inistry said :onday. %a antha (robator tis facing death for drug trafficking5t said Clare -lgar5 e!ecutive director of 1eprieve5 a #ondon-based hu an rights group. (robator5 205 was arrested on -ugust 25 said ,henthong 6uanthasing5 the :inistry of .oreign -ffairs spokes an. %he was alleged to have been carrying =ust over half a kilogra 4@.@ pounds8 of heroin5 1eprieve lawyer -nna :orris told C66 by phone fro uientiane. t.or that a ount of heroin the sentence is nor ally the death penalty5t she said. (robatorLs other *ane found out in *anuary her daughter was pregnant -- ore than four onths after she was arrested. *ane (robator heard the news fro the /ritish .oreign (ffice5 which has been onitoring the case. %he cannot believe her daughter was involved in drug trafficking5 and was surprised to learn she was in #aos5 she said. tI donLt knowt what she was doing there5 she said. tThe last ti e she spoke with e5 she said she was on holiday in #ondon and she would co e to see us in ;ublin before returning to the +.,. in *uly. t%he is not the type of person who would be involved in drugs5t she added. 1eprieve is worried about her health5 especially given her pregnancy5 -nna :orris said. t%he beca e pregnant in prison. 'e are concerned so eone who finds herself in prison at 20 is sub=ect to e!ploitation5t she said. The lawyer arrived there on %unday and is hoping to visit (robator on Tuesday5 her boss at 1eprieve said. - /ritish consul has also arrived in the country. tI a the first /ritish lawyer who has asked for access to her5t :orris said. t%he needs to have a local lawyer appointed to her. 'e are pressing very hard for the local authorities to appoint one.t %he said it was nor al in the #aotian =ustice syste for a defendant to get a lawyer only days before a trial. The last e!ecution in #aos was in @9905 the foreign affairs spokes an said. >0

There is no /ritish & bassy in #aos. - /ritish vice-consul arrived in the country this weekend5 the .oreign (ffice said :onday. 1a ell plans to raise the (robator case with the #aotian deputy pri e inister this week5 he said. %a antha (robator was born in 6igeria and oved to #ondon with her fa ily when she was E5 her other said. 6:O17N6 95 7S E8EN 0A:.E: 10EN BOB 7S 7N 5:7SON ?CNN@ -- t<et yourself together.t :ary 'illia s repeated those three words often to her 2E-yearold daughter5 who served three years in a ,ansas prison for a @9EE ar ed robbery. 'illia s never =udged her daughter5 'anda Taylor5 for the cri e or her cocaine addiction. %he does not refer to the past. Instead5 'illia s looked to the future. The future was her granddaughter5 ;onnie /elcher5 a shy "-year-old girl with curly hair who cried when she visited her other in =ail for the first ti e. The little girlLs other was locked up for three years5 leaving her in the care of her grand other. tIt was hard on e5t said /elcher5 now 22. tI never wanted to leave y other.t - recent study by the +.%. /ureau of *ustice %tatistics found the nu ber of i prisoned others rose @3@l fro @99@ to 200>5 while the nu ber of fathers in prison increased >> percent during the sa e period. -ccording to the %entencing )ro=ect5 a 'ashington-based nonprofit pro=ect5 about @.> illion children have a parent in prison. t'e should be alar ed5t said <eorgia #erner5 e!ecutive director at the 'o enLs )rison -ssociation5 a national nonprofit working with i prisoned wo en. t&ven when children have seen their others get arrested5 they still want to be with their parents5t #erner said. tThey still love their others and want to be together.t 'hile so e critics argue that cri inals ake poor parents5 e!perts said there is no doubt that separation fro a parent5 particularly a other5 affects a childLs psychological develop ent. 'hen a father is i prisoned5 the other typically cares for the children5 said ;anielle ;allaire5 a psychology professor at the College of 'illia and :ary. /ut her research shows that when a other is i prisoned5 the father often plays no role in raising the children. - growing nu ber of prisons are recogniFing the need to preserve other-child relationships. They have staffed nurseries and day care centers to keep fa ilies connected. /edford 9ills Correctional .acility5 a a!i u security wo enLs prison in 6ew vork5 provi andes an annual su er ca p run by volunteers. -t ca p5 children can play basketball and participate in other activities with their i prisoned others. .EAT0S AT T0A7 :ESO:T SEATTLE= 1a(' +!#/+ ?CNN@ -- 'hat started as a ro antic %outheast -sia vacation for a %eattle couple5 ended with 1yan ,ells preparing .riday to return fro /angkok carrying the ashes of his bride to give to her fa ily in California. tItLs such a shock5t 1obert %t. (nge told C66 about the death of his sister5 *ill5 who had been traveling with the an she planned to arry. tThere was no possibility to hear last words or even see her because she has already been cre ated.t The couple had been visiting Thailand at the end of a three- onth =ourney during which the two had beco e engaged. >@

