ELECTRC NIC. ENGINEERING 25STUDIES IN ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGI! ERING fer Ease Comer The Solr Cae) fe Soap, Charge Transpo ang eto with hi Apo ‘on (ted 'by Waa, Perizan and oka) Tntpated Puetioa acs Nowa Operational Ampere (Dosti High Freeney Appeton ef Semicondcir Deve (F Koes ectomametieCompatiny in feao Enpsenng Rains Design o igh Pitormance Negative Feedback Antes aot Disscte Feuer Transormato andi Appeston a Pove Spears Binsin (Ge and aves ‘Tranint Phenomena Elesteat Mahe (PK. Kev) ‘Theory of Sac Conte Systems Mathai Avan wl Teter Birt A Steady State Proce (Sonim) oe rues re er a by MeN nd Rnd Reliab o Anioge Elssrme Syaene Risen) Fetet fcc et Malek Gap Theory Applation tothe Cleultion of ler! Networks i) EA Cures in nar Cndring Meta arr a Kes) Sore tC te et ay Micromachining an Micropacagig of Trane ited by Fung, Cheong Ko and Femi) pe Nonlinear sod Environmental Eletromagnatics (lied by Kikuchi) Mizonate Measurement of Comper Permtivy by Fee Space Matos and ‘Thei Aptos (ust sed Baa ‘ol Ste Devs 1965 oe by alk so Fol) Penoscte Rotor: Sed her Appts (Zl) [pe Power Tramsonmes ara Reon sd) STUDIES 1.8 ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING 25 Large Power Transformers K. KARSAI D. Se. eno Eid Pn aah D. KERENYID. Se. per L.Kiss DS a ELSEVIER ‘Amsteam - Oxford - New York ~ Tokyo 1987i kisi pi vein nat see eae ‘edn of ok iby yey me fetheUSA nd Cole fees Earn oie en ps ee Kr, Repbrneatc ola Rice iid ee pe Hane ova aki Bo eon potent ti urn tnt oe inca hem erro cormmatomry autism 9 A004 SSiShomyenn ny aan en ec Scena PREFACE “The Hungarian version ofthis book was publishes more than tn yes pos rin im as ol he xpi tbe tear due the appearance of ew mapetic tu inating mater and he substan nr of ating aed lag its Ser thn several now requirments have been added such a the ses wing inray mapnte fl, reonance phenomena duet slang Sitching ove Volings the survey af mechanic dsp, the review of ai arena, By {ranging fr puicaton af ths Eghth eon, Eker Scenes Pubisher and ‘Atami Kid ave made pail Tor us to inde these eguiemens the tex In partic, we apps hi understanding ofthe problem ete {othe intone th latest RAD ree in traormerenpncerne In 195, the {Oithsonivenary ofthe invention ofthe antormer and its pari operon was cleat by amos al he nding manaatures of the Wor a nerrational meting in Bape "The tore desist ths Book 1 the memory of thos expects om all ove ‘he word who, trough 00 years ominous development contd the Present siateasheart of tanforme enacting "Chapes-3 were rien by Dr K. Karsh, Chaplr eS by DD Kesé- syhand Chapie 6087 by De. KiCONTENTS: ‘Ta ye agro f aeme pron by K, Kr Pron earn thet Seep aor Sse cee es ‘the direction of roling . ‘itn de cea dn toc nen ye ain pte ‘ston odo! oe tn re peroa ing K Ks Inga ee ‘Ale compo fh imple otage Indusne component of be pane etapt Imps age of eet some Commacon a ane ining and pial operation o tan Sorc res md petomen ia wasn ‘art esl owning sorte Dynamo wind hot ein Dymo thoes co wing wh ned amp Dynamic it sot wits with enblne nee Spe meds ‘Saylor pr of rmtrme Dy Src prs ean he pot fu of ay Smee and Dette topestve se of sracunl pars and conesposing int ey 7 Nr sd amc meh ene Festal cod fr etn los ape Edy cet onin Hoes non mgsetimeria in nat he ae the mate er en pes “Te damned fr alton of a te Ely wet lowe eed by the Bo ih erent exrying Frvee meres agua ekage i lagna elo 322 (0. Ren Yt RS me I lag ci a iy te {si le to in (rang ee Sree aleie n {ito fwlage dtibatn wea «Rompe: wang by ‘iting of warms hig pp winding eplig ae oem ‘Ginsian of wage itboton ning te to Caton of ese imposed by elaine svching pet sionma ra aed ian Scie pate et “Tmt is cng of amore by Li) ‘Gantry wamineap and cot phexomens enpetre oo we tn nie Ps der he ls ane ‘Seite perature ls abe ting Sinsation he ln sempre ra exe “hte ewer ern er a ts : SRERESE SESSEE e888 38 Ga Fwy i of te ti er dat etd or lining te mre emgertre drop of sete Sian ct npn op ih Eutine reli the mre temper drop f sins ‘hep nig ‘hse eat water in aed ace eerie op Et of ly one sie ure ener cop “Tempus at tc of at er oe deen he ng nisi et der coset ‘Cl ade ge etn ftw he i of bat6 as eat dissipation friars by convection wih ature and ol ow (eon oat roster Sapam Tat rans afr a ole ats Iya dame ‘iid sto tpt drop te ae ecg Tar dipaon up ation eat eng nation nce uel mie Menten: y ran fr anced sy Dave trator coving ose earne . Secon dn ob ha ene Comacton os HDLW aa csr Shes ‘ect pc nn pte de ggggeas 2, Smt ye mer Ma Limb cnging 124 Design fing to of be ation ene 125 Daipn tee te 7341 Seen canon sce 751 Gulag pila dso mdi dyr Set index1. InE PHYSICAL BACKGROUND OF TRANSFORMER OPERATION 1.1 Principal factors ia the early development of transformers Asis fen the case with ew tecnica! idea ferent authors wing about he tassormer ar sarpsingly insonasent ther views of he eyo a Invention, Undoubely, Fada’ exernons and Merwe heretea le ‘tad th theory afeettonaenete ede spt propery on whe he oping Dine ofthe wranformer i ase, Development of he tant ney haracteil ty the importa ses telow ‘nA, Faraday induced s tgs ple arose the secondary termina a it erent apparats (Fp 1b imerapig theo of Greco th 836 6G, Page repeated the experimen in his pence device tat woul ody Se ‘ale an atsrasorme Tn 83, NJ Calon gaa peated te experince Faraday ‘the GANZ Factory in Bodapet (xg an icon foundry estab the ‘wes Swi irontoundee, Abeaham Gane in Hed the ist elnedone {eisormer wat buon Teh Septemer, 1864 under te guitare ot De (©. Blt and K Zipeorat, The capac a ths ransormer was [400 VA, freuen 40a ands otge to 10/72 Vig 12) The GAN@ lover ser he fet to we the ern “eaormerin th ptetappeations mime ceil tom the Latin, They had ther vention plete i some coun af mae omer importance a that ine. Wah ae exception thet spain ot xen wees Thefleambes same oth mare enporia tetra {2791187 asin Aust Hunearian Monaray, Sb 385 neg XT Ise "ay, $201 in he United Kingdom and 352108 the USA, ‘M0. Doivo-Dobrovolsy. an enuoer morkng with AEG io. Gemany, lnveted the thease tanfrner in 190 ann he sme yen te fit ok ‘oldies transformer mas consrcedby own, Tell css wo. hase nition system opened the Wa to igh capuics ad olgsecls A Den anfomer designers ar asing at 2000MVA capac, and es of ‘SODLY vtiage ratiag are sow tthe stas of experimen operon nthe fd of crasormer evelopment nd prosction he ope Vlg it chile appeas foe somenterebusen 1300 and 2000, wth tomes limi tying Stound S000MVA. Wich rowing capucien an he tncrosne relay of products inservice is demanded of ower rasmisionsyters The sino rutfrmer Bed onthe expect’ tad aod shes foe lrogrney voltage ress orginting on the network tnd those caused by 'phinng apd switching puver Hone te proving grower imsxcongdisposal eat loses andthe determination oflcal hot pots resulting eo ay smectic complies wth reqementcl veer by spestping uptodate tet tmatio ot progress in this eld by ao sean cpl. This te para) ‘Teturgs es spree for jdgng the ste of ination ive inficent ‘noomtion for eer te lcton of nterealcicargso he dee of rar ‘octal wih thn no measuring or computing ethos ae Yet known or icing ho pots ad only very ew shore borate aalbe which Seca of pevoning tne sou oe on ats of very highs pitta vapor proelms ave ob ce y soe dees A present tbe ronan ra anor o 3 ons ranformes ised aed, bu evelopment ‘engineers ail conceen themselves with the problem of transporting tare "Tanololl wanes in secent ded ave scestome the development apne toroid changey phenomenon which hae be taken scout Sen considering the fiore of traormers. For ten to twenty yeas the Traore illuysemsinaninporantenentf power systems isntcasy {predict wintrew eau i erased in thy oceme Tn any ces he rent seat heart sey as inportnt inka thechaileaingntothe ature. “Teesnples tansomerieavo-vingingcomtesctio consisting of heave cloment selon cov aod two nding ndtv) copied with the coe, ‘Teewsningofaweronding tanforner re singed eter yt sie ‘ain he vlogs ese In ergo he serie condone supplied Sfoding ee the primary, and he loads winding the secondary. Tn ters of Thr glee the eas igh-Ylage winding and low-voltage winging Sat “pte oma ew very ind apltions(geeratoasorme, tmecallogea! frase tasfonmer ec) ether winding may acta primary ot ‘Seondrydepenaing om the at condom, ween the ele th ih: a {Geenlape windings obviously cannot be ntchungd ll “The prin of operation of he apfomer can bes be undetsod 0 est apposition by cosieig the operation of Tose ans, The los itetanormes one wie tbe ronan ofthe windings and theyre {y.crentlans of the rn sre eae ele te woload oan of Shi'a tasforme, ie, when no Tending pence Is comeced across ‘Seondry emote oly a ppt axe eon core peak ale @) Sha urns; aed Mole primary abd secondary windings ae ed with tartan Th hs idea case Fi 13) he ntantaneou ve of play voage is wensd the instantaneous al of ondary votge Indes and 2ininte pina an secondary quai petals In then leadcondtion the of duction apples and te volo ing eel othe ‘sr ati) wl be nthe shri condion the secondary winding of the rane ie shot ‘ree. The primary volage shen uit wen and ayeo. ‘os fis approximation the x stibton represented ia Fig 14. The Bis truion Seen, basal on wheter te our a nner wang sho. ‘Sous ond) A common ature of tet ae tha heres eta Lot Ok|he se win Aux tnkage tthe shor circ winding Tiss because here no preset in {he care when the wining nce to he cre shorted, whee ihe ‘outs winding shore he winding sind witha eal umber of poste td ‘ive i nes. Inte sor sete endo the wanfoer estat re Mts The instantancous rales. and so thems vloetin theses conn, ‘tae curent are invessely roprnal tothe number ns Forte cent ra the notion = commonly et In the noon couiton te fx develops practical inthe core oly, that both nding arid with he ae fist Unde ad and eer mores nthe ‘ower condon te tare ofthe winding re inked with Motes of iret fngnitade, Tat swt the cone ofl x inkapsintroduct obalned pr ading the aac kd ih the as ofthe inne ee Ekatan toe Eats | = = =—=—S—sSsem Shiataigersat rea tA ne nt et cnn a tin Simatic and vow E Nata ‘Ther it tee wing a en ing in sy ‘ete odin tora ang nd conto Tag ‘emanate presen lth tl hetures ato wll lons bee Forth teprsenttion ofan oad condition af ea ransforme the equalent ieutip nodes (ig 13) lath eat nga th stray reaiaces Ry and ‘Xl om te stray fae the pear an secondary wings we Aut Myetinol,In the above relations ~ 2a isthe angular frequency f isthe frequency and Lt tnetetge naan dam he snp tok piney lat fink oa he onary ln snag eed tem. etnion fe Pinry can prime on te Senso na wen Rvs ‘Thesetagrams canbe cont y wn open rom henoad and shortcut menremens bt exn aba Ne ered yew, ‘mation shown ier Inthe Gest agra a quits sere aoe ‘sine es oh primary oto the scons he epee que Sto igtirantore aa creda ots {Ft ote sce 8 fo Kxp te lose ad Tene owes unchanged. Toe ‘leaton ree he numer fens y= en dlgray se {ed th number N=, hen esting tothe sonny oe Te soos ‘tie each pry nee, ac ranorme thal of ay taken rg dhl of 1, a5 ow Unrate conte fry cen igi re Crier of mite tn th ating cea and cerpondingy te Src of map lowe fae _ Thine eqelent cc ofthe nforme te estan loses an oe aes wakes mo ean oe wth he thing cent Ths tan ee of ndings can Sve no eimai a seedy ie aves The say ‘scan ao bespt into opr cston ache gear imped nto to ea prs ky Tn geen ees he asf estan andy Yenc adie penn Se rele at ae(B Teva yd ta ent w= (2) a (2) xa tli nce rou ae pe ‘resistance Ry andthe excitation eeactance by X,. The curest owing through ‘esstane Ris Nat that hough esctance XT, The estan fcatent nd theo oa erent towing mrss he iar terminalia he nd Due tothe sone excitation characteris ofthe cor the instantaneous Valu of caret fy wil bea nominal function of tne inthe ae o 2 Shui! spol elas, "The em tle fret J it the fpf and faethe ens aes of the I, 2nd an th ani the solodccrrnt Ini 1Sthe alge deren stor diagram taaig othe [ead curent Ff the anfomer repent For transformers of MVA up fo several handed MVA ratings the flowing pprosnateinforation canbe ies onthe quotes appearing tte egunent {ee The resistances aly oy loth ration R=, wheres he ny Fenctaneesny bea fe tines higher ha theese nama ror snd {en toity tines higher in rg nts nar unite he oo current non 19 ‘wo pete ofthe rated eure butnlrge tanner uly aw 48 tenho pe cet The acne component ofthe no oa euret 3 010 of the teat componen From thee date canbe son tht the fo patel tetwort cements and integer! est aren onder bout tetofout Ue higer tha hei Clement abd Ta he er Sagat Fi Lhe relative mapnitade a flop fy Re and fi te soe ‘tga fer hry. For aaa the andes Zone, he paral network ‘Semen of he equivalent ut may wally be np nthe short onion ofthe tarsomeres even me artable In rch esr Sssming he supaly voltage emaisunchange, he shotceot erent iy be Shout 2 imesh (i gr anor about to 2 mera ha the "A trasorme is designed fora dene rate voltage Uy and dite rte erent The produc of these two aus determing he capac an “imenion ofthe teatarmer Teratigota singe soe aesonmes i, [Atieratd atge the lowes sing lars ftom faded ih is tated Current are neil compared tothe power tamed 121 gual dent he eantormer I addlion to the Tayge eaulent cist the tanoxmer can aio be represented by ether fourtroial seworke Orignaly the Tetwott as ‘oposed (7. bot he wetnork wa ao mentioned inter (11) anther uly sable possiity. Prom eter ofthe two egoalent ecu sly ‘Sa caclaton elt can be btsined. Using the notation a ip either of 2the eno fourm storks canbe dived fm th. ther with help of raion Tah Or he tm cuit the network