(n -pril 2A in her online =ournal5 the 2>-year-old wo an described the surroundings near where the #eonardo ;icaprio ovie5 tThe /each5t was fil ed. t9ey hey} 'eLre in koh phi phi right now. ItLs off the west coast of Thailand about a 2 hour boat ride fro krabi. %o a aFing... =ust drinking eating and living so cheaply. .ood5 drink5 good books5 sun and war waters... 'hat else do you needI5t %t. (nge wrote in her blog. /ut on :ay 25 ,ells found %t. (nge5 who had told hi earlier that she had not been feeling well5 vo iting in their roo at the #aleena guesthouse on )hi )hi island. 9e put her into a shopping cart and searched for help. t%he couldnLt breathe. %he was vo iting5t ,ells5 3@5 told C66. tI tried to run her to a hospital but she died5 aybe5 @2 hours of being sick.t 1obert %t. (nge said his sister had been healthy and that her sudden death is a ystery. -dding to the ystery is the fact that another tourist5 a 22-year-old 6orwegian wo an5 died at the sa e resort the sa e weekend5 the +.%. & bassy in Thailand said. The anager of the #aleena resourt has said in published reports that he believes the wo enLs deaths ca e fro drinking heavily. 6orwegian edia reported that the 6orweigan wo an could have been a victi of food poisoning. In Internet postings on a 'eb site created to update friends and fa ily on the tragedy5 ,ells also described feeling ill at the hotel and said that he believed so ething in their roo had ade the couple sick. ,ells also said he had spent less ti e in their roo than his bride. NAo7 S9S5ECT .EBDAND9C A::78ES 7N 6E:BAN; ?CNN@ -- <er anyLs *ewish co unity Tuesday welco ed the deportation fro the +.%. of a 6aFi war cri es suspect who is charged with the urder of about 295000 civilians at a death ca p during the 'orld 'ar II. ;e =an=uk was taken by a bulance to a nearby hospital after landing at :unich airport. -n a bulance was also used to take the E9-year-old to a plane at airport in Cleveland5 (hio on :onday evening. ;e =an=uk5 a native +kranian who has long clai ed is wanted in <er any for his alleged role in the urder of about 295000 civilians at %obibor5 a 6aFi death ca p in )oland. t-ll the living 6aFi war cri inals should know that there can be no ercy for the 5 regardless of their age5t said ,nobloch president of the Central Council of *ews. tThey ust answer for their inhu ane actions. /ecause there is no statute of li itations for cri es against hu anity.t ;e =an=ukLs deportation closes a chapter in one of the longest-running cases of an alleged 9olocaust cri inal in history. ;e =an=ukLs lawyers had asked the high court to consider their clai s that he was too ill to be sent overseas. They also raised hu an rights and other legal issues in their last- inute appeal. +.%. i igration officers previously entered ;e =an=ukLs ho e on -pril @"5 and carried hi out in his wheelchair to a waiting car. 9e was held for a few hours and then returned to his residence after a federal appeals court gave verdict in his favor. 9e was once accused by the +nited %tates and Israel of being a notoriously brutal S.S. guard at the Treblinka ca p known as tIvan the Terrible.t -fter appeals5 that allegation was eventually dropped by both countries5 but later other accusations were ade against hi . >2

7:Ap7 FAB7L; S9:878O:SF 1E 17S0 9.S. SOL.7E:S 0A. ALSO C7LLE. 9S 5A.9CA0= Ce+#*c-4 ?CNN@ -- %urviving e bers of an Ira?i fa ily are still in horror after urder raid co itted by +.%. soldiers. They gave evidence on in the trialG one of the soldiers has been convicted and can face the death penalty. Testi ony is to continue Tuesday. (n :onday5 fa ily e bers said their lives have been ruined and it would be better if the soldiers had also killed the . ;efendant %teven <reen has been identified as the leader in the urder raid. 9e was convicted last week in +.%. ;istrict Court in ,entucky of urder5 rape and conspiracy. 9e and other soldiers illegaly entered the ho e of an Ira?i fa ily in 200A5 raped a @"-year-old girl5 killed her and her fa ily5 and set the ho e afire5 authorities said. - eena -l-*anabi testified through a translator :onday that her two grandsons were the first to arrive ho e and see that their fa ily e bers had been killed. The two boys were great students5 but have since refused to attend school5 the wo an said. They tare lost5 as if they are not living in this life5t *anabi said. -bid -bu .arras5 a cousin5 also spoke about the effect of the urders on the surviving brothers. Their tfutures are destroyed5t .arras said. tIf they had died with their fa ily5 they would have been better off.t The prosecution rested after four witnesses. .our other for er soldiers are in prison for their roles in the cri es and the cover-up that followed. They received sentences ranging fro 2> onths to @@0 years -- with the possibility of parole in @0 years in the ost severe cases. They were convicted and sentenced in a ilitary court. <reen ight beco e the first for er +.%. soldier to face the death penalty for war cri es before a civilian court. 'hen the killings beca e public in 200A5 so e Ira?i officials de anded that - erican soldiers accused of cri es against civilians face prosecution in Ira?i courts. A9ST:7A ST9NNE. B; SEH AB9SE CASE T'e +e2( #'a# a ma+ ma4 'a3e mp" (/+e% ' ( %a*!'#e" + a cella" &/" 24 4ea"( a+% &a#'e"e% 'e" (e3e+ c' l%"e+ 'a( bee+ %e(c" be% a( /+e /& #'e 2/"(# ca(e( + A*(#" aG( c" m +al ' (#/"4. *osef .ritFl5 aged >35 is in police custody and is still being ?uestioned. )olice say he has confessed to the alleged cri es and that his confession is supported by ;6- evidence. They do not believe anyone else was involved in his daughterLs incarceration. The picture that is beginning to e erge is of a an who led a double life. In public he appeared to be a respectable e ber of the co unity5 living in - stetten with his wife 1ose arie5 with who he had seven grown-up children. /ut the results of ;6- tests announced on Tuesday confir he had a second5 secret fa ily with his daughter &lisabeth5 who police say he lured into a cellar5 aged @E5 in @9E" and repeatedly abused. %he is believed to have borne hi seven children5 three of who he and 1ose arie adopted. Three children re ained in the cellar with their other. )olice say :r .ritFl has also confessed to burning the body of a seventh child shortly after it died in infancy. G8e"4 +#ell !e+#G >3