the oe more commonly ed In peat setworkclutions tral the same which model iol fo subtting the tramlomer, Besse the quanites that cane meturd atthe tandormer terminals are pracy ent oth ess Sort rst ests pefonmed on re trastonmer arated sappy voltage have sown tint in thecaseofconeentriy aerange nding fhe ne oe faving the appzaton ef he skort cet wil pend conser on wether ‘he ine winding dcet tothe coves spd andthe oer wing soot: Scaled oriceersa When heouer wing cupped the finthe corel tiny srop toto TS of te nolond value, On te her han. ihe ee of ‘Siig einer winding the es may ict 105 to 115% he moto alse ‘cha pheoscron can only te explained by aneauivalen creut~eita rar sctoin when's nepaive srs lament so preset Usa eualent reat corny epreenting the magnets conditions can be series as supnte by Cave] Chery [20] and mann [4 Asoring 0 these authors the magi network componente transom racial ‘Sscintaetvorts whose ternal re terminal ofthese ne nh {he magne ct and winch conan only ce networt cement, Fi 1.twoalernael exc magnetic cee re epeented. Fach it compose four tranches al ranches beng eonnectein paral ince (and ‘erin ines Asrming each ofthe for brancher neq umber tres NoNy=Ns=NyoNqy the magnets node-poit sqaution for the paced ‘Beene cute may be writen 8 Mtipingthisaion wih the numberof tins ad dian the produst ‘sth ees fo tine, egation stays tun0 containing ct vlages is bind. This qetion coresponds oa network siting four indvte reactants withthe ope conse ines (Ft 2 gh ta the parte mages rancher the magneomaivefret must Be quia bee Tecan be sen tat the equivalent of he parallel magnet ecu is the sce eric create Based on sma comsideton for he sets gel eeu © Fig af, he easton itis tiene ca Be writen anal the contancy ofthe magnetic x ssid Matpying hie eqton ao bythe aumter of ine and ierentiating vs From the lation 0 and w=) it Besos lee ha he uvalen the magnet crcutof Fig 110) the parle ete eeu a Fig 1) Th ‘lusty relation by mean of which the rele netwosktansormaion can formed ars flows (0) the relation terwcen magnetic x (6, permeate (4) ané magetomot Feet (8) the magic Obes a o-40 ‘dis dal equate ie induction aw ofthe esse rt inked wi =f{b) The dual equivalent of the nodal law of magnetic circuit: fe the oop aw fests (0) The lop la of he one mages cei fone In hisexpesionU may equally ereseta paste magnetomotive fore or an acne magnet exclon sal eutaet the eet da ge et ‘Semationtlween cn cout ad thar ual magnets Gre are bine the dete nade corresponds to the maga op, 2 the li lopcoresponds oth magnetic node the electie induced voiagecorspond to he tagnetc fx ake wit ‘seting tr 4 the ls cote coreapond tthe magetomotve fore, 5. the pemeanrconesponds tothe induction cote ‘The deseied duality retains are sale for he determination fein evi cu linked wilh more completed magaei cel, When dens the Feacicabity of rele arsine fem ths determination consideration sould says epven tothe dvisin the ston ofthe spat vibuted mage eid sconstobetrnsored, beens eahf hse section el ape tthe ‘ule ete ecit slumped rework parameter Thi fc shoud be onadereé nt on naplingthe Case Chery-Edsman ait reatins et inalleaes when cleultons ave perormed with he al arsformerequalest ‘bated by seiner cme! of oped partmeters "With the aid of he dant relation Sxrbd he eqivalent cic can be contd he magnetic cuit ofthe ranforme chown s Fi 18 Tew ings othe traalormer shown ae pore magnetic couplg.and the stay ets theo mintings canbe eal stig fom ech oer. Ine fle Aravng a ig. 13) te mapretic sent fhe trsforme Dll po ened ‘ements shown. 6 any arethemaghetomote ores epeseated he Winns aed dy ate te permeates of say els ke with he to ‘ning and he permet of te ax ned with bh windings The dan 7 ts : ‘ af at m onfgsration should be onto so hat one node placed in each oop andthe desae thes connected wih the nerscon ofthe get cei lament 0 Rettfomed 18nd. Whee tbe clementintrced permeate he amlormel cotati iain indolanse (or reactane) and where & mab ‘eometine fore sreprseted byte eemen ines, he ransomed network ‘ment ranindiced tage The rel ofthe constuction dese i shows by “ssed tines inthe dapram. The ondiguratonobtied by ths controcion ‘Sppeeseparutel in Fig 1c) nich the well own Teton. "he car xaple Jonette! ithe eae the eanlrmer with coset ndings The snp fu pater om which tbe design based shows a Fi Ter The wo dient dapame appewong there re requed becuse te M0 ' a a - Fe 1 Sina nian tani cn wd te “art in ae aay pic lnibston wth he outer winding supe and the ine ded (cs) ies ‘rom hat where thinner nnding spp sie() Tn becapras theo inthe tiny that nthe yoke nod the say a “The retion betwen the tes) aod in aeInlargetranfones te fe ote resitanoe on the at pen estas canbe eles Thasin the hort route condo im cas() et eco et) Ie vale (2020, and lace portion of the ry vs pases hough the ok Tn Fi 19() he ine windngsoplied andthe ote loaded. tn thee he imate othe lit i praca eq th say No, andthe ye xs ‘ei Iw. The contains of magne ces coresponting othe eases nated {Fig LBaresbouny te cteuts of Fi 11%ah dave th coninvoesines. THe ‘etomotvor inthe ib 4andin the yoke 4 Thrceuvected by he inee ‘ining 8 aod bythe out minding Sy The brokerlnecic in vain of Fig LO shows the dual cent of the magoetcconfguation raw With ‘tious ine The Wasfomed eats epeatedly show agra (TOS ‘Sreut eveponds to network of thew pe. Ths ype af mode ates the Fegueeat tha when ove se ofthe eu i Shorted he fall eg {pret on of heshunt reactance whl the voage tr on he her shot ‘eran Thie compe nih te at proved by mesremems ht the sb ‘Sreuted condom, depending on nha the otro inner wining is short, ‘Sher be x inthe yoke o tat nthe limb dope 20 “hi phenomena wil be ecused in Stain Caper “Transormaton of chet pome within transfor takes plas in sich yay tha the pment thepmary winding Nos ino the seconda winding THE power Doving trough aunt ae can be dese by the Poynting vector he Hlcoragoeti fil The vector isl ane cated fom the cee and ‘magnet components o he eletomapneti ed. Fue 1] shows ars Sesion dea ea tasformer, whee the numbers ues ofthe primary and ‘Scondry wining re Nand, spectively, andthe isatanetsrespetve ‘Sra jan Bawcen he vo windings te instantaneous magne eld here isthe aia ngth fhe winding indicted in he raving For he purpose ‘tor accurate clesltion arly taken to be loner hn he poetical {nal Tenth ofthe winding. bot shorter than the seh of the i The “seria ov enue vale det with the deerpton of the Rogowsky Stor. The dete a strength inthe gap betwee the no windings indo by theaenaing xn te core The elect Gels tanga cretion an Fnstantancus sent a3 dtc of = 2 fom te enze in fhe oe where ith instantaneous vale ofthe Mink with the windings isthe ine, NTs tae votape nd D, the diameter of the cleo Fads THe ‘Shantanco vu the weston of power Bow (Poynting) Sbstiating he values of and Hino thi ome andsssming, ith good Spprosimationtheangle between Esp tobe 90 he aantaneo valve e ie pointe il Be was “Thc reation ean be tranorod nt foo ge the mean va of pone fom (ip brwee he wo wings peru vas ae fhe ene of CameterDInds xpreions, Ui thems. ofthe tr op an Us tN tie the ‘unvolage Thedesiy ofpover ows ameaure often ote afore Inthe dn of very rgtrraormers inrense ofthe Pyatng eto sa gnc sbjetve table 1 te gtd of the Poyaing eto aed cltrmageetc ‘estenas pest ated se given oa fw power traumas ‘in bescen hat the wales actevan tensors ad trbopeeatn tl ll {Gr cow the expe ace fv aes snd overhead ies Ties do's maily ‘ctothelow evel ofthese oA dantcer intended ell Sent, both in ranfoaers and tusbopeerators possible trough ineasing {he induction Blo thesgnctc at ttocng te vlage or by cen the ‘ee feng he cra sna Bas can 2. THE CORE, 2.1 Nolond characteristics ‘One a the activ part ofthe anomie laminated ion core Ths ore ‘ass the magneto inked wth he Waslormer windings andi tee and magnetite ofthis cor that determine the apa a lo character (tthe tranfomer. These nooad character are the no loa ret, nooad tos arom event and age oot ofthe ransforme, “The oad cre of sale transormers is ew pr cet of he ates cen, snd for higher rated capactes t ene ower Theo daad cuenta of 48 fain he eae snd the ative components Th ariaton of he tate fomponet aa Tuction of in, sing» amas spp vas shows Serer harmonics in ation othe fandamental harmon The amon conte the ace component spin with susoal ppl alg ey Hv Toe Teacve component it comidershy lrg tha the sce eonponet to the ‘holt ale ofthe nodaad erent ofthe afc very anette valor ths reactive component. The rate component ira ular cae but Various clelaone(rovsded that approximations sce permis oly the [indaentlbarmonicor heequnlen nui wea! haomlt-wave cient ‘The noe loses consist ofthe zon ones acing inthe cout of scsve reverts of aieizton of th on core I adn, a sgn care os ‘occurs deo th novsead erent fowingin the priaty winging an say ‘epi loses are produced in the nate metal part bythe Mk eavng te Coren nad condition, ‘Due fo the stcsiely revered mapetization, eday-curet and hysters loses are produced inthe core The ed.crren sts ae cused by the oy ‘het induced nthe lminations ofthe ac that maga bing Lessa a mad /Bus?m, ere ithe dct atin Wi te raguecy in sth peak ale te ie deny, the hk the dda! lamination shes {tinimum mention pence othe magnet ines mp te pelie "tc oth set material tO 8 destin mands th eo theton erent In esc form of te squat he nas ta en he ange F000 100 i "4p or epost tore marae“Te yrs ns i Prelim, were Piste hysteresis in W, ft equ in Hi Beste pak au of Tus exaty in fonsthetumetserpenet having numeral alos of 160 2f6r ote laminations and ncresogReynd for clad meal ms he tether core in kp andthe sae of try the rane of 3.810" 19 oxi) "ne magnitude of cor le sinned y he shape of care ux vaio narra sup tla) onion a tie This of inne sini in [ornare o tenors of larger ating nd single-pase ensoers [ion wie the afabe yap source fini! capac fo prevent Ute orion fhe elastin care anesthe let of lon curent of| SoGiNiimerto te tested. Boron of the etage wave shape supe by 2 [Mboratry vlage sours a) becven moe pronounced inte ceca phase Tene whee aon! aot coed byte armature econ the supp ‘Soehrones geet Results of nod los esarements performed ih 8 ono spy lage cane redaced ote sinewave atin heaving ‘Shy When's vlimeter espn fo the mean vale sed, the soppy vege of ‘Be onlonal amformer i aje fo the voltage a ch te los fC te ‘etoe. The reatiny of he mean-valoevelimeer wil be proportional the ri af fox dvsty developing i the core. For equal peak vases the pS fue ave also equa independently ofthe wave siae. As the ey [eeiiom apyrounaiiy proportion! tthe seuae of the rms abe Of ‘SESE ter lscorrnt osc lb measured thon he curt loses ‘jeratinato the santa wave shape x proportion othe square ote quiet Finns lteter reading tnd the rms slo he smusodl vag. Ths, the vale flo reduost fo fhe siasldl wave wil be (10) P, where Ps the messed power, tress fered tefl oreo, hehe Sugeest ossremed tote lleorelessand bisthesquaeof the ao Tees threading aimee seyponsve tthe mean vale andtereningofa veer pumitsto bets: vale Forcaldrall sheets p= 0 nd nO Iie god sppronimations wie the respestve values for hotrod shes ae pre and p= The magni inch crn of rasforme nloaded on its sconday side ‘longi tte no ond eons Thephesomenon kes laces eerie in The Eowing. Atte stan of ewthing on, the mapetie fu Unked with he ‘Mary winding ip fred to ange soda in proportion ¢o the vltage erecng he prnury terminal fhe tame. The magnicoes of fx eeopng is roto hs chanp ny be ery leet, For example ithe oe SSreclehagnetied tome contant remanent ax density bre vitchon an TBE Pleat voltage such as fo ene the unk wih he winding ‘Mees ior,» at ph as tc the peak of ated fax may at the i du 10 srt he peak vl of the mapneting cent Ferien rsa donk ae ‘ated cartent High uh cute may havea Gistrding eft onthe stoma brotston ofthe tafoener and stork and maybe to to epcant ‘esa wih he trom nh ate atop fines may esi farther ster when casing he patecion dove foe. “iv overolags asec wih uch pings may eee he abet cng serps noma expec ihe etre andy Sepa he oncore "Famlarmer operation ahrelysboatedwthsootmagreticongn, The Imagnte note eae y the phenomenon of magsroncon, Base ‘inestonl change duro mapetoxticon propria o esque ot ‘ent theiefndamenta quency sweat etaatomer soppy vl Bee tae mages (0 13) ay the de ad mons aso appar I the vel noe of wld rk ferme conan in othe mers en spr ih os of mee {antormecraeg Thema feo pe fanyhay tly epee tetthenose ofr rmerated wh fost acsing may emoredterbeg oh ‘hee quency spectra in Inthe range of 300 300 te : 2.2 Magnetic steel characteristics ander ats one oth Bop of amag:mtris Tein of lanntntaptatettaniomen vs deol Heese rani was he who regia the pssst of reducing the hysteria im # yep - Z ert g, He a‘éy-cuentosesin I ad thine ste sets by loin with son, at he eee tnng hi napoettonpopertier ihn aceablins. The ‘iifmem rho sone was card ona the 1950 thi es ropaes being 5 alow —Thirmagniton proper apd lowes, wth the magi ld acing the aecon a lingo anyother ecto, ate eoenaly eta. Te SMosnicmnimom nscfaO3Seun ik the r09 W ky ata Bu dens of {PUD Hetequency, Une tesbnesonatonh rent mnnetiing power ES Varlget le Fig 2th lms and mogntiing power foro se Showa as fection a ek Dx demi or aorta ek ax Seni asowas 1.97. Thastelii afi coat does ot eed fhe ale of 1 "se agai proper ofthese wae under he fet of meni sea npc, bendy baon Brea prota ere no of ae ‘Sr decor have bern ater rete alee at pts orn cos The uric of sets shouldbe provide st ton one dew a olan pe mn onder to dc + nent Tones Tale ‘ek ta en a Eeecwinne “Sr — sufaewnvenesofshet and sulting ayesha nied the spas itor goer tos matin of 92 Re eldeald esl was ented by Goss 1938, Thi typeof raestormer lamination apy bein poplars the 1950s most enely sing holed ‘hee fom tandormer production. The lowing properties are charset of rbd shes ~The magnetic characteris and lst fst ae sronly pendent 08 ‘hedeton magnetizing 0" chaneindecton may xbemore han double Ite an’ inthe cf 4 vation tbe magnet power ay be 30 nes phe thin normal 22. 