#ocal social services told the -ustrian )ress -gency that there appeared to be nothing suspicious about the fa ily and that :r .ritFl anaged to e!plain tvery plausiblyt how three of his infant grandchildren had turned up on his doorstep. - stettenLs local governor5 9ans-9einF #enFe5 told -ustriaLs public broadcaster (1. that the children had had regular visits fro social workers5 who never heard any co plaints or noticed anything to arouse their suspicions. 9e said they were well-behaved at school and fitted in well with their class ates. :r #enFe said that initially the disappearance of &lisabeth had given the social services cause for concern5 but that their investigations had not revealed any a=or discrepancies with :r .ritFlLs story that she had run away to =oin a sect. :r #enFe told a news conference on Tuesday that neither :r .ritFl nor his wife had any cri inal convictions at the ti e of the first adoption in @99". - ?ualified electrician5 the police described :r .ritFl as ta very intelligent ant who had put electric locks on the cellar roo s which could only be opened with a special code. :r .ritFl was allegedly able to supply his secret fa ily with clothes and food without arousing suspicion by shopping outside of - stetten. )olice say he had an e!cuse to travel away fro ho e as he owned so e land and could shop in other towns and deliver goods to the cellar dungeon in the evening5 unnoticed. BA7L7FFS C7LL BAN F7:7N6 69N 7N FLO:7.A CO9:T0O9SE ST. 5ETE:SB9:6= Fl/" %a ?A5@ -- - an who was supposed to be returning divorce papers at a courthouse pulled out a gun instead 'ednesday5 opening fire in the lobby before two bailiffs fatally shot hi . %everal people were in the lobby at the ti e5 but only one J a bailiff5 who was shot in the shoulder -- was in=ured. 9e was treated and released fro a hospital. <len #ee )owell5 305 entered the courthouse wearing a backpack shortly after @ p. . and approached a security checkpoint. - deputy ordered hi to re ove the pack and place it on a conveyor belt5 but instead5 he threw it on the ground and opened fire with a se iauto atic handgun5 )inellas County %heriffLs %gt. *i /ordner said. ;eputies /.*. #yons and :arvin <lover returned fire5 seriously wounding )owell5 who later died at a %t. )etersburg hospital. #yons5 a 2E-year-old firear s instructor5 was wounded. ;etectives were working to deter ine a otive5 /ordner said. 9e said )owellLs wife is safe and had been notified of his death. It is known that )owell hadnLt been upset about the divorce. The courthouse was closed after the shooting and is e!pected to resu e nor al business Thursday. tItLs unfortunate that a life was lost5 but the public5 e ployees5 =udges and others in the courthouse were properly protected5t said 1obert :orris5 the chief =udge of .loridaLs %i!th *udicial Circuit. Cassandra <rady5 "05 and her @2-year-old daughter went to the courthouse 'ednesday for a hearing and saw the an before the shooting. <rady told the %t. )etersburg Ti es that the an asked her where he could file a petition5 and that she saw a gun handle in his backpack. tI told y daughter5 L1un for your life.L Then I started running. I was trying to run to warn the . 9e started shooting. I heard a round of shots0 pop-pop-pop5 pop-pop-pop.t <rady was shocked but grateful. tI =ust want to say5 LThank you5 <od.L It could have been us.t >"

 bailiff - officer of =ustice S9S5ECTE. 5E.O507LE 0EL. AFTE: 6LOBAL BAN09NT ?CNN@ -- - suspected pedophile who beca e the sub=ect of an international anhunt earlier this week after an appeal fro Interpol has been detained in the +nited %tates5 a spokes an for the global police agency told C66 Thursday. 'ayne 6elson Corliss5 2>5 was arrested at his apart ent in +nion City5 6ew *ersey5 about idnight Thursday by +.%. I igration and Custo s &nforce ent agents5 Interpol said in a written state ent. Interpol on Tuesday announced it was atte pting to identify the an5 who was featured in @00 photographs se!ually abusing at least three boys between the ages of A and @05 it said. The i ages ca e to light in 200A5 when 6orwegian authorities discovered the in the possession of a an they arrested. They were believed to have been taken in %outheast -sia. Interpol posted si! pictures of the suspect on its 'eb site. tTwo days ago5 this anLs nationality5 identity and location were totally unknown5t Interpol %ecretary <eneral 1onald ,. 6oble said. t-ll we had to go by were a series of graphic photographs in which the suspect was seen se!ually abusing young children and our confidence that the public and police worldwide would once again respond to InterpolLs call for assistance. tThat two days later the pri ary suspect is now in custody is an outstanding achieve ent and credit to the citiFens5 edia and law enforce ent worldwide who responded to InterpolLs call.t The organiFation5 which facilitates global cooperation a ong police agencies5 said Thursday it received nearly 2205000 visits to its 'eb site within the first 2" hours after its appeal was launched -ore than @0 ti es the daily average. %uch tactics have proved successful for Interpol in the past. #ast (ctober5 it disse inated pictures of another an whose face appeared in ore than 200 i ages of se! acts with children5 thought to have been taken in uietna and Ca bodia. Ten days later5 Christopher )aul 6eil5 a 32-year-old Canadian who had been working as an &nglishlanguage teacher in %outh ,orea5 was arrested in Thailand and charged with child abuse after police anaged to reverse the photo- asking process. -fter the success of that operation5 InterpolLs general asse bly approved a resolution allowing Interpol to seek public help in child se! abuse investigations. BAB;<SNATC07N6 CASE EN.S 7N 5LEA .EAL 9N7ON= B ((/*" ?A5@ -- - wo an who assaulted a young other and kidnapped her newborn entered into a plea deal .riday5 and the prosecutor revealed additional details of the 200A attack. %hannon TorreF5 3E5 of #onedell5 :issouri5 is acused of child kidnapping5 ar ed cri inal action and first-degree assault. +nder the arrange ent5 she does not ad it guilt but there is sufficient evidence for a guilty verdict. )rosecutors are seeking a 30-year prison sentence. %entencing testi ony is set to begin :ay 2>. -bby 'oods was kidnapped %epte ber @25 200A. -uthorities said the babyLs other5 %tephenie (chsenbine5 then 2@5 allowed TorreF into the fa ily ho e5 where -bby lived along with her other5 her father5 *a es 'oods5 and her brother5 Connor. The two wo en lived =ust a few iles apart in the rural area about "2 iles southwest of %t. #ouis but did not know each other. .ranklin County prosecutor 1obert )arks said .riday that TorreF knocked at (chsenbineLs door5 said her car broke down and asked to use the phone. (nce inside5 she asked to use the bathroo 5 then ca e out pointing a gun at (chsenbine and said she was taking the baby. >2

'hen (chsenbine got between TorreF and -bby5 TorreF threw her down and stabbed her in the back5 )arks said. Connor5 then @ year old5 began to cry5 and TorreF told (chsenbine to ake the child be ?uiet or she would hurt hi 5 )arks said. TorreF then forced (chsenbine to hold Connor as she tied the to a chair5 )arks said. :o ents later5 (chsenbine anaged to free herself. TorreF struck her in the head5 knocking her to the floor5 )arks said. TorreF then choked (chsenbine until she passed out. (chsenbine awoke to find herself and Connor tied up in the bathroo 5 with -bby gone. .ive days after the kidnapping5 TorreFLs sister-in-law alerted police. The baby was unhar ed. (fficers found a gun wrapped in a shirt at %hannon TorreFLs ho e. ;6- tests showed that blood on the shirt and gun were fro (chsenbine. TorreFLs attorney said his clientLs ental state will be the focus of the sentencing hearing. 9e declined to elaborate but said TorreF had delivered a stillborn baby =ust before the kidnapping. (chsenbine sat in the front row of the courtroo .riday and showed little e otion. 'oods kept his ar around her throughout the hearing5 and the fa ily declined to co ent later. )arks described -bby as ta typical 2-year-old and doing really well.t 1OBAN 5LEA.S 697LT; TO C7LL7N6 B76AB7ST S5O9SE NO::7STO1N= 5e++(4l3a+ a -- - wo an pleaded guilty .riday to third-degree urder for killing her biga ist husband =ust hours before he was to leave for :orocco to visit his second wife. :yra :orton5 "E5 was upset about the new arriage and her husbandLs plans to have children with the younger wo an5 authorities have said. %he shot her ">-year-old husband5 *ereleigh :orton5 twice in the head in -ugust while he slept. %he faces fro five to 20 years in prison5 said defense lawyer /rian :c:onagle. tI donLt think thereLs any ?uestion in anybodyLs ind that the act was intentional5t :c:onagle said. t'e have always aintained that it was based on a lot of passion5 and it was caused by the e otional state that she was going through.t *ereleigh :orton et his second wife5 3>-year-old 7ahra Toural5 last year on the Internet5 prosecutors said. In keeping with :usli custo 5 :yra :orton traveled to :orocco to bless the arriage. 9er husband allegedly said that if she didnLt like it5 she should get a divorce. The :ortons had converted to Isla about 20 years ago. -s :yra :ortonLs resent ent about the second arriage grew5 she wrote the +.%. %tate ;epart ent a letter in -pril 200> in which she said Toural had terrorist ties. %he hoped the letter would keep Toural away fro the +.%.5 authorities have said. Toural last onth responded with a defa ation suit against :yra :orton. :yra :orton spent about 20 years working at Te ple +niversity as a secretary before she and her husband received a reported ~E illion edical settle ent in 2002 over the death of a teenage daughter. They oved with their surviving daughter fro a 6orth )hiladelphia rowhouse to a ~@ illion house in the suburbs. t-ll she 4:orton8 cares about are that her daughter and her granddaughter get their inheritance5 and are provided for5t :c:onagle said. tThat is always a concern5 particularly when you have so any hands reaching for this oney.t .9BA7 CO9:T DA7LS BO;GS 078 :A57ST .9BA7 ?CNN@ -- - court in ;ubai sentenced two en 'ednesday to @2 years in prison for the rape and kidnapping of a @2-year-old .rench boy. The boyLs other5 ueroni?ue 1obert5 was visibly upset after the sentence was read and pro ised to appeal. >A