2 are me fom mre ye ta the ing sition, the figures or coe los and magneting power te ‘conser lower hanthowe oft rolleateets Losesat | Tan Stear20310 AS Wig" and the gneinngpomer win he ange of 0410 06 VA KE The Totes nd iapoting power the various earl sheets i the cling tireson ar shown io Figs 23 and 2 hte alg deo, sturation tke pace at 203 T. The de. hysteresis oop a1 and te ds magneton cre ar shown ig 25 ye setae paced othe an oy with widths of 70.810 mm, sends of 30 11000 ma thickness of 35 mo ner ates ae ‘Shut ime suas fea shes arc extrenly moot and ten wih ‘Sis inatingsoting they fil out 97% of te aval core volume. As th ‘Stic couting heat rete up to 20°C he inulin withstands the eB ‘bea eatmene subsequent fo eons. an unfavourable propery of odode itis, Mechs sues eto impact at ration, pnching or bean cea he sn he ‘hess by Sto 40% andthe noon caret may exzed even tose vals Aging {eit fled sees but into atransorme doc a ro beyond 1037 een ar ‘dead of operation “athe dteoraion du to sees bid by mechanical processing can be ovate ysubequentsncting a 3000 £20°C where te xipal magnetic [operino th shot can Be ly etred Ing core manicured ofcol-ale she, mage sess about 27 higher nay be permite thas wth hota set apd even With hse incensed fox ‘Tiere: omain low tse arsinpiacoresivtores me of ot olled23 Spi of 25 wn i ln He in fa ey eatin Fig 2 maging e038 nm te a f= 30H a= 7 nse and designe for lowe sree, transom maybe small and ave {Overs res bu nih core made cll amination than i tolled Set counterpart of este rating. Tabe 22 the ma physical and {cit pope coils ar town These hotrod sheets in Nranteemermanulstare bas decined considera. "The advet of eslgvalied sien trnslormer production has timated depres To sibs fo beter matching. between contcton abd phys! oferty hecpg th ant ith he grin erin. Wik his mention ees ved Js and el yoke aod nb eosrctions have been {oda and eflors have bean made to accommodate the sir Cenis ‘Rye fr tog sd clamping of ores outset ore th the aca of iter omiting er considerably reducing the noes of Boles throvsh the ‘Srna hn xpeint core arrangements fed bythe uncut wound ere ‘tos os has needy Bsn afm the desig of larger tasers "Poke tpronemens af cll shew ae sm rots Latest ress [ut have lel to he apenrnee of ansorme shes ein a 1.9 T fos Feueelt}Witgacteredng thease yt basses at ST adeeade ‘or The new shes se characterised ty ashy lower saoraton level about {Davie 00) Very high permeabity alow loses hae een achieved {peeing caved rough eral etre ih the ein of ling by ‘lpng conan poling MPa he sheet Im producing ores be Inovateg yer pays am important pt 7). as‘tae 22 23 The exciting current ips al ene roo med a “The main dnensons of the core ate determined by eenomi considerations ‘once the reed sabe sited, ad elt the mast and eleromagoeic - = sted ‘roper fh taatormer The altage inthe transformer winding winded 8 it ceceraiaei oie |p ‘he x aerating he core. The rm tla a he lla U edacl ie pre ee ee fete ‘nding 09 tore sounding te ori \ =A FN oA sane shri the form ctor fora magnet ax varying intially wit ting the ante ‘aration of volage alo slousoia, ths the fom factor ky = 9/2/11, Toeione Wie oka kaka | Fisthe tesueney ns Be the actual pat value of fax éciy in and A apt Sthecrossectonal are ofthe in in The peak ale of xin the ini i co a ee ) BeA-=@y, te fx inte Limb an i he Yoke Being the same Inthe noload sea dion is pads, The tlation betwee the eon indus the Duk and EA Tam seamen eee Siotonw ta amass caleeee here i the ection, Ii the maga eld strength in Amt ie he Clement path engin m ads the eaten wing in the condor ote ‘tom windigin A Thea a ecto als both the staan alos ‘errand ection nd for theirea vale When ng he above forma ‘hereon nes to apply temethod fitgraon, ects tensor cre Sr eee ee eee ee 4 doa nao ncn be deeds wc onze to he a se ce eo es cea an os ee re eanceconnararas teicasuceetert ansiered conan lon ln represen he et ingram and song exch1 i eT fe Fig 2 Saphire itd i hi one at ‘bownin Fg 26160 1-The value of east determine fromthe Ou densities bymeansfthe magnetizing curve The eration healed io spcouate value ony, since inthe Wound coe the induction nes donot seman the lamination wie psig tom one tun tothe ter, bt contiaoely ane et tun tir inthe wooed het son he sure ofthe lasnatin 2s or 8 Sloe lop Fig 2 along thie marked wih engi magatomote foe ‘et It where the bi stenth inthe ht slang ent cach aa of ‘he wound core het =a, tet bis he core with she set hicks and then destin he ‘hes The retring Mo lon the fal lngh of rn resnters lag rc srt The x ich es hen reese though thenelting materi ‘ose prmeny cash he so he magne of asin thesia be ceed fr the equality ofthe tra Baxi that mein and of he ax * at ln he Sil lensing the ten the mage eld strength i y= Bing aa he mapetomodve force Y=, une witness ‘Rr Teer ter ect wean ee frend Bc Hane fhecybee SS eens ‘Te requir extaton fsa phase mia cove with mired joints in the corer a shown t Fig 2) or one 3190 an ig 2.10) Om Hal Hh Ma where ete magnetic stent pertaining density Binh band {ald tenth i y= Dy, Fla demir he i, he ake a the aie be ‘amped rom Nox comin ‘Theformule given above or determining the egies excitation apy ely Prcrre tesse they lnd themes fo determination By sls mesing Feuments The rn o mean vier ependson how sn electric or magne ‘Quanity asa incon tie. AS the magoetiaing curve oT won none {Simpl calation metho eqs compan n practic he approration ‘Staring sinus spl voiage may bellowed whereby thes varaon wilaso have aise nat shape Figure29 shows constuction metho y which The care shape of excation fd steng) om sins x eget Nk ‘ny cam determine, Wan be sen tere that» hgh ann one i minted eng ce oan eho ao pet ‘Sinz supeting ton are alowing specie mages nde ironing tarmoneOs 100s Sibsrmosieb fo025, ThkarmonieOS'929. Comcto mace i seh stacy aheaigmeplnion (01. Wen considering st he magneton fair gps the armoniccotets of power of te tanaormer it Pug USE whe U ithe rms valu of he soul capt ela and fy, ae the tint ac ofthe eau an arr so of caon ‘owe ~ ‘The valves of Pg ate given a fantion of peak elu of ns enn the fou of peste exting power supplied bythe manufactorer or obated by eaten on att pce as shown in Fig. 24 Te specie ecg ower ‘Sealed by dvsng the ere ino tions, slong each wich be Mx deny ‘in be consid constant. From the lven care (Fig. 29 he speci xing Power foreach ection ex, ad by ming the mas of each coe econ by ‘hespeiceacing over, heey power fact oialscton tamed [Aer ang up the ening powers fal sections th eng powee ling othe Sieg is derived. Fora sino vrying ux dns, he space energy afte magnetic fin healt ape Va) vanes a “where Bais the peak value offlax density in T, and.o~ 2n/s the angular frequency "TS power in Varin the iret quent taken with respect 1 pun ohsin 2a tnd ie ening pome fan ar xp ith vole em? is nen Bot ‘hen apiyng th esto dered borg the peak value fix density Bin thea of moroal overs 3 laminations gual othe fx ens inhe ‘Sess res inte cas rized jit et 60s ower by nator in a than tat preset nt core sc he ox ines inthe pase a postion rerreniclart heights From hie follow ta tbeextaion Fecuement of thes gapeof mite het ster, sic beside the gure ook ‘Sip nthe above ormol sn apenas malpyng tr, whereas the ‘oture (euing a qu pp lng fas tobe died sins onl. Tho at {ape teal engi he teat exationrequerem of cre with mited [Rinsiesina tines tht with plains =907 ove. The voime ofan agape be Siebert bd on god pyonmning amp ht fom within he agp he ox ines do nt fend expend non erossetonl Sevetceding inate stk le mth he catia en i acount. he {SStsseonal ars ofthe i gap 4pm The length ofthe ar gap can te ‘Stated fom th ine nona franc fhe sheets consing dhe ore ean femmes tat athens te apengih psig Detwcen rhs sre nl hos produce o pskne terooe maybe eos we or seis oF gate ora hare a gmp rea ote maimum perms ogtve {Skane tncuting operon the tates debuting coresponds 10 4.21 Mage incon bp a ee ee tte normal trbtion sothecaleaton msy be conser as being shia he ‘Sieve hear up lenghistalken ar bathe rept tla. Silly, ‘hee abo a moran of sty Ifthe fxn te amon the above ‘onsen ated te ential otha pete in heal ap As shown in ig 2 tse the ndstion ine pac round tea gp ther an fo in Uinadso ss Th the loner wil ners conequece ofthe ier Nox {oy developing eaminnton, bt esac telomer x desiy theafp the exciton rsutement of airgap wil be les The eslelation of [onribeton tothe mspnetng reactive power fr bot he amination ad it [apr contains comidenbie uncerinisn Anotrpy of the set Hoo and ‘imesions ofthe developing agp may bo eit rom estimated conan, Sothecakltedvaluesimay bette by 230% That hy a +30 deviation in ‘he magntude of aodoad caveat & general petited by the standard ‘pectin mst of which oer he excation (109) 24 Calculation of core losses ington the set saticory rely follows quads relaon with x Sosy The Behaviour ofthe hysteresis is ot at allo replete ‘het tbe rose cre om ha een ached manly y Towering the yrs Spinich sd eo irate iy a fo density spec sppid by the manure ose eres aed ‘on personal easements ae ed Hoc sips ae sed for bailing lin overlap (290) core For the caleuation of cor less, the ccs iied ito ston within which the ax ‘enya te onsdered constant From the nowledeo sei lores or the ‘rious eto spf ter mas te cre los baie by Summing the [sues csined or he dual scons, Nowadays, cows fag taorers ey seldom bil up fom Hotlled sets Adivom lass net ito ‘Sioun by mulling he elt oer by a coreton ators whisk may ‘teyiethernge sto 128 Ths variation depends on what perentge of heal ore volume epeseted by the vel coe th comer aeas ing shown by ‘had lines Forcomer area not above 207.1115 lor andor ae ‘tan and above "135 The mates of thon mcton of the cores sown Fie Sinbivindenca un epierarpivenin Tale 2 asing the notaton iene 21. Conran en abet Fig 21 Inthe bl the eoeeseonal are fh ib is that of he yoke Ay the daly of set materi p= 76510" kg in the esi core thecroessconalarsol btw ovterimbeand tateheokesaeegua Whe {Ssating te cos sections abo be taken into accent hl he space filed ot [Sythe smal th tht ocuped the core. Therfore the pom Steele’ | Tele | “Ding” seman, Am BA om Menetinny aarti uvman, “ee oss sestiona are shouldbe mie bythe space ator, fo which the val cf {57 my be sume in the bec of ore azcrste normaion Using dita ‘eating to he mines the mb 2d Jokes Petoymtm where m the spe core oe corresponding the a ent Bein the ibs nd, comenpondiag othe x Seay By inthe pokes 242 Lass in ited Jit cores “The eourble properties of coldest can bt be exploited with ae ‘bt ptfom ited ont latins Tahal paysite the {soa loses fo» minim, Tew atonal te eu pty om the rometry ofteconeuron (he dein ffx ies via rom tha eB Sed pay ste maining of eee1243 Adina loses resting fom the deviation ‘of magnetc Rl ror th action of rlleg sk that minimum oes csr hen he lng rection cin with tha f the ax es (Fig 221 whe ithe two directions die the incense of ‘agnctne power seen orsign han he eene ola Thematic ‘gtendsinthcoretohave sn errr unin alse Aaionaloss maybe ‘ice when he mapnetie lifes tops om lrer rose section ugh $Sinoe ested nen, such a round hls pence nots sheets In sch css, ‘an ele ar nay rom the hl the fa essa slong thr ved ate where the oer are hgher duet the increased Dur des) ects he ‘pete diectonal change tos tare eosanctonl aes love ss would onsieaby increase he magnetizing os. Ths the relative pemeabiy forthe {ST pk Bow denaty i 210% bot rope to 10" with 20 eto von The loses resting om the dectonal deviation are as flows 24.21 Additona ln de 0 nace te os Such aninacuratfiingi shownia Fig 212, whee the magnet ld becomes come tarshemaer app. ph owing sae a Ae but shoal lays be echoed wih except in he cas of wound crs With more ceurtemaching ie valet os componenteaa bereduted 03 sin, 24.32 Aion ses ein rm panching Invasions cor constucons the dmpag bl yang tough he punched shila npr pin ming gy ob cre sch ae ranged behind one sothr ie rather rested (Fig 215) The aoa set ‘Suse by heel may Be east by enlelon [39] Inthe aopunched section: fhe core, wth x dees of 1610 1.7 the oe it ‘whee tthe ese oe fo Bs denity Band mis th mast of thecore sein nig 213 the diverting fest tls nthe Blinc canbe served width ttheake ilbetakenar ania thebole meter saravaloeelsted oun i 210 In a Me mage a eo pin eae ey te Whole of diameter x ae pane int the shes, the mass of the core tote fonsieed i elatig thes retest (1) an atthe same tine the Mot ‘ety ners to Bs} the pune cre ths as edn and incense roa tata From the formal ican be sen hat the oes hve ncened by Tae “The punching los maybe somewhat reused by detressing the dianeter oles. vet inte laminaon large transom hele se cere mdf theslaad numb ools areas redoed When alclting he punching loses thet he deorntion sone deeopinginthecourse of pnchnghas 0 ‘essed Holes of Sto sO mm dame eft isesse by It 5 aillete, ‘chu the pomesblty ofthe shot terial doreaserinarnecoresponding to "hse gu the ies ae riven tom eI morn ramones to "Mou fe MVA rating the oes are bl up sf bonded tbs tae napereding Pinched