1obert5 a .rench =ournalist5 brought the case to the ediaLs attention in recent onths in an effort to shed light on what she dee ed to be in=ustices in the pro-'estern e irate of ;ubai. %he refrained fro asking the death penalty for her sonLs attackers5 but said she hoped the sentence would be uch longer. - spokes an for the ;ubai govern ent5 9abib al :ulla5 told C66 the sentence was in accordance with international standards and was not lenient. tTodayLs verdict has proven that the syste is efficient and is fair to all parties involved5t al :ulla said. The case began in *uly5 when the two en5 3A and @E5 kidnapped and raped the .rench teenager frightining with a knife. -l :ulla said police action was swift and arrests were ade within 2" hours. /ut 1obert has said the case was botched fro the start5 beginning with her sonLs e!a ination by a doctor who said her son was gay. 9o ose!uality in ;ubai is illegal5 and the teen could have faced as uch as a year in prison. 1obertLs son has since returned to .rance and was not in court for 'ednesdayLs sentencing. 1obert has also said ;ubai authorities repeatedly hided evidence -- confir ed in court papers -- that one of the attackers was 9Iu-positive. 1obert said her son5 who is still awaiting test results to find out whether he has the virus5 could have gotten treat ent uch sooner had they known. ;ubai authorities deny any evidence was hiden. The other has already filed suit in courts in )aris and <eneva5 %witFerland seeking co pensation fro %heikh ,halifa5 president of the +nited -rab & irates5 and the pri e inister and vice president of ;ubai5 %heikh :oha ed al :aktou . %he is also suing others5 including the ;ubai police chief. 1obert started a 'eb site over the su er5 boycottdubai.co 5 de anding better treat ent for children who suffer se!ual assault there. -t a press conference last onth5 she proclai ed5 t'e are here because I =ust would like first =ustice for y sonG and second for every girl and boy who was raped and even had no chance to speak.t 1obert said she will drop all her pending cases if the govern ent sets up rape clinics5 recogniFes the status of rape victi s5 and takes precautions after rape against se!ually-trans itted diseases. In the wake of 'ednesdayLs verdict5 1obert said a ;ubai govern ent official told her the e irate plans to open its first rape clinic5 which she said was a s all victory 9Iu J CICANOE BAN T:7E. TO B9; CATABA:AN$ LON.ON= E+!la+% ?CNN@ -- The /ritish an who reappeared five years after he was thought to have drowned changed his identity during his disappearance and tried to buy a cata aran to go tsailing around the world5t a boat dealer said .riday. It co es as a =udge in 9artlepool :agistratesL Court in northeast &ngland granted police another 3A hours to ?uestion *ohn ;arwin5 2>. 1obert 9opkin5 of <ibraltar5 said ;arwin ca e to see hi in 6ove ber 2002 over the sale of a A0foot cata aran worth "25000 4~9@50008. <ibraltar is a /ritish territory on the southern tip of %pain. 9opkin said ;arwin introduced hi self as *ohn *ones and that he acted ta little bit suspicious.t ;arwin walked into a police station in #ondon last week5 and clai ed to have a nesia. 9e was arrested late Tuesday on suspicion of fraud. 9is wife5 -nne5 is believed to be in the +nited %tates after leaving )ana a on a flight late Thursday5 a )ana anian i igration representative told C66. %he collected his life insurance oney in 20035 after he was officially declared dead. >>

9opkin5 the boat dealer5 described his eeting with ;arwin to C66. t9e said the boat was for hi and his partner and he was going sailing around the world5t 9opkin said. t9e see ed suspicious of e. 9e see ed suspicious of everyone.t The cata aran owner said he only realiFed ;arwin was the sa e an who had co e to visit hi when he received a call fro police in /ritain investigating the issing an5 who had traced paperwork to his business. (n Thursday5 the coupleLs sons said they feared they ay have been the victi s of a thuge sca t carried out by their own parents. In a =oint state ent released by police5 ;arwinLs sons5 :ark5 3@5 and -nthony5 295 said they were in an tangry and confused state of indt and they wanted no further contact with their parents. - Cleveland )olice spokeswo an said .riday they wanted to speak to -nne ;arwin. t-t this stage we do not know of her location. 9owever we can confir that if and when :rs. ;arwin does appear in /ritain then police want to speak to her as a atter of urgency5t the spokeswo an said. -nne ;arwin was tracked down by reporters to her new Central - erican ho e in )ana a City where she oved si! weeks ago. The /ritish tabloid newspaper the ;aily :irror reported that the wife broke down crying when she was shown a photograph5 which appeared to show her posing with her husband in the )ana anian capital last year. SBOCE: T:7E. TO O5EN 5LANE .OO: The wo an was arrested when the plane landed in -ustralia - .rench wo an has ad itted atte pting to open an airplane door id-flight so that she could s oke a cigarette. %andrine 9elene %ellies5 3"5 who has a fear of flying5 had drunk alcohol and taken sleeping tablets ahead of the flight fro 9ong ,ong to /risbane. %he was seen on the Cathay )acific plane walking towards a door with an unlit cigarette and a lighter. %he then began ta pering with the e ergency e!it until she was stopped by a flight attendant. ;efence lawyer 9elen %hilton said her client had no e ory of what had happened on the flight on %aturday5 and that she had a history of sleepwalking. %he pleaded guilty to endangering the safety of an aircraft at /risbane :agistrates Court and was given a @2- onth -~@5000 4"298 good behaviour bond she will forfeit the oney if she co its another offence. The .rench tourist was at the start of a threeweek holiday in -ustralia with her husband.