ois Bonding peor by spreading spaying sable sdbeve ‘ver the ge of set of he Haste core. The adhe wed 4 cominked pot) fin of high apa lavuding betwee the amination toa ep of ‘Shout 2010 30mm meatured om te edges of hes and asin sco nked tenure between 02nd 30°C win eid of 2 to 48 huts Thestength he ‘ond ths obese fede the acostl ose of he oe ans ‘iminihng te reese fcr os assed wih igh vetage Stee “sInvesignons ave shown hat overage sresesnae often een ote 74 permanent ince of fe pt et nd lof the tranaorme. This ‘Beate i do to pata damage of shel insulation the breakdowns being traceable fo the eer of sats othe ity thera Sige ast these part ate ‘snore y the app adhere no inert cam be etd nthe nod ss fellowing an overage sss in tarsormes with bonded cores rts re ao Big made 10 tah the ols om the cre ofthe eet teanformesby sping bonding method to soe ns, bt elisa yokes ‘eeu compe by ls ire enforced lati bandage, 24.35 Loses eccring i theo ore area In Fig 214 the advantages of the mized jit (ae shown a5 opposed ote inn onerap ont ( the plseoera aim the dteton a magnetization {iter tom that of ling nthe ete corner ae, A the atonal loses ate ropacanal to ihe come volume: Te lied dvetsiono lies it ied = fi Joins de 0 the fst tha, the permeatity of eon beng fie, sale ‘rena deviation oscar inthe vay ofthe ait ep oth Jin A ure ‘sina lr arses Desai he pr ofthe apt Staci to he ‘indow oth corethelegih athe fines shot ens he vals omaghtc Feld sengh and Max density ae higher. Ths uneten Bux dibtion exes Ineesed omen Asin, farther reason forthe aditona! asain he cornet ‘Shoaparninhat the tae amore ped corte and eter anton tific oversping tae ound wie plation or mie joist theS* ‘deh othe ets omingthe jt ae cat anes complementing cach eee {990 eg a0" 450" and stacked aerate so atthe Steg ins the ots are corezponingy displace in ssc ayer (Fig 2.146), When eer the "Stangeret (or (is adopted. ew pet xt rctes of eoe less ml hae be reckoned with do fo the core fae 2434 Addo os ein frm change. ‘nh eronescl are te cove Inthe tempt to aesommodate the core witin he imermos wining wth the ‘es tation of pe, the ore pen toed cewsacon a chow ini IS). To provide beter ail supporto he windings, he Hearing mrs okesaremaée alae a posible. With hie sim, he yoke crosseton formed {o contin sae numberof wpe Fi 130) ‘When the numer of sep thei dlrs or tht in the yoke, te cos scons ofthe agjomningsteprahelimband youear ferent, Heat fates ‘when posing ave rom the nb nt the ods end ote ot On sep tae Se mth econ perpendala tothe page of hess At sich pas fonsieabeedy-cureat loses ou Tn the mst ulavouabe case (2 Bek proportion of vei corns ae) the donald o ose sectional changes each 3 ofthe entirecoror ‘These loses canbe avoided by malig the steps a the mb and yoke conic Cie by Having ell efostsetional ses for both the in and ye by Increasing te yoke eosssetion by 510 15% 24.35 Lame iene By the amination patra “The shertsuestackdinsueenion according he pts ined by thesore plate deg. The reason for aerating the ptr fo mae thet telveen Ssjaceatsetsin he samelaersaerap ene otro 0 bina awe a. londcaren an bigher mechan stabi. Pet he ine deeoping ne ”seat pntaround th spp te jit ysteping ve note ain sete Re BVectitin seduced chemo ofthe soa an rte Te tutte Gen develope ih eo ins Rowing inthe lane obese crn teedy erent tea bythe buries leaning te pane othe reser corponet of polad coe nrenes, The loses eing fm the IMs Toe wnt core pt ters aerate wth ach thet a aa acta nrg 2a nthe consrctin of rere coe the ree eee h ed o suerparsanendtraton king (aon seer ye Meat tn excrene of domations a ecuring sens Kena decease’ hor tausentveayer: amps wE Joins ae even by drawings (a0 Fi 2.16. The entet of themiron of Fevtne to scent ayaasn he ty of veiappingjonts the eter and thelr are ihe the tore el eave plete pers ate placed abOV cach casremens sow tha sie tthe ese of changing te core lat pater nae ie te ones testo 10 ihe when Te late paler chanesd ‘aren te yer, 01 beer changing the ptr ale very thee eee Sy ats higher hen he pater changed ater evr oo yer. 114 Lanes de to mechanical processing of het “The mantic properties of the sscts ariing fom the ring mil under sttilr facie tnd espe conions tal sbow good omance wih SENGhn Sanshe ia monactong The yrs pomaing ne mooning resets eanfomer ines netay kad fo adiona Ves and Permelondeanensexesfoptsunconion een Loses eag (fom manure below “Ls duo cting ad punching anne ctign punching fe che slr dfrmains inte iy ft cc aed merase asin the mae hh sae he magnetic permeability ofthe affected section 1 érop. The losses inerease in the ‘Tiormed materafandcrenmorecondeabe eet om thencrease ox {wip inthe vii of ton set metone nich der the es. The ios doe to meas procesng depend on two factors the fees of Procesing and he shot ith The nes of poseing dtermios the wh of Thestipneredlormtion's bro about by eating or punching ol The ier the proces tn suronc hes within wi the magnet property re Mo The wh a uch stg ny be a area to Br hen improperly Shape tots or bay mntubed machines are ed for presi He shat, ‘theeas thes with cemaie wibin aboot asa ile with satale {ool of proper mater and» pod machine. “The wide of shiner the adlona ses leur by mecha wocstng, bests 2 dtormation sip of any patel with fects he ose Sogn der secs ty ower pranage than the cana narrower ones For ‘tangle adefomaton stp of 208 mm with slong the in of ati 30 ‘aeehect mycoses sensibly, herent atonal is des Tetinm deformation sep wll amount o 30 In he cate of salar deformation esp th ada foe to moral proceng in 230.0 wie sb ‘renly be 03 and 3 eget. Tecalaltig te punching les xe Fi 21) the proesing los ican to county ntl eening the stl oleae oma Prosesing {Gres becomsdesbly rode by bet etme, but they cannot be rove ‘hay Te toc couse teat etment he origina tale stot petaing {Othe lower ou soe, but he deformation reais, The forex compresing {hte led to pe the dled parts back into the plane ofthe she. The ‘pecan sits ring agin ate loses Ao orapated shes Boe ‘ares af lowe for tm rensone {t) Daring acsore and relating, do caress hadnt sheets nay be tent toush rat low imme, Such deBences canbe eliminated by Cnztonal este ken inthe prosucion oes {eLowcr defo dete nia ‘The majnty ef old het ae cated on both de with an sulting layerncntntohestupto fC Ine sbetnslaton min the coe ines theioueensed by ey cents Ta) Eycrcent ones of eoting eps ‘The eds ecurng nthe cous of eating may sve se to mt conse ttncon sess of sacar lyre Soh edges shuld be fatened down between Tang oles round if th ar are nation ay leaf ‘rent uses Tes tty curt developing slons eu ds fay in avec ‘Sess srt owing sow. an hs process may eve lead rental 0» ft fetwcen agen het ofthe aminon Ar proved by expres, ofl ‘een bet can be produced wh ots below 20 Vara vole even under areal unfavourable sreunstands Une sheet eer cmpresion of hese thence foe) A tar vols exceeding 20 te faz of ins= ‘Sen uty shouldbe reckoned ith an crespondingeounermeasars a ‘sce. Sh pote mesures may consis fii the core into acs oF ‘ °sheets ltd fom each ther by a paper or presiboard I): fates 03 a ‘Mistnestopreven the olga dice ong te Grew of etch tack of ‘est fom cstding 209 ‘The minimum temperaare required fr eat enmeat is 190°C, and the sina onperstre permis forte estes sheet ination 30 ‘These ie temperate ts fine te elation ange the fomace we the heat teatment. To eso the Insultion of shes Injured the course of rechaneal roesng some manufacturer apply to 3m thik syne ein ‘hing allowing the hat rene. Oter manor se aes. Epon Fes orhighcpilrypoetating epi Wed for bonding te sees ot oly onribte othe echieal sayothe core, but by sing as as adionl Felton, prevent the few per ent lta of core Hse acted. lh role sess 2.46 Entiat fain les Gerry tention oe fined above thetethost mentioned ae stabefor resting them Neves depen ty {ond ealesation method to poronnate he mage of loss wth some ‘say. As shown by expen afr approximation canbe obaed by a {Ssuaton bas on the arption that te magne of aaishona oes ‘ated to with he coer tes othe core. The our o ssh cleuitin at Fatwa Fis the et yoke and i mane fling owe the comer ats are Stemined The mas formality fr he ibs, where piste deny of ‘Sheet materia thecrossecinal ae tein heli ad i thes | tte windon. The mas for youes inate tin core ism fp, here 8 the ‘ostsetiona aresof on of he ye andl the wih a the indo Tnpluin ovelp cores th corner atea cf he wide het arelarge tanto tie nrrower shee Tis tense the marower het potent the comet ‘esboth log te lesan the yes as showin Fi 2} ean bese that tHe sares proportions tthe shaded corer nea ae of Gilet magne or fsck! dh To eating the Em snd ye Nlumes ti ake ito ‘Scnunt by incresng te mast ofeach Teh and each ye obtained sore by pA this, has heeled core he mie fe and yokes are obtned a: itm, and my ‘Themassofthe corer are in aplin vel core im =085p 4 nbrete vale lie tat gen above In the seo Fi 217) shopetier sch corner ares o = (Rh “Te ation be been asd the astmpion tat the cores ares are coma gue esaling rom nereting ener The to ders xh of EmtuteDandinusetingeah ther tananglet 0 hate common lume oe ‘oth oder gual 085 Dt witha volume of 0078 Dit protraingin he ome rea ath interencon othe des "The nest sept termine the one arin inthe sand thos the yokes by sith pcs igure peraningto the fx desi in he ibe and nthe Soke epee Ineaelaung the oe forthe coraes he kid ove aging {nde rer porian hata be taken inte constrain Incase) and (oF los aor preaning othe fx deny thet ave Lobe malped ‘yee 2sandae respecte. tmcases(0 and} of Fig 217th sasering tthe lox dentin the yokeshave tobe lite by =23 ore = 25. “Foes of leer thor blind ts expe core os Thccse umplr wien he sows ses he nbn yoke are gua “then lomcambe termined ih te ep be sage of Fi 218 Fest, Theron nao th ene cores tha of he commer area have tbe compute. The ona mail elo factor for efa eestyprevaing inthe ibs wil ‘eth tmecon low From thet, male by ators of Fi 218 the nie ‘ore om ncn ado loses obtained. 25 Inrush current phenomena Normally» irasorme is pega by conseting it del tothe network: soliage Te dessin ama) oceasionaly piers to an anoying tant ‘enomenon abit wih carent stp simian oor above the atl erent rhe uamlomes tha may case the automatic petron to ope The ‘ocd maxim intananeous ure can be apeotinated by he allowing “Fe diferent equation describing the phenomenon neetng the atenoating at ol loses ose nthe cores har i) ea tine oto f vlan emis isthe ‘Ntratand une untion of mapper ined wih he sitchen wining am ‘isthe stance theater nding The stot ale aap apening cow he restanc he wndngiow, etirimpetat om the oi oe ‘ine phesomenon or th attention athe orn crest determine by his feisance opty wi the cor ow of the transormer and wih Ne see {octet oft wnding Inip ian sslogram of einashewrent Shown. ey 4 1yisto be noted hat then cute opt aration ait ia value ae {Ew tent fs con, an all ey ocr ony afte several second. The [Spesied maximum inwshcureaossrnpwhentetransomarianwiche inst {hemos navonabe ttn, an important charset the noad (ormanse o's anor ta ip 2206) the arto of oited olage tranormes where the stenting elt of the wining and Core sal the ‘ocimum peak ex 8 ccereat er transion of vas: Fromhe pot of ew finash cent te tot ufaourabie onions are wen svithing i kes Bla ave nation aoa he ae ana Tranon, General the ig apd mapstede af the remanent Nor cannot be Inene, ince they ate determines byte codon prevailing mt he stant of previous dbconeton of the tanstormer. The most four conions re Fepesened ia Fp 220. The Mx sari oe he Yemanet fx, as to chnope {o's to make ts derate ways the imposed etwork Vlage variation a2 Fapatom a te Th only posible he Ns, at ith the exigent, Ines: during the pried fhe fst alee lowing teint fev ‘a The maximum positive , ofthe asthe um fhe hang of hs 20, ‘cloping the Seda coon and fhe remanent Bax Gn 2¥et 8, AlB 428). where dy tthe erosescctonl ara ofthe core, Bi the remanent insti Peto en deny and Birth penk a ox ny inher he s“Tranonmer designers uly work with wales of 1510 1.75 etd for B, andthe romance peiig tots indstion ay enh vals igh BLD ioTTT A swiehings operation acurig at an ytavoutable stati ‘Siniding ith manent x of sine afoul apie abd poly, wiles mapretntion of he core beyond the stration il ad ml ae 8 ‘Sheesbe proportion othe fox required for indacing voltage malting ‘Shut wih he sup voktage appear inthe air xp (ol roses ae 4) Exveen minding andcor The magntode foxy stated out thecore isthe (itrece tan toe ee, a coe, Steric by the eucton ‘inthe strain ran 8,-0.2 4h, Subang the vl =A, oo ina the above ori he srerase an Mena.) en ‘Sn the angen component th magnetic strength passes continuous ‘iy serss tbe boundary apes facet mein with good approximation the eld ‘ranean te en ena nthe cre adhe space btwern he coe and ihe ovcholin wining thus Ie wickin winding W tens andthe ng he induction nen iis en ‘Several consasions can be denen Grom this sation conserning the inch hosomenon and se ofthe ransormer _— The maximum magoctising rsh corrent it infsencd by the crosses ara betmen cor and indy Thetelore tb expetien, whee and whe posible ‘Sc insti rminlstlonpng tothe winding of rer ameter. other ay elie the saptaing rth erento cese the restane ofthe sehen aut Fortis purpose, spel switchgear reauied {9 ype the verted retold th iesh phenormeon he peak wlvetthemapnetsing mush eteat a exceed heated caren ‘th wining and may inpoe cosdraiesleodynaml seis on The Traore, and eae the Uansoroet proton to tip. This Tater ma) [nyu the rasfonnation nuliton, sus the iterapin of masnetiing * cunts of sch mayitae may ie tt vervlge esting the swichiog Serer ein et ene ah wre hei erm eapofe H ming we fhe wey Tata Bean 4 ‘ned Sha, won ricid Tome WY. Se, ce rahi 607414 ie Mae an hate een of he ving 126 Transformer noises Designers of transformer stations hae to somider matching the wansfomecs ingot envtonmeat Two important Heme are the athe td the aeoutie “he extemal shape of rassforer i govened by tech coniderations whereas colt tty te need by ates a well a he pears of Tnpovig te conditon feat ation Whe the shape of th tamer is fly determined by esl and eeonomie mole, ndesding omit race Fish sere are atm wae open tote degnet by which appearance and the ncn othe eirnmen maybe improved A competent model dsr 8) pty proposing x beer arergement of elfrcing rand bf pes. “Fanon operation fr inepertiy Emked Sih magnetism, whl | atom te ni oane and pompe wines he annoying costes ‘Mages noe ie due o magntoucson Magetostcion proportions to thesatare sagoeicndtion ands cases ration ofa que twie FIM nda harass 100 or 120 Hm The mapade of dimensional ‘Shanzs Joo he phenomenon of gestion pend one apoio ‘uty inthe on shes The aude ne snot diel proportional tothe tmneiadeo dovensonal hang, butt he rat of change Te ven and old “hyerharmenss ofthe apnettungamentl wave areal presen inherent ove the fam me fequeny sperm ini th ange of 30 to 300 1, bing nest nlrb ih jie fan speed exceding 28m 3" Te oe of pumeis lee rxblsome tt alway pone od quiet rening ol ps [rineequed ouput Morecan befoundaboat he sf as td ot pepsin ‘Chipcr? ht he iments and he mousemat ori wil be deat wih in The flowing peagaphe [ois oiating fom the cre nctese proportionally fo the Lagat of tenor ratings the prot soled with hem ae of special importance {eturge snore tnsndsutaly developed counties general ae © on ge tranfomers nti fray Geom indus ene) popes [fos fens im mow exe edced- aoe taser designs ae peered. ‘Aino en rear vration of hesitating plc ite Pequney ange oftetet Oki Thevound tensity (oul note stheneray ow passing ‘Sowa untars pert ine expeel she rao of standard power pe nt surace area. The range of adible sounds extends over several orders of magnitude t'soundinensiy tarcfore is expen tose lparhie seal forthe ‘epresnation fund intents For the parponee comparing ferent toss {Geer aout aoe Teel bas ern nodes one where by agreement, 10-9 We a Geqeney of 100 He ince sound St ron then sun pon Pe oe tn the above formula po sth sound peste pertaining tothe threshold of oc 1000 Ha ving the sue of 210" bar. The human eudory ‘Smsaton tegen dependent Sing me esietosoundin thang: 1000 ‘ho It Thedorea vation sytem ts bee iefucedgvng bow 100 He {nd aove M00 F's ae ler than tht eflstiely ease. This valtion ‘athe tothe carer of hman sig eed valuation acorn 10 he ‘Teed souna evtearveewitrnatonal errs Inthe ane between 000 Tied 00 ee stt of hi weighted sound et Ais isigifeant Valation ny be done wth he ocr or igen, bt stable er sri to the measuring intron can avo perm the egies moaeton “On'mering sway fom a pint sour of sound with no scout absorbent slum n betwee the sound ney decays versely atthe gue ocsance ‘Three the sound presre reduces ively a te diane Tne cs fever sour fund the sound ines a up ving inthe pesenesofcoved inte y+ --+iam oe ne eel of mol ttt, ie. with dole ound inti the noise See ners by 3B. 242 Nokes aiinating rom he ansfrmer “The basic case of ore noite iemagaetontieon rin other words thecangein dimension of tests forming the sor, wh takes pace atthe fdas {tego The dimensional ation eared by mapetostrictionassated with the sid varying map incon onsnaoial, therefore eoustic te grcrted bythe ven abd Neher baron the note contiing Feguen op to abou Ob snd 720 He Gn 30 and Hz network espsivey. “Tae oles proportional tothe th power ofmagctindueon (Bang the logan the 1th power mass (6) (13) 112) vole) YT)Anefeivemeans ofredocng he ote may bethe esto magnetic. induction Homer, ths il le tos larer ore ma fora tasoraes ot re ‘Sasi alhoup apart rom ke above ora he font feast ‘fess than that of mapa induction: Redoed mgt ndton the mast ‘festive menue seen decrease of magnetic notion by about OT relat he evel ofa pte eatformery ar much ard JB To oases sedation fox Sensy the dimensions ofthe transformer haeta beneath consequat ie ‘fess but ths eto economies ida ce whe the edoton oo. Toa lass (iminshing with ox densi) portant Nowadaye, animes, Upto 40 MVA are fen nt in detly populated renal reas and onomily eaube in sch cates ay cr that Sue ow ae 13 Tae ‘Sect for fut dese inthe ibs Above ab MVA s santa eon Induction ees leads to dius in ronnie within the fusing gauge ination, With piven fox eat tbe nie nel ean beconseraly enced ‘by manufctring methods and deen fentarer An prtaot fle played in ‘tunfactrebythe muienanceefdmensonl assray Desde uhichthe tet of onsing the shes Inthe care binge farther tel. Among coructon! ate te se of mite oe snr and prope iting ot mypg ets pled beeen crea tank ae of roportance, Suchen maybe made of ‘ood or syibeie mate with damping properties “Then erating fet ofthe Hi High Indo) ype shetsisower. Fr sta ofthat ind thane 1/aB a 22t033 48h mean a eetng ‘HEB tet can yield sir esl to redacing he ndacton by 4B 01 in ‘rebum eter pad of thst mae For cooling of transformers opto tating af abot 40 MVA, in view of soeccstns concerning peminble noite lly natural et cooking tee ‘Cmbined wih matral aircooing (ONAN) insishcass thoes eof mgt ‘rin only, for be reducton of which, beside the mentor mentoned, ater Dowie are provided selecting stata strctares This question det ‘hin Chaps 7 apt soul ony be ot ere hate with tc ae on the nk aan hy so st dnenen il ve apie 27 Inflacnce ofthe core and the connection ‘of windings on the electromagnetic properties (ofthe transformer ‘Thecaeulalonsefnond esti ower ano aiedy desrbed vec ‘eulsin theft approximation nly. One reason for deviaon snd same inherent eats in the eaclaton of supplementary lose har ben need Toe Socal dg a he coe andthe Contin af minding nto {vio The conercon of the covet the ation! se sling mt tnd fom the conaecuon af windings whe Gee tlw fopter mith tbe ‘henomendasodted wilh hem “Th part of th core covered by he windings rnb Other parts fhe ove Window i elated tthe rsesectional rea athe wining. The asfomer may iter fe ofthe coreype or ee stltpye, Characters ofthe help that ihe wing ven td ne pn he te code om al theeore type In Fig 222sttcer afcoreype and sel ranformer corse ‘howe (a sngeptan twos comigpe (2 aapephas dagen ‘Beltype (@annpephas totaly} ia thee phase coreype iS veimb shaliyp an (0 fa three phase Sal ype mation Aa STs 32 vetoes sete in cep ies “ ‘ateepsctpee Incry days. the aezptdpowe tution stein th USA as bse on siadsphte transformer Alo the large tanforners neve compordo e Das nia wih hwnd conated in sao eta arma With ep to Thi tanapor and Keeping sare nish took ths sem of obvious ‘ivatges The ansonmerbut witha hve pase core and onstage Shits ea precede European power datibaton stems The Some ‘votage oft so-caledBoopean memset ht threat nits Shou Scene an tres pas an fete oer cpacy pel pat ‘iresingopc uns" Obvieny, te Esropean sem Somewhat hacaged by the higher owt of the sseary apa unl. Very tghcapcty ‘Wanner en const of hee single pase its ao Boge, rer £2 Spe with listo pone y thera ansper aie Rogucig tego inked with he oa mb, thee pas oes nay bee sil (when te magne fel fall he tebe nprueator aymmereal In ig 2252 warn fhe metal ther ase Sn repsetod whereas in Fg 222) the wist send thes phate crepe = Bl Sy arrangement is shows, which san aymeticl core, The advantage of the ‘Sma orf minis asf amiatio tank ie ad of vou, ‘eng fm spt yy te range ed comet 272 tance fhe connection of windings omcore ones td ead cent, Ineo tramfrner th onto crane windings wel 8 ssc Sgn fh cote ash eos anther ecu tern cove hese conneion ving ara ‘Spor ihe nage sonstn oft (ht may feta shel “ins er al per mons he cuenta tex arian. [Sesuningtoutag arn cin ern th tanomet omer, Sl fac sonnion sreipnding tothe votape change imposed the “elermr he eee fre ena reguresaper amar ‘Tisecrtng sores rte x srepondngtotbetmpores volte mre shape Sleep the tandomer nh tore mapntaton I howe he ‘Sudo ote magneton do nota) oer hae compenen ote ecaperand arte ila ene Bath pet ate tesa hoc Ses knag econ nn eroding al pe ‘income ure of oe tenet tr ato addon om hs apeds mined lacs t's acest vega the a ad data conmeionsinltb lowing cnr wi bene ha te pp) | | ‘voltage wave shape is sinusoidal and, inthe case of three-phase transformers, that Ihe tre mace suplynoliaper te approximately Symmes. (a tna single paca nthe noon contin, the Max i of wave she who driv yore with pet meienteal ih he shape ofthe alge ‘aie soinasingo ps cores nao ux cre wil belong f the sisal ‘Sopei woltge tn he vansorme amination thereon between ux dest ané fnruntelésteagth none ence nih il he reation betwee ht ab ‘ing caret einen Thi il ave the covseqenc that fom he network 10° Pa presse In order o pide created set) aguist nese short-ceits the exe ineltion soloed hss incosted wih a210 pm tbickadtonanation, shee of 100 mm hk prestoaror sod celle paper ala between Sacks of ain aumber af mination a spats corespondig to the tare "oliageofabot 2 ¥ memoned cre Thesamecan bearlevedy coe Dodi. 2 {node tone sib any tm ofthe the ven aerator may Be aedin Soluble mstre have to be ike nthe dtign o cry ofthe et decoping lnthocore Thetempertreof hehe spo mut ot xc he temperatr st the eurundig oy more than 30°C Sos he rane emperatre se be hp ang ofthe opting betwen the ansfomer sects st ny and the produto apne coring contac with ter pars fhe 0 and with ater Salting mate inthe Unstrmer, wil cause dteration of the etal Properties a he lsd ofthe elaane tse fli, For etarplefthetemperatureof thot spot ofthcoe as by 20°Cabove ‘tate wrrounding othe ambent temperature 49°C, an the epee ‘i ofthe olabore ie suroundingrir OC the teperture ott pot {he core wile fo 110°C Deterination of the empeatce Gouin he ore irs rater complex ta Inthe clei the ma probim nsed 9 he ‘teens between Hest condcon i the plane of te sect ed ine ese Spence fo that plane The lnguinal thermal conde es the {ean ofthese ple nmersed ot old sha provide wh varnish ‘Sraodumallesteinetloniniy= 9 Wy Can thsriraavene condeiy perpndine tothe bet) ie = 28 Wn" C“! ncot compen ofc ‘old het the longi eral conductivity yt Wenn the traverse conductty 4=33Wen [SSA approinate cation ‘method asesng he miu coe emperatreisgieny te invesiaton of femperature re condiont in the lamifaton wack of Srosscton sen ‘epresented in Fig 238. Forte parose of investigation is assed that inthe Secon perpendslariatrronseronl ares the modeler ong laminted Tim wih uniform fox disribion and, ewe, that the hss cased y the keratin os susin each ui vole ogi length Git ength in the etn of sheet) ean tanavene denon (perpendclar fo te Sess) Asan approniation te heat ow may beconaed so tht one pat raf theene amount ofl Pie pated in thelonptacnal and the ober, Pin the aster dection Inthe approximation dese nthe folowing. the Isngtatinal and wanes beat ows arenvesipted independent each hr, Inte logitaialdretion he in wil each ts mannan termpesure slone is =fhalfotbelos Pein caried Tinh dition sad the oer hale “iectionsby he beat fw Te ant xem theories of. {tanorerdroghon area ofthe sean yi theca neste heat ow taker lace ia min where ach part of te value as a Best ‘Sure Insach cae he temperate ditbuiion a foneionofestion as ‘be apeataprabta The equation of heat ow in the tong reton can here 4g it Ci he highest temperature log the ie Pf the tint ‘ith isan 2 te beat reormer coticet between cor sac sd sr ‘ounaig ol 41) == 110 W mC Fs the los Nowing ts the longi ‘deson in W and 4 he dition ae tongkial eat owt m ‘Based on simi considerations, he euntion of transect het Now it ‘Tecate temperature rie ofthe coeiceckey ubtitingim th wo fonmsise the phe permis temperature, the spective geomet den ‘Sons and the values of bettas cotta a longa the combed ‘Shenltothe vera ev arbngin he core thre empeatre not xc he ‘abet permis tcnpertere The elason wil be somewhat simple Intend ete overlain in thecog the compulsion cate ut with the spec lerp and mth the portone a the sper lou eared olathe Tonga eston py and the wanes etn “Te temperate th core will emai low he permis temperture ra A9uuelipe pet nthe above lore the dene of ela and iethlaminution space ctor i vlse bang O88 to 92 forno old bets ad \\ | wlll \ eT] Ft spent(194.0097 for colle sheets Te portions tos cated on opinialand tranvene reson ae shown telco ofthe lng andtanverse ‘see (81 ‘Dosgn sedchecking ofthe ore forite erie temperature icons ely cot he flowing step Te cori et itp by ol Sut into Sundanese ‘earranging the dec slate scar oF 237 o Fig 298 he ales ‘faand baremarked ot andthe magaitoes of he especie components othe lf lor pad pater, ne checking, = ler spe oe mere bret an isc oaring niin cremate Sepa nd ane yong arson soa be itd oot "Te oi dace ae fsa by cementing pesos wooden sts tothe he dice an dost fat Faso apy met el a, se. ee => = Fig 2 a ant tin dt | | lest drm thickest should be povided at the spacers AL the srs of the Wooden ar prestourdsi the este cme ad rls om lamping ‘ihe core must na exces TOs TO" Pathe spacers fo dot are made of Fresbard or wood, the part cove by them shoud be sobtacted om Ainensns¢and when checking the teeters condone ‘Ua thre eo nl to provide cling docs te cores of small i ceases Foe ching the fmpeaare islet focal the temperature is ofthe qunrangle drawn around the coseton thee The Teiwing rma maybe aed forthe