L9CC; L9C7ANO b4+ame /& C'a"le( L*c a+/= /" ! +al +ame Sal3a#/"e L*ca+ a #ucky #uciano 4born 6ov. @@5 @E9A5 #ercara .riddi5 %icily5 Italydied *an. 2A5 @9A25 Capodicino -irport5 6aples8 the ost powerful chief of - erican organiFed cri e in the early @930s and a a=or influence even fro prison5 @93AJ"25 and after deportation to Italy in @9"A. #uciano i igrated with his parents fro %icily to 6ew vork City in @90A and5 at the age of @05 was already involved in ugging5 shoplifting5 and e!tortionG in @9@A he spent si! onths in =ail for selling heroin. (ut of =ail5 he tea ed up with .rank Costello and :eyer #ansky and other young gangstersG he earned his nickna e B#uckyC for success at evading arrest and winning craps ga es. In @920 he =oined the ranks of 6ew vorkLs rising cri e boss5 *oe :asseria5 and by @922 had beco e :asseriaLs chief lieutenant5 directing bootlegging5 prostitution5 narcotics distribution5 and other rackets. In (ctober @929 he beca e the rare gangster to survive a Bone-way rideCG he was abducted by four en in a car5 beaten5 stabbed repeatedly with an ice pick5 had his throat slit fro ear to ear5 and was left for dead on >E

a %taten Island beachbut survived. 9e never na ed his abductors. %oon after5 he changed his na e to #uciano. The bloody gang war of @930J3@ between :asseria and rival boss %alvatore :aranFano was anathe a to #uciano and other young racketeers who decried the publicity and loss of business5 oney5 and efficiency. (n -pril @25 @93@5 #uciano lured :asseria to a Coney Island restaurant and had hi assassinated by four loyalists5 uito <enovese5 -lbert -nastasia5 *oe -donis5 and /ugsy %iegel. %i! onths later5 on %epte ber @05 he had :aranFano urdered by four *ewish gun en loaned by :eyer #ansky. #uciano had carefully nurtured his contacts with all the young powers in gangdo and had beco e capo di tutti capi 4Bboss of all the bossesC85 without ever accepting or clai ing the title. /y @93" he and the leaders of other cri e Bfa iliesC had developed the national cri e syndicate or cartel. Then5 in @9325 6ew vork special prosecutor Tho as &. ;ewey bore down on #uciano5 gathering evidence of his brothel and call-girl e pire and related e!tortion. In @93A he was indicted5 tried5 and convicted and was sentenced to Clinton )rison at ;anne ora5 6.v.5 for a 30-to-20-year ter . .ro his cell #uciano continued to rule and issue orders. In @9"25 after the lu!ury line B6or andieC blew up in 6ew vork 9arbor5 6avy intelligence sought #ucianoLs help in tightening waterfront security. #uciano gave the ordersG sabotage on the docks endedG and in @9"A his sentence was co uted and he was deported to Italy5 where he settled in 1o e. In @9"> he oved to Cuba5 to which all the syndicate heads ca e to pay ho age and cash. /ut the pressure of public opinion and the +.%. narcotics bureau forced the e barrassed Cuban regi e to deport hi . 9e ended up in 6aples5 where he continued to direct the drug traffic into the +nited %tates and the s uggling of aliens to - erica. 9e died of a heart attack in 6aples in @9A2 and was buried in %t. *ohnLs Cathedral Ce etery5 kueens5 6.v. BATA 0A:7 .9TC0 .ANCE: In the fall of @9@>5 a .rench ilitary court sentenced the ;utch dancer known as :ata 9ari to death. Charged with spying for the <er an 1eich5 she was e!ecuted on (ctober @25 in uincennes. 'as she guilty or notI 'hile that ?uestion has do inated traditional historical debate5 it see s less significant than the fact that the cultural i age- akers5 catering to ale fantasies5 turned :ata 9ari into a legendary figure that fulfilled the stereotype of wo an as evil te ptress The daughter of a prosperous hatter5 she attended a teachersL college in #eiden. In @E92 she arried an officer of %cottish origin5 Captain Ca pbell :ac#eod5 and fro @E9> to @902 they lived in *ava and %u atra. The couple returned to &urope but later separated5 and she began to dance professionally in )aris 4@9028 under the na e of #ady :ac#eod. %he soon called herself :ata 9ari5 said to be a :alay e!pression for the sun 4literally5 Beye of the dayC8. Tall5 e!tre ely attractive5 superficially ac?uainted with &ast Indian dances5 and willing to appear virtually nude in public5 she was an instant success in )aris and other large cities. Throughout her life she had nu erous lovers5 any of the ilitary officers. The facts regarding her espionage activities re ain obscure. /ecause of her international background J and probably also due to her nu erous affairs with ilitary officers - she began to associate with various secret services on both sides. (n @3 .ebruary5 @9@>5 :ata 9ari was arrested in her roo at the 9otel )laFa -thne in )aris. %he was put on trial5 accused of spying for <er any and conse?uently causing the deaths of at least 205000 soldiers. %he was held in %aint-#aFare prison while awaiting trial and interrogated no less than seventeen ti es before facing an actual ilitary =ury. The prison had no baths so the only way she could clean herself was in a s all bowl that was so eti es brought to her cell. The institution itself was generally filthy5 so ething that greatly distressed the fastidious :ata 9ari. %he was isolated fro other prisoners. This ay have been for her own protection since her fellow in ates ay well have wanted to e!act their >9

own =ustice upon a <er an spy but it grated on the sensibilities of the e!troverted suspect. %ince her arrest was kept secret fro the public5 she was not allowed to write to anyone. %he was per itted no clean changes of clothing and allowed only @2 inutes a day for solitary e!ercise outside of her cell. :ata 9ari wrote protests against the severe conditions of her confine ent. In one such issive she wrote5 tvou have ade e suffer too uch. I a co pletely ad. I beg of you5 put an end to this. I a a wo an. I cannot support what is above y strength.t In another she pleaded5 tI beg of you5 stop aking e suffer in this prison. I a so weakened by this syste and the cell is driving e ad. I have not done any espionage in .rance . . . #et e have provisional liberty. ;onHt torture e here.t %he wrote in vain. .inally she was found guilty and was e!ecuted by firing s?uad on @2 (ctober5 @9@>5 at the age of "@. ;uring 'orld 'ar I5 her fre?uent traveling across international borders and her varied co panions caused several countries to wonder if she was a spy or even a double-agent. :any people who et her say that she was sociable5 but =ust not s art enough to pull off such a feat. AN.:E C07CAT7LOF T0E :OSTO8 :755E: -ndrei Chikatilo was one of the worldLs ost prolific and barbaric serial killers. -lthough he was e!tre ely tall and attractive5 Chikatilo was always shy with girls and believed hi self to be i potent. 9owever5 in @9A3 his younger sister Taytana introduced hi to a friend of hers na ed .ayina. Things clicked5 and he and .ayina arried that sa e year. They had two children5 a daughter #ud illa in @9A2 and a son vuri in @9A9. They lived an outwardly nor al fa ily life. Chikatilo graduated fro 1ostov +niversity and beca e a teacher for a brief ti e5 but he was eventually caught olesting so e students5 which led to his e!pulsion fro the profession. /y the end of @9>E Chikatilo had urdered his first victi 5 #ena 7akotnova5 in %hankty5 1ussia. 9e didnLt kill again for three years5 but over the ne!t nine years he tortured5 urdered and cannibaliFed at least 2@ ore wo en and children. 1ussian authorities at first refused to believe that a serial killer could operate in their idst -that sort of thing only occurred in degenerate capitalist societies -- but ChikatiloLs victi s began turning up so often and in so any places that the authorities finally were forced to ad it that a onster was indeed loose a ong the . - task force consisting of the best ho icide detectives in the country was assigned to hunt down and capture the killer 4although they had no idea it was Chikatilo8. 9e was finally captured on 6ove ber 205 @9905 when a police an noticed hi acting suspiciously at a railroad station5 detained hi 5 and further investigation revealed that he had =ust co itted three urders. Chikatilo confessed to 22 killings -- although due to the initial indifference and inco petence of the authorities itLs been esti ated that he likely co itted at least twice that any before he was finally caught -- but was charged with only 23. 9is trial opened on -pril @"5 @9925 with victi sL relatives screa ing for retribution. Chikatilo acted like a raving aniac throughout the trial5 rolling his eyes5 oving back and forth5 contorting his face and hurling curses at spectators and the =udge5 a ong others. (n (ctober @"5 @9925 -ndrei Chikatilo was convicted of 22 urders -- one charge was dropped for lack of evidence -- and five counts of child olestation. The ne!t day he was given 22 death sentences and taken to 6ovocherkassk )rison in the 1ostov-on-;on region of 1ussia. %i!teen onths later5 on .ebruary @"5 @99"5 his death sentence was carried out in the anner prescribed by 1ussian law -- a single bullet to the back of the head. T0E FO:6E: 10O FOOLE. T0E 1O:L. 0ANS 8AN BEE6E:EN .orgers5 by nature5 prefer anony ity and therefore are rarely re e bered. -n e!ception is uan :eegeren 4@EE9-@9">8. uan :eegerenLs story is absoltuely uni?ue and ay be =ustly considered the ost dra atic art sca of the 20th c.

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9is life of artistic cri e began after his work was de eaned by art critics. :otivated by revenge5 he set out to e barrass his detractors by tputting one overt on the . 9is forgeries were so good that his tuer eerst were accepted as genuine. In :ay @9"2 uan :eegeren was arrested5 charged with collaborating with the ene y and i prisoned. 9is na e had been traced to the sale ade during the second world war of what was then believed to be an authentic uer eer to 6aFi .ield-:arshal 9er ann <oering. %hortly after5 to general disbelief5 uan :eegeren ca e up with a very original defense against the accusation of collaboration5 then punishable by death. 9e clai ed that the painting5 The .oman !a+en in %dultery5 was not a uer eer but rather a forgery by his own hand. :oreover5 since he had traded the false uer eer for 200 original ;utch paintings seiFed by <oering in the beginning of the war5 uan :eegeren believed that he was in fact a national hero rather than a 6aFi collaborator. 9e also clai ed to have painted five other tuer eerLs5t as well as two t)ieter de 9ooghLst all of which had surfaced on the art arket since @93>. In @9"> the trial took place and in order to de onstrate his case it was arranged that5 before the court under police guard5 he would paint another tuer eer5t (esus %mong the #octors5 using the aterials and techni?ues he had used for the other forgeries. ;uring the incredible two year trial uan :eegeren had confessed that tspurred by the disappoint ent of receiving no acknowledge ents fro artists and critics....I deter ined to prove y worth as a painter by aking a perfect @>th century canvas.t -t the end of the trial collaboration charges were changed to forgery and uan :eegeren was conde ned to one year in confine ent. uan :eegeren was actually tickled to get only one year in =ail. tTwo years5t he told a reporter5 tis the a!i u punish ent for such a thing. I know because I looked it up in our laws twelve years ago5 before I started all this. /ut sir5 IL sure about one thing0 if I die in =ail they will =ust forget all about it. :y paintings will beco e original uer eers once ore. I produced the not for oney but for artLs sake.t -t the age of 2E5 he fell ill due to years of drug and alcohol abuse and died of a heart attack in prison. In @920 household effects were auctioned in his house at 32@ ,eiFersgracht in - sterda . n all he ade ore that seven illion guilders5 about ~2 illion then and roughly about twenty ti es that a ount today. In his last years uan :eegeren lived the high life and had purchased a nu ber of houses until he was caught. 'hat van :eegeren did was orally5 ethically and legally wrong5 but he certainly anaged to find a way to achieve lasting fa e as a painter. CESA:E LOBB:OSO 7TAL7AN 50;S7C7AN AN. C:7B7NOLO67ST Cesare #o broso5 @E32-@9095 Italian cri inologist and physician. In @E>A he published a pa phlet setting forth his theory of the origin of cri inal traits. In the study5 later enlarged into the fa ous LFuomo delin&uente he co pared anthropological easure ents and developed the concept of the atavistic5 or born5 cri inal. #o broso populariFed the notion of the born criminal through biological deter inis 5 clai ing that cri inals have particular physiogno ic attributes or defor ities. Ehysiognomy atte pts to esti ate character and personality traits fro physical features of the face or the body. 'hereas ost individuals evolve5 the violent cri inal had devolved5 and therefore cri inals were societal or evolutionary regressions. If cri inality was inherited5 then the born criminal could be distinguished by physical atavistic stigmata5 such as0 large =aws5 forward pro=ection of =aw5 low sloping foreheads high cheekbones5 flattened or upturned nose handle-shaped ears large chins5 very pro inent in appearance hawk-like noses or fleshy lips hard shifty eyes5 scanty beard or baldness E@