sleslabons (3) lL In the above formula ithe rate 8th cee dawn around te core nm, we al ete vce soul be sabia vxng the ste tat previous loom {Ex From nc sec po fie ranges vse Saco ug ed ve [TY] loner remarried gc anil tee Pa acc itor sero om Pe ts 42600 Ti en wo sae mAdbnt x06) = 100!wa case 3. THE WINDINGS “Thewinings ote ransorme aes late isinpedance characteris, via th enpetane lag fe sores erent athe hore ores 31 Impedance voltage Impedance voltage determine the voltae variation ofa ransfomer aoa andthe magne urents rng shore and i alo of importance Une condone paral operation "The impedance teltgs oe wanstomes is mented afer shorting is ‘ermal on om ea nresng he vltag on i ter sie unl he pat ‘Sirens ated vale Teh codon ated cant is fing Bh isdn Te elas ot wh ated crn Bowing sn the eaformes ‘Ce the tnedantevollape The ave component ef aparen shortest prmer then upby te wanfomer csing shoei easement the noi [onde or scl impedance ls the trarsfore, which ental with he leosconvertt int est nthe aston windings under rate service onions, “The mpeance wages the produto the shot pean al ted create he anor: The short mpetanes comprising acve and ‘hsv omponc can cared ohms joie any ober smpedance THe ‘owtsteut mpednoe ofa ualonmer, however a) vary oer several ores of FRozituce, epeding om th capcy ane aed vag of be sorme ands Tete fanar Eom the pointe o iw of shortcut iting et, Sottage repltion, and paraiel peratin a tanormer the pent (p) oF Dcntgevloes canbe deal wh more easly. The ati feted vlas of « ‘sere ote cura termediate inpedance, Terai hesbor- ‘Chou inpedone: reduced one se he ted ipedane of te trans {be shortcut inpetane feed tothe ated tao he transformer, One ned ines i rao termed the percentage impelance, The shores Trpeance te therated data te trnslormer may so beobane asthe felowang to at of mpetseeylaeto raed vols to oapparentnpat fer matured in the shorter les fo nominal power. Usa vals of he ‘Ror npedaes redo nomial vest ratedcapacties 108A, $00 kVA and tDOI0 EVA are approximately 003,006 and 15‘The atve component ofimpedance vlogs the product nthe a esitane snd ure! fhe winding. nd i eerie te oss a empeatare ie fhe transformer. Gener the reactive component of the impedance vole ihe thane aie compooont and predominant large transformers Ta dsging tranorme isthe agate ofthe teate component which secre ‘deine he sed vale othe stort cel Impedance SAL Active component of the pede onge ‘The activ component ofthe inpedance voltages the rode! of as esiance reluced tothe primary or seonday side and he especie ated eaten Because bftheedy cuteness of bea magnet he resstancesefue outs ate heer tht the vosstncs messed wih de For the sae of ion the flnccpe a ae risance and rsance have bn itoluced. The sve ceo lingers lagen te einptac vols i ce ‘rel ofthe flowing gusto a the ao othe ate component of he orca planes ed mpc. of he aceon oe ‘alts etn components the mpedane voltage fortrnslornes 12500 {n s000b0LVA are approxi 02,001 and OO epi [iit 18R, peanng othe rmecv rtedcrreniand the caren dependent ‘pplcnctay loner are derived The sun of lone aad supplementary ‘oreo ues he ret ot widing los) tbe armen Tht Too the prooct afte ted trafrmer suet and scve component Impedance voltage The ps tl ofimpedaos vole vale elated othe ‘ata vlag iene by The symbol ofthe ace component req ae ‘Thersitane of wire oleh and crsesction ars A. made ofa materi of ‘tiny ni pli. Thema curren amin in at conductor with ‘Sirent deny J's Ja The sole de loro the winding, witht the Spplementay ies arsme wham courte is La Coniering that he mas mf wading mae of some conductive materi of eo die mate dest According tothe spsienonsofinernaiona ad ations standard hess incitammaned tanormerthoold be termined a 78°C ning temperature Acts temperature the realty ofcoper peng = DOIG." mand at of ‘Nominiomspys=0036fen!n"! The es ofeopperitdy 89 kgm apd that alain d= 27 kg > Wis hse dota eos securing in he Unit tans of sopper winding a 15°C Polma2nP on “he spc low of am stamina winding at 78°C Palma F os In thesboe forme he specifi lined in torms of Wk” ite vale of euretdeaty i sbstated in Amn” Fer caleitig the mas te formula mo myNDeAd oo ‘cairo which the mas fhe winding i obtsnen kgm the arb ses the abe fury Dis the mean winding ameter er, 5 he ‘Sowrsctional rn of conduct, and ds the Gey By Tite one af trspenturs expected in atrnsormer, the dese ary wit tempera The flowing welton exits etnech Te Je. 158 Pag i cd ‘onion ad the delet Py 4 warm conton ofthe windings Pa es) hr, and ater nC ofthe ware and old winding pete "These lous using ranformer wining ad thr surroundings ae he, ty be supper stam the de ote This rence sd othe ey ‘erent cr caused te minding 0d srroonding mete parts he ty fx tinted wat te windnps The minding loner ean be determined y ‘Mesure! pve inh shorted condos of he anafnmet, This ‘Thy te lone! sentone beter ald repplementary shore sss or cling th suplemenary loses scaring i the windings he mel shown n ig a) may Bue Thiemodel may te sped tothe cleat of ‘onlemenay lene arsng eth econ and in ie windings When ing {heformulaednribed nth lovicg oly th etn ory fxs tobe {tien nto coscnon depending whet te lous of concent ae ‘Ting ae leita Phgacalfeaty fe dsrbe ony approsmately by the ‘Rove snc i mapate fu ll up aol dimension ote wedi. the Slimestan inthe ection of x es, ete very ong an the Max ines a no omponets perpen othe ion of ts further assume bythe model thatthe ou ofthe winding showe embedded om al ection, eet or {heletage doc into ome ffi permet. Both smption ae ly [Shpronmstions fa winding arrangements Dace appe, te ox deny ‘Uihmibe leakage ducati cone neo the nindingneriy seas highs stey mgm atta in eon a con tte tepaning or endtthe uc. The ease of hisdisepancy shat some Bs ies Ieee leakage ann! wae cosine the tors of windings (Fg. 3.10), 6 the ax components perpen othe dection of he age chanel (wich te of ‘lal direction 9 eoretpe Uarsfortes and of axl Seton In she ‘eanormes) emaot be hpi. Insite of the approve oat ‘Scumpon the formole dao! are inpoodareomen with mens esulis the diagram oftapesod shape appearing ve te cromsnctonl Saigo tacwinding he dation oleagefxcompovents gin the rection alte lenge da show for leet pote of he winding ad within he leakage ‘hansl Aeoring tothe ssumptions afte dap, te wales of ox density ‘Show near incres rom the ee ofthe winding tote leakae hanna ‘ein constant ihn te chanel ten dine neal lng the other winding {ouards edge The say magnet bd ince y the cents Dowing in the primary apd mcondary ndings The pak value Mut dent inte skage at seplnay tli os rimaryand secondary caret in A, a Ny eset. are tet mbes “ ofthe peimaryandsconday windings isthe length ofthe eakage chanelinn 'Sthe Ropowh oer oe Eqn 813) aed the x density Bis tT Bly furrensareinducetinthecondotrso he winking by magne Jeng Frome eakagehuneltothecge ef he windings: Telos ing per unit mass tf the copper condator lected between fut ner of 2 nasal arying = ri where Ps the speed lo in Wp i th eqn in Ho, the Rx “esti T-histhe sa fcondutor bc etn perpen ths net Ube ia) inm pine resistivity in mand isthe dentin kgm. [06 Tae Sey fn ines indnec eyes inthe pane perpendicular oi eon. ‘Toeiphs oer arc where the progst Bs asus manu ale Figure 32 istatesthe lake ed tition fora ew minding rangement The ‘ate ler aie ithe wy ofthe leakage change In Fg ke) a9 Intretton af the "i of condor in the distin perpndila tothe Out ne" sgn In Fig, 3.0 the cfosesetion of conductor lated a tend and ‘pining ofthe winding aswell he Dx nes inked wih th eondocoeae ‘iste sich ass he pods) apd (BY are charter of he magnitude of l-crrent nes an the value ser th at hear sae {othe leakage canal a the ner parts of the minding andthe condatrs abe ovr excetie tamperstar re Paves an P32 an yn tin or npn tacos oe pry ae ‘tity oe gle andro ee SOREL at nen lsBy means af Eg (3.7 the ey cnet loss an be detec, all pia ‘ney ibe magnate sod esion ofthe fsx es ae owe. Tt common practice fo esate or wnding rangement of general we, average vals of plementary lost in ers of quan chractersti heey arent loss. ini pra} ‘The ati ox oss Pe ncrensed by ey-curet loses) 19.46.15 Pat Ba here m ithe number of onducor perpen thelekage duct (ein Fie Sap myo 2 and myo 3) The ae op Bn2E sine ag yg thE Po rag meor ehereosé Fal, heeded conductor with (dimensiones number et hithe onda sie perpendiala tthe Mx ies inm.m isthe number of ‘Sadar te diecton of he axis eg in Fi 3am, =#and my =Shb8 teen rn onthe = 31 te ey nthe teas tn mp eit ate a ta Rwy ee nthe cases mow eqaralyacuring pace 1, an re of adequate sccurgy canbe rived 87a of he olowing approximate ori the we vee ‘Wish spprovinate values of and thus etn, te supplementary losis sally ‘realy teformaae moticonmonin pacigeasa pr quan eredtotke {ie tom oreapreed a percentage of teint The pu value of sppementary lowe occrign winding bal op of conductors of rectangular resection mi-02 ae sein a winding made of conductor of ceca eosssetion as With ute spproxnation, th adit erin the case of oppo winding Sonsting of etanglnrsesion snducors expel in pa aoe ie 9 nd for windings mae ofa wie occasion moO ea) {a the formolie th sis hand wite ameter disubstituted nm Both Aan se tothe sondotor sae and ot othe sn ofthe lle wie The abore pproximaion is eepabie ony a long a 21 is all As observe the above oul fo the Soplementary loses ary ines ‘uni wings are eae lover In Fig 22(0) windings of two magnet balanced rope ae represented. sh cos the calaation permed foreach provp separately Asshown bythe ‘dag, the rst magnet balanced group terminates afer the sand ae of ‘he mide wining ht he supplement lass fo he a he le ‘Soding ae clued with ‘Tn melt-winiog twasormera when ahr winding takes ite place een the ‘mote wining atonal loss cur nthe mse wining even eater ‘onloaded Fg Sep Inthe mile wining the valve o ax dey the sme ‘rouphoat The supplementary loses as winding canbe claed by mensot ‘emul (The peak deny appearing in hat ormulacan botnet female 2. “The dutbation of uplemenat oss inthe wating ie not uniform, tbe ght eleurrent lo ocr tbe eras fo the skp dc Lo {hi nyer tbe ale of supplementary loses fated tothe de oss (83) ste. Ieistobe noted the relative vale oor arising inte layeradtcentothe seskapechannlareverynnge Thrintheatetvolnyer theese 35s "ihe, with ve ayers 244 tines higher and with en ayer 2.7 times higher than ‘heevtage cent ulated ote entre winding For is enanit ‘vente cow ofp raormer tocbck separate he lenperare re xpste to cern the eondacor nyer ig tava the chanel. ‘An smpotant ce eecoutered in pace i hat ofthe tansfomer vith 2 equmtng winding Fig 43(0. The loser of oh anor are acted {Slowing oay. Toe sapplonenty tose oa replting winding basing ares ‘Se Getrmed os tho of Seo-windig trntorme. The seplementay lot [Sung in thew clad main winding eprese sp ale ested tothe dos taken wait 67 Gd +4) fis a Inthe above formula mis he sumer of ners perpenclr to he ekage| haan te viding W rs Ny tbe amber tars telnet wingng ‘nd that eh outer Windng 8 the pase ange etween crents owing ie {fo winings of tuna and The vale afeoe gx + ithe entations ofthe ‘mowndingsar fhe ame rection (a pperextaion gram Fi 3210, cri thy ae of opposed dreston flower sxctaton diagram} The formela ‘eer ay and spate any abrary sector rou, sich 8 o-ag hd recite ttomere Super loses ay ively wih temperature the ation bcwen os ors colt operate lst Pe fora mare ener bing ed oo ‘sao mentioned abow, thes ines perpendilar othe lekage chanel clestan ce ihe tempest ein te ors loeatedal he begining and at then! ofeach wading nore oes the lect the sae of conden he {esas cima dtm pnraly chown so 3301 to exceed 10mm With ‘Spr and Sm with alum "ranfooert hating above 10 MVA special care shoud be dered to inyesgnon of spplenntay loner scaring in condor located atthe ‘tindng ens se he epee contin of enduro ab ecesary {hes of enduron least athe winding ends shouldbe eed by dividing thie cosssecton int several pall rancher The formate which sre ot {Recon opementny tex ze ony va a Tonga the pprosinatng ‘Ssumptons eid ld goed Inthe cae of spleens loses ering in ‘hor elnino when edcalang lst of contactor overtmensond ot ‘mechanical aon thereto the elation method eed above ina be expected fo reas "Fansiomerdesgntivesto develon contractions y which the supplementary loge cant rduced, One reo of los reduction Fee ie Condotor ‘Spensom pespenicle fo te Tx ne In a Wnsformer eiped to mest predetermined specication data this aim can be attained by dividing the winding [to scveal poral ranches to's wioing eit up into a amber of paraet ondoctraimay bese om Eqns (and 9) hat te ei caren oes wit ‘lone, ot equcngcorent may fw Between paral bashes, and The ion oss caused thereby may be considerable The equaling events rt fue tothe ifn stay foe linkages ofthe vavions parallel branes The ealingcarenscan be reel byteapoing te postons of pai beans {nthe wining nit eget tothe leakage canoe! to have cach parle bandh Hake, afar spose, Wid an equal nmber ols ines. Parl brascher my be tanapoed tin 3 winding by apling suite change-overs and crosing. or ore recent the coninuouayUaasposed feoduetrs have guned rowing porta "The tty mance fof aetomer windings vs ite alto olan the nti partsoutods the windings Inthe eget ost rouble eatsed bythe ‘coral prt made of erromagnete mater and lest inthe ey of ‘nage claps tame str core ain are tamer he ak in anal ransforme the magne of ones arian the parts maton is ‘eer sepia Anexceton reeset by ranformersanfatted ‘Sithouta dla winding Invoh rasormer der styles conn, The unelanced excaton cases bail dna! se th meta pats ‘tthe wafomer In Wasformers wit apoctis exing 4D MIVA he oss ‘ea ih above arate echoed with reat heir mote may ech at Shack 1D to 49% of the ones ang inthe minding ‘Know mba oe ‘eating th los otusng stay ls are eat hia Chapter nappa tiie hee Shier ee ere Lv vindegrandcomecuom a woig Teac waleg te ee oC “earn hairy econ aig 34 Theda Di feecinaaie SeFn ero spt eat Seon Win hea stonleben] aes [ raw | guar ral 0008019 OW. Zan on ci ie ee em ce win sacrosanct ky Tae Sera coaeeerscnaee cae irc and HV. nade of tare weceeeted Repos eed poe eee eae “pms eeu bt ng mn i Sine “estat perio emit ae ie fe wm ad by ‘ces ing ing rng Fe 24 ie ed sls er main te repiig ‘mete tsi ae empty yatta) Siesoten ersten intr Seesee tae rin mn ese a ining fo ‘Sammy cemscnnn topos aa ton GMa Sarco latent tbe inde ‘tapennyirn ge nates. “ ts oR "Sp pny ae og LY nid he eing winin seventeen leg tina Scheel Tg i epee def nays 112 Ind component of he impedance vlage “The inductive componcet ofthe impedance voltage i the product of say rents and te uret ofthe Wanomer The sry eactane felted tthe "std data ands perentag aloe may balsa rom the owing ati the ‘ato ofthe infact component ofthe thoreseitimpesince 10 the fale ‘pecan atthe indie component othe impedance aap tthe ate 2 ‘voltage and ratio of rated short ict active power to the rated apparent power ‘vtn te vale sa te rane of 0 0 O05 the Riper talus ecu a traloomes having ratings of eer] handed MA. ‘Aspe phys pare ny etanse gies in Fig 19 lcs the primary winding ron te oter ste and th secondary wining is arrange sie ‘Fhe pny wining sinks wih fax 8,4, the secondary winding with fax By and, ned mt the pimary singing ly nese 2) the supped (in) winding i loeted ie nd th eonday oie bates eranet Mrnding lke with foxy and te outer minding with 6 9,9, Eta he utero theinnes winding tpi an th common role aa dense in Fig mantle being the leon ets ke wits he rary and cary windings se =, Oymeasela and 8,0 ease oo, Flo termed th stray ax Rea condions ier rom those usted in Fig 19, a8 nota torn tbe windings ae ed ih the sume fs he above fun equations hae tobe gine for fhe wining es, the tay Mux canbe fated om gy ¥y= fo eae and fom 9 Yd for ae (. ‘Now, cone? spin the phenomenon mendoned aed) in Chap I and maniesingasin theater nth isbn sort ete condtion With Thelaerwinding spp he phenomenon of growth Cx in thei aie the ‘utr minding thortceied ny beconsgere inter olimsering a estae> ‘Stoegtve pain theegalnteeo TReconept afneativereaancecan be CS ‘oon iterate ding wit equivalent cet othe transformer {12 Bayon Std Tims, im interpreting the equialent crest of the treet transformer ave pine oat tat one ofthe restances maybe of este sin, ‘chu ofthe prt fosinkageohe windings Ise heretore, appropriate sider separately the orton of stay Mx partly link wt be fre oe Srnings wen desing the egualent cal forthe twoseut anon Figure A lates Nut inkapes when te oue or iener windings ae supe ‘Thepatilylnked portant ry ax iaken to account by seauming hal he ‘ieiuton ote outer and nner wining i, and, ting about soo Stroop the repectve Oar channel carceed by f magactecondoctans‘ed sting te pr Ra ye ceinon of eine wind ice 9y produ he eset pemeance (ogre condone) of is Hat Shsed Sit nd oy tte be ont nig Bit fy he Ferman fiance gy The mg cat shorn Fg 3 ‘rthoepinencroecent rao tein Teagan ‘tie constutd dal orton penn Fi 3% A mtd floral te Sehr f ee an Goudie ton Seng i tesco “Thu cl X,appeasngn th oquivalet cei of Fi 38 nent ndiating uuaibcrsnl fsa thntrm The epesencan eerie ot eau of Fig.) To ee ate dein wie ns wining itsepporsbor- srt The ans ofthe incr wndingarese kad ‘ith thea oes oppose tothe isin thin bers he anormal Chip tinge wih he vous inp ohne ‘Jatin oe nape sgn as wah inte sat econ, weet ‘ding trusformers dnc ‘Underrated conitns, depending on he sae fhe enorme, tesa fs steel fa led i ey winding. Depending oe Wh ‘tg he inary or onan the nr he ay Bees ‘foun by experienc ths enameson eur 90 subtantl change in he Fagnnadeoftoppeeatary Ercan, btm erate dena he Sitabaton of ae ot pa. ” ‘The erctaton euiement forthe stray Dux te sm of magntometie for he tn stonn one ston bea te prt ofthe patho aay Bare ‘ween the two windings cuide the or) and wt the wining hems slong alin oforcané he ote scon being thecore The meget fore ofthe section say Bux clsng through thecre wee that tha cosh ‘use he ory about tres odes of magna The approximation howe Fg las therefore eonsigred vate homing th say fax eae by thet windings aod pasting longa section of np aod permeable (eticent of ry sendution a where th permeaiyovacuum, Ni the mums ofr of tbe piney secondaty winding (Gepeaing on wheter te eeeticent fsa) seltindosée ‘ete othe primar or othe secondary sting cleats} stb engine ‘eakape channel and~Daisimenn cements ina Dad ne Dae ‘berepetvemesnturelengivahe wo winding in aed andy rhea fhe two winging ie the ston perpendicular to the stay Oo an 5M Ta he above ration the x pasing thro sucess and aye on Fatal inked with he resptive tars, ana ne eon desde Seri in the radial det a the winding, thet inte expesion of sete f secnduction (due to integration) only onested these pyar The expresion appearing tracts arly te writen (Gtowing appeouinate forme (+252) “6. vere the wd fhe educa leakage duct. The formula cual valid ransormersbavng concentric or dice winding arangenens The nas forthe pancake aangeent of windings shelly tatomes a expan mine SoJ yeaa may bce ome mala Xf moe commons nih pate the mune cepa oe ‘sper thera tige Aerating ton 187 $27tm ye md eorentan dingy atl age ae vn, sestaag ns argent ala aed, se Tuy ans cca rats dn) ty(otises, vite rgaeny in Ha Thotum oagean Ve 98 cath nb fie ansormer Teco col gros faced amperrns isexpinein Fig 3 106i Fig 310th mone fou ofl ampere ee FE cnn tte homes nmin htop setae psa eance age aly proprio se dn aise propor the sate a tr lage. geet raormcr cased fon ermala 138d betes maul yee ow here ad Uyareated peal eV and es By egeion Uy Need af numer og (ean) in an asians lat (stato noting some fe pec sen a gapped tothe simplified basic mode ofaevatigformalae(11)and(312, «nd titReas arena embeded nasi inte peed nthe ska % uctionotecein, nara othe nto windings Infante mo ‘onions mention ae ot ssf, thee ste ao componsnt ray Nox [epenicolar othe age channel Dueto te elutnc ofan pth ove ie ‘inns ener ies seaping in thera detonated wth he tars ‘ndings than spposed byte apeaxnatingseomption andr haesom oe ‘esi vals of topedance velage are generally lowe ha hoe by ‘slo. This taken nto aecoun! yt Rogovslicotient having he wake 8804(, psa) ony Piezuton apes en ii 0 Fermi “The nme vale ofthe Rogows cote sirable tha nity, tani 526 Lo mil the vas of Ly Xy and ty In the case of help teasormers the ale of oti Fip 39. Tre aesfomers he Ige-vndings re subvied by ol dot for beter ‘cling From the point ofvew sry eaetance the rangement deta ih {hat where a winding the LV wining omponed of seven const slemens, Such an arangement is shown a ig Bl for whch te valu i ean be luted by wing th notaton ot Hida i Ella] Fig. Athan ten fsa bed nt i ony iImpedance vliage i ge by enone a) s5] ue) “The notation pany idee wth tat apering informal (12and partly as used nie 31 ey Nf Me and Ny bg the numbers of ens nco sotons NOONE Nan yeh and the enn nh of tect of With. ‘When ig he for, ies no eed alte with ede antes iy te rate beara try member ate egued The ipelance volage oa Minding ste sade by cen oe doc cn be eaelted by apg te Teoma sa coring Tordetseducethe shone fore or the reactance voltage tsa common ctv both he prinay an secondary wings into several egal arts [nd tosrange them alten Sach an arangemen tated mn Fig 340 In ‘heuppargo fhe dng ie Gaributon ct yOu ines shown. Each part Tidings og wtih ety duction ies cease rm 2 oa rain nla nd deen pn too cots a up of ane! ampere: {bine Ing 310 he smber of sch poop = Tn is ase te ate ‘ese om fl (40 ing tc ataton f Fi 3.10 ta ‘ostung gel p appearing nthe denomintor he fools y the mamber ‘opr abcd peur In Fig 110 ean bern tt log the tntmaybeweeneach wo adacent groups the alse cnaaetiingocton eis tro thus wher Inning theo et slong the Boundary ie tween to Fragman eoup th of he ac il have offen om the znd of reste vlog Fe xe ofthe relating trarsformer ast “The vale of it rettanee vp (77), ein ig 320) fet. (8) Tyson(f on (%3) oft (3) ]uonn(M) S0(@)}. ore [en +() eee) Say} ove seen geting te en ago eerie gay herr caster ecm sheer terrae’ gene Soe et a cade pe emt ee eee ere! see ey mena get wegen a sss tent Wenger ay Soares reas Te ae * ‘ec with minding ofa By soperingosig te excasons of windings 22nd 3 ‘of(yteescaton of winding of) obtained Acordes iterprtaton, the reactance vag of srargersent (eons lwo parte One prt he rentacevlage between mndage and ‘sd the other prt inthe reactance vag of winding 3 represen the et of ‘The reantreastancevlage isthe sum othe te esc volge <6 “The formula for ft the known telson af reactance volag! appl {othe pir of minding ented by 3 the dara he ese waning train that ese, din and the estimated length of the leakage canal conaerng the ‘ey short cgi the winding inthe ection he rayne off She ws ad fly 1 replaced bythe term Nl The restace vole flues ‘portional wit heat ote att arn these te squares to {i ppetsin the formu Te sign fe aleaye postive is ayant vas ‘rngabout an increased rntace vole Iie appre ht he oho he ‘age esi estimated very generously. The oral wl not alway ge ‘elabe oul but roviserabaforasening hee fasynmety. Teche ot Symmetry may interred in another ny, by tng ta cus the ‘eduction ef dsnenson Since th mension appear in th deominsto fhe Ferma or eactanevliageany asyemetcy nil away ln othe eee the + Tahetetnag st nate erop erectedoo 31% Ari te mie dnl 0 ls nd reactance og, Correspondingly the etn otage could cleat rom {Erma It orsymmetneai rangement but succes lace of he {Soh the eae it ie then 12) ast be btu. "ire 313 ges an vam showing the apptation ofthe considerations reatng ote ess mymmetea winding marked Ls te baie bythe ‘Sperpostionotwndings and 3 Snes oC winings Zand 3 ion bal ofthe ‘i eating fom the sperpostion ben he xyes feted at one end of the winking ican conde that the etc of a asym the intr of he Mining ce he get of appears inthe rma) spots great as that ofan ‘Symmetry of ental sen he end ston ofthe wing Ta ip. 3130) 8 Suny vourble arrangement presenta wih the apt unormy ‘Eobuted slong the two windings intend at big concentated tits mie 2.3 Inpdancevlage of thse eat transformers “Tver or thee windng) taaormers are widely sed» eosin oporian of pes transformers of medium sd igh power ratings bing the ci units Tors network of diflerent voltage ls ae could hough och ‘tana, mst in sor way that one winding (eg that of 1D KV) at a8 far. wie the ther two (eg 35 and 20 KV) ae in noma servi of he ‘onary wining Usa, he poner ratings fhe he winding are dierent. ‘peal appeation 9 thre taste aes when a Bighpower tvanieomer connate hough tr wedge asyachronou condenser ot Vento Ines two transformers are replaced ya frei transom, bat {heinvesoet cnr ony abou 68 o 75% hat fhe wo unit. The ectanee ‘iage a eect transformer, and abo tele pa copper loss can be ‘etal Com the Boysian star equvalenSrest shown in Fig 14 Inthe Sree encei ag ove ps he winding ofthe ee detent vane {Ses represented The bponng and the end of wndg {are coupled Temas rand thon winding 30 nd daly. chose wining to. and xy Thiele cit a coment we in he erature fore ‘hte pacts possi emilee yy andy tenga and te banc etn he agen oh te a im ome. The ‘network theory The stance apart an two rate a of erin, Stith he third pir of termine open, sould he sql fo the Faas ope ‘mesure acon the coesponding pie of emia of he tarsorme. fhe std mere vlag components Se ete ut oer net Gaerne net tes tnd the voltage components ofthe individual ranches f the ta guile! the flowing sation between the above quantities ae vali Haba 1 Fees 7 Flincate rt eas Fleestea-amtieea a cateacataca) 16 ae png hm mig hel tn tet a atta a pcotinnae reese oorcty proportional tothe rated power the ative and reactive components of ‘pens Vlas ave oe reed toa array chosen bse meas when yy The recta pvahort esi omer obtained om thecal ‘Somponets thee mindingrnsformes show ood apse with threo ine rasormes where the soplementary shot loses ae peter, rmet do notes ce Thiers ‘ese acutely a thinagaitoes ay iferinvarou ad conons {set the lent pares of fox dsb eee “hepa ef poe hag tenon i ee FE = OSES 4510" ca oe 4, sin. 2 Dai ei Seen opin wage us hemmedein cei pin hi iin pen akon “s) st sree ane a Sk 2. fa 3c ae i erent medi et ‘Sading tb i tren Trot ened pene Smet Fam ests anh ert ssi cnn 0 ib ti vigor ee 32 The voltage drop of transformers “The voltage acros the ouput conde) teins varies according tothe sgninde and pt angle load Thi ong vrata coy eats ‘be components ofthe inpedance voltae of he transformer vale of voltage varation os tmo-indingtasforme san Eto etatingst : : sHamuestesen am wet ks tert lad cuvette curren and sar the pi Itpedance if eapacive characte, con Smale han sh @, ANd ‘oles rie wil be cased bythe load “The volge varaon of 4 thre-wnding transformer is more complicated ‘ets thevltage chang duced bythe ld ol he rd wining ar a oe osieel. Gers teomintng transformer opened hat the poetfiat one winding tnken wp by the loud connected to the sed ad hid ‘rindngs The voltage change cao be eluate onthe bai te model of Fi Tre bas ote take no acsount ha each ofthe thee wandigs may haves ‘erent rang. Tse couse of cleultion i allows (a) Theipetanevoltagecomponent gives