 insensitivity to pain5 long ar s. 9e atte pted to construct a purported scientific ethodology in order to predict cri inal behavior and isolate individuals capable of the ost violent types of cri inal activity. #o broso advocated the study of individuals using easure ents and statistical ethods in co piling anthropological5 social5 and econo ic data . -long with the natural origin of the cri e and its social conse?uences5 various re edies can then be provided to the cri inal5 which would offer the greatest effects. #o broso clai ed that the odern cri inal was the savage throwback of tdegenerationt. #o broso concluded that skull and facial features were clues to genetic cri inality. These features could be easured with cranio eters and calipers5 and the easure ents analyFed by ?uantitative research. #o broso assu ed that whites were superior to non-whites by heredity5 and that -fricans were the first hu an beings that evolved upwards and positively to yellow then white. 1acial develop ent was signified by social progress fro pri itive to odern5 tonly we white people have reached the ulti ate sy etry of bodily for t #o broso stated in @E>@ #o brosoLs studies of fe ale cri inality began with easure ents of fe alesL skulls and photographs in his search for tatavis t. 9e found that fe ale cri inals were rare and showed few signs of tdegenerationt because they had Bevolved less than en due to the inactive nature of their livesC. 9e asserted that wo en were lower on the evolutionary scale5 ore childlike5 and less intelligent. #o broso argued it was the fe alesL natural passivity that withheld the fro breaking the law5 as they lacked the intelligence and initiative to beco e cri inal. .urther5 wo en who co it cri es had different physical characteristics5 such as e!cessive body hair5 wrinkles5 and an abnor al craniu . 9owever5 #o broso is still credited with turning attention fro the legalistic study of cri e to the scientific study of the cri inal. #o broso advocated hu ane treat ent of cri inals and li itations on the use of the death penalty.

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B7BL7O6:A50;F @. 2. 3. ". /radgate5 1.G 'hite5 .. -ommercial Law. +%-0 (!ford +niversity )ress5 200A. @000 p. Constitution of the 1epublic of :oldova5 adopted on *uly 295 @99". 32 p. :artin5 -. Gxford #ictionary of Law. (!ford +niversity )ress. 222 p. (prea5 6. -urs de limba engle@K pentru studenLii facultKLilor cu profil juridic. /uc.0 (scar )rint5 @999. 2EE p. 2. Tuculescu5 :. 6nglish for Legal Eurposes. Eart 5. /ucharest0 Cavallioti5 200". @9> p. A. Tuculescu5 :.G Chefneu!5 <. 6nglish for Legal Eurposes. Eart 55. /ucharest0 Cavallioti5 200". 20E p. >. 'yatt5 1. -hec+ Iour 6nglish Mocabulry on Law. #ondon0 -C /lack5 200>. E@ p. E. TQm[P5 z.z.5 NOPQPRSTUPV WSOSXYQ. ZO[U\PRSTUPV U]OT. n[V_PO0 xp5 200>. @29 V. 9. \mOW[PO5 .x.G p[N[TwPO-nO_-NQ z.. (ust 6nglish. ^_`aPVTUPV Qab cOPT\YX. n[V_PO0 pW[N\V5 2009. 222 V. @0. qOPT[PO5 y.p.G Qr_QWO5 .. Branches of Law. ^_`aPVTUPV bdeU Qab cOPT\YX. [VR[PWO-[W\0 SWQ_V5 2002. 3@A V. @@. SPSTwPO5 o.. 6nglish for Lawyers. n[V_PO0 5 2000. "93 V. @. 2. 3. ". 2. A. 7NTE:NET AN. ELECT:ON7C SO9:CESF -//v #I6<u( @2 www.bbc.co www.biography.co DnotoriousDcri efiles www.cnn.co Dcri e www.onestopenglish.co www.wikipedia.org

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