the aiows airs wndings ar seftred toa arial chosen Sse convent ose ot igh a the sa, ‘om ne mapence ge ale persiningt the od contin tbe examined hd wee tee to the it) From equation 13) and (16, the impedance voltage components ae dermoe fo ich aneh of the sta quale! cee Ic) From the loads the two winding ade, the np power of the iar winding deerme IS and Sarthe out powes ad Sys tbe ste ae then k= and fy Sy The power fstor component rere the power ofthe primary winding base “ Keoseiebycos or +Hecos03, Kiaingy= SEs g say omshatno cui e map cnet ti era a Ramo nd te the preseding formals pps ar the pase agi Between the cues ‘owing io tet windings ind the especie vale "hep vlc: ofimpedance volgen branches ote staregiae wtffneansuatelt seve suitor) st ennsteanene sHecestentes] ant flamesteteae sHomnteine] (6) Considering the selected postive directions shown in Fi. 3.16 the voltage sro between he rand stad wining = thay hfs ied ios snd te dd dg ts eomson it te wean he vig es aye aerate pei ic ttn ly le Sram ae manta Se ron Serene ate mser tae ne ie oo Ea gts em ete ce et mene ‘Boonen yh oes alr orang ining ye P= ‘Reporte py ig eas eb = TERT = TT = erovek mroutoniN2ehaars sinayetuinguhynt Retna len — eeseuney = + omnsorssonmz cot] =n demnrandy eo ein tat ef ncn fom ot ‘SSSSelintesinco ane oth wesc ee a brblvetertendee= ‘ines -96s ae s09 0039633 Connection of transformer windings ‘and parallel operation of transformers 21 Cancion of turer windings “The windings of sing phate traworme can become othe emay a secondary neti inte aw diret we shown ng. Risapprent re That ne ps postions femur sod condary voltages ae nt ot ‘ants and (a for varias () abd (0. aw Wet t Ht AS) as. Fg. 27 cman win one ti tre In he es of thre phase tasormere the condone ae more complica: (0) For connecting the he pray ap tre secondary ine terminals othe reapenive network the amber pons om te peimay sian onthe ‘Seondary sie reting (36 variations ‘OyEach tthe primayandsesnday sider may become instr inde sod Jn Sig (otrconeted an aye representing» farther #9 variation, Gath pay and sosonday siete bepasng andthe nd twigs comet nan, tar atap canbe erchange, by whieh rasan cane ‘hanes. ‘The treet soup of posits may be vad between thames £9 tia the nndiag tee pe twooindingtrnsforme an becomes Te cicrant wap. No euch nomber of variant neate paco So he connections rel ian interchanged phase sequence at not comidered. The ‘emaningcomecins based onthe psedplcemens between vag of he ‘rary aod secondary wind are cuss into 12 veto group Te group {heconeton othe pinay side D stand ford, for strand Zor 8 ‘Theanond ter esto the connection oth serondry de ang he ropestre ial, at for dln, yor star andr imap. Te mb stashed oe ‘roles inde the use ng between rinay and scandy tema iN iit Ay \ etic erminalmarkng The pase angle expres in eed by 20, (rich siden withthe epective number as apeaing om cok fe In Fi SLi the connection of» Yd ansoner i show, topter wath ihe potion ‘eliage vcore Tale th estor group a hen wed se presen 5.32 ell operation of raafomers “wo of more tasfoxmets operate in pare i thy are fo rom the eae ‘bushars tthe input sie ad fed common bushy tthe etpt side. Para ‘peaion tester nceary when the sable pus f ne tanto ‘ute forthe power ransnsion betwee te fo onneted network ot tthe forthe porpoeofenegy svg anon peated in paral vhs Standby ont In theaters he callomerarereduced by al The load ichared by tatters peated in paral i proporion to the rao ofthe rated Clete he lowing conditions ae Stik (s)he pase placement between he espestine input and utp vlogs are tte tame tthe tansfomers te ofthe sash ei groun (othe vliage ratios at the same othe magnteer of dentally mack secondary voles a eau {othe Impedance vltages ae equa (a) rato ewer rated ovpue Of tunormers should not exceed 3, otherwise tamer umfomer maybe velondes hs eguiesnent en om‘he fact that the rato of inductive o stve component 4 he shore ‘pene oa rer ratformer igh than ta oth ansorme fale ‘og operated paral wih Fo th reason, the lative phase positon of lead cuenta dlrent in parle aperted ranormers of int ais theres he anf eu ower fsuch wo rasformercach ded with Irate uret ilower thn the um septate ratings fh wo transformers “Tefsconon ic esent fox paral operation Unless it ists the act cfpal convection sien lowed ty x satastope, Certain tolerances {oss Inthe oberame of te urter hee ondins. opal operation ‘temo tranormere ratings Fan Py having pas inpedance voles a Snltberatocrore=(;-UzybytwiteUrand Uy are seoonary volage cf itetwo ramormer) a Sreiting creat wl whowe magne rate to the coven ftrnsformes Cand, espetvey, is and % om thee equations the value of czcalatng current fowing in noond combos can oe deeoined Unde lady the inpat erent ofthe 0 tfasfornesswilao We unequal Te fous lene out of consraton tht» titres n he has pon of impedance vllaps the ratios ote tramformes beng deren fay eno fre ees This evan wil be of [Sowing importance wih iuesingy dierent asfomer rings Tibet 1 Pobieaion [110] 205% fom the rted vole ratioand a 10% trom the pele pedance voltage ae permite = tons 000 ‘The conitions.o be sifiod when opestingtwoovnsngtraesorers in parle! apy tot cn of tce-windg ansormer onl i bth aston ‘oon he thee nctwork. When a the winding ranforme operated Fal with twosindng unit (hi eaten n pins sent wth that Sn on of two theesinging transformers coma t all tes eth ‘wether contests oly oo th network) dangsour rusting cores real to Dow ete fhe conains for paral operation ae alll. This ‘Renuethe cur! taken op the td etek nfenesthelnpedance tage ‘tween the oer wo winging Para peraton of worviding anda Uve-vindg anfoemes ray be compel under more ourable condone inary wading ofthe he ‘ining anfoner i cna between the wo secondary wining an the Winding anormal connec the peimary ster wi onl one oe TEeondcysctnorks. In such cv the power ow betmen he et ond sod ‘took har hardly any elt the power exchange of te third network 34 Windings| According othe teminoony ofthe Strate detng with wanormer the nding he suey of tums forming an etal sa aot with on of ‘Be otges sage tothe vanfomet “rhe mantel of te wiadags 1 svally copper, akbough alumina i ‘ncesingy tng wedi sale tasormes “Ie pps proper o coppers alumina ae sma in Table 32. ‘Copper sod luseur wd or the purpose of windings mart not conta ‘scans and oman esr sas alloned unde te ect of ristig Inthe cours of manuataring deci but weld oshelead-ar welding should ‘appli sins toch weling ease Bjrogen lag coppet and ala © {hearmation of nlson maui The copper content of winding teria ‘Mould beatin 999%, Ta aluminum, mangato chrome ion coal on Sr owphers ootnt of rz and above cane 9 deterioration of lia ‘Seat by nore than 19 Te requed minimum Aontentn lien SoASIe laminin ighy sense to tnparey 4 drop in sondoctiy eeeding 107 being cased by 08%, magnesion, 01% titanium oF 00%, ‘mangas or home whereas high coments eceting 0472 of oper, fom cog, nickel and tn have no siguean efit om conduc. The ‘mechani oper of copper and aluminium when sod mr active materials ‘Shoal te ati he mis gen i Tele 32. Within those iit, copper and ‘hts ear oo vig the best mechanical poperter wth repro shat ‘Sout forse Stl no lotr made owe ie mates fhe mechanical ‘tenath fortwo reson Fis bens wading ater ftir engi weld ‘inal Site forthe read phe of te ats othe equted Comptes cot ony be andy king the sundaes fie natin, On {be cther ha, afer eft Te shareats intl ceig neve, heyc eee fcr ed sein Soe eo pr a ees ae fe 7 sa +e winding whi colin ino subject oa “annette” (125 which sat reat rece this seth ‘Most windings te mae of wires ving scl crosses Dianatets of sh wes sed In pratt ange af 03 to 28 mim for cope and of to Sra fr alumi, Over ma reungula wie ectos ae bed. The cols ‘ound sta the sale dimension othe wie perpen othe stay Mt Tne nore to avid lol emperatre oe rslng om hg adn ass, {he dimension perpendilr tothe akagechannl spree ep below 0a {er cope ond Glow 5 ao slants even when tare oy sang ayt ‘Buse perpen to testy es With larger namoer of jess ‘Barun permite deco sy be edad o2 tam, “Atand bout th mde fh winding th dimension te diet of akage Se he cnt ay ty fy eso Bl te beg ‘Sn 0 mm ith amine, becaan ofthe presence fra ny fi ies "Tepropetes ofl materia covering theme surtcs ofthe winding a ‘ait thin Caper "The rola ofthe tranorer is determined by the numberof tre ofthe windings ang by the Ro, whl the erosesetonal are proportional othe Correntefthevansfonet The winding expected to met several ejects in Shorea stengh and wistading vollae and temperature res. Genrl, ‘tenpray types of windings areal otal fsa hese egies at Tes atthe costo some compromises. When sceting the ype of winding ihe ‘err hain every at, conier What requests have tobe Ben m4 prerancin ranlormer intended fora en purpose Big short sees Kip thor lsd, igh overlaps "Toe prmary secondary ao poss any further wining ofthe asormer ar ranged eter coneneaiy at the us teed cae-pe tantormer. 0 ning the pinay, scandy ts ances led conway na alerting ‘gunce The te oni ae rad shelye tranwormere {MAI Winding of th sete tare {In Fig. 39, the spe winding arrangement isiotate. The cients ol the tblitype minding are show's in Fig. 319. fm cetaincaes may be dvamapewe he nmber of magna balanced groups can bevased within ‘deli whershy the mgnie of mpedans voltage rein, d'art Posse advantage consis flowering the atl sors fores by incresng {he numberof magntilytalaned proups. Since radal short-cut steses Singin the windings aes tot cesar that he col be eeu a» Shaitype iraforme space lation leery goo, ands eave cin be ‘manalactured without wing stepped sections. In sch ess the in cosaetion {ate made fo approach the optim, both nding and mb ae given + ‘canglarshape Peonomiconnderations aed on exten alr ales Som {Bat retinger wih le lenge of 1-2 rao ate favourble. Ia shelhpe {tannins pncaecoll sconodate onthe we mb and belonging eter {othe primary oro thesecondary winding may be connetdin parallel orn srs swith each oer Although Ths system is selom adopted Ih the majony Europese cout the arrangement js as stable or the constuction of ‘gsat-volage transformers asthe crete desi Since the Land FLV. cols ‘ne accommodate sid cach ee aeraig with each obese lesan fa pancate inslaion ar especially lnportant i the anata of Piet toliag Wis icesing vag ve, the design of slain Mas Doe Fig Ln soe of pe wining 0 pn co 9 ei 7 usincesngly diet in the telayearangenent Fo 00K th designers ave ‘her voltage levels the raptors have al bern deine a coretype el ‘of single or double discs wound with turns. The erosesection of a double disc is ‘rated n Fig 32 na the crowesntion of Soble dc woond of» gle ‘ranch is shown Drawing) sbows he eoseseion of call element made parallel trance, whl in draing (the ernssction of 2 ranches trapoiton remade fo eae tht every pall branch fe inked ‘iohhe ame amber of ine et th adiona ones hoa increase Fire 5320 ile te pret exetion of tampontons Of hee elements esc at, thse consisting aver snbe of paral branches reapplied Torte HL. wingigs, and those with moe pale ances ae adopted othe UM indngs “The other wining desig ofthe shelligpe arrangement consis of sing tons «tot rma said contin pst Aur ofthis ype show nig. 321 Sted ‘Semen are ually adopted for high-curent indies when the shortirelt ‘tong ieof seal importance Ac rears speementt loses, isso us favourable, besare high oy covet re sndced by the stay es perpen othe plane he arn The ele winding rangement ery [Bveurabiyenplayed in combination wih the re phase core ype lamination tnd tsa len ben rn, luna and shores esting rancor ‘Groen, sly talormert are ese for sppestions wre the sot ‘Sent etxmanee an oustanding eqiement 7 42 Winns of orp transformers Prfencls gen by European manufactures othe most widely ie winding ssrangrent, tha fhe coretype design. An important ature hare of ston te ara shape ea opie with ral ow et "Ar nated Fig 3.10 provision of vera magnets alice group is also pose incoreype designs, bt sno tala elevie as nthe yp rangement. Wi the coesype stem, i aie 19 acomplsh very Tow ingedancevolagesor moderate radalsbor-eutsesse, One ther ha he ‘oti srength problens canbe saved nore saat se by smper mean “The folowing types of windings re eed inthe cre ype srsngement for te (rent otge eves and power igs “Telayrigg winding conte mannered foray rating and any voiage ee [Alen dain ach pect wining ae repeentedin ig 323 Inthe alos ] il We oninapily woun perspec shown where destin sfursischangeé fon pasing fom one liye ote net. Pape inline betwen act Injen of hicks depending onthe expel cect onesie y fondlion ofcoling of dette provided uy ans fie. Tn ()s yet ‘ining Shown in wich the decton of tra ential nal ayer Sich an trranarent ensures mor economia wanton ofintorayer elton, it impute volagecarectersis wre ber The minimum prac tacsse {es provided betes acnt ayers (4mm In marower i dase he Dowresistance would nerens reducing the Now welt te i and giving sis 10 ‘Sesnie lac empuat eet dro he regu oi ow to even iis ‘common o prove sto mm we ol date Duct wis exceding hs safe Tire not jie for improving te conditions of cooing beste iar {imensons the ll ine ne a the seaming ol erosesetion bas no let Gneooting cto stengthconrations en of cour, asf ven ager ol ‘Bats dsc pe winding ortianuly wound bl pfs or double dis, ‘The iossancuoe of pl snd double ds reese shown in Fig, 330 ct are rod by pacts plcebtweea thecal elements periting ial tow ofthe el The mint dal Sut sping 4m bu der ducts have fee found more ccont in pac. Riegshaped presbourd or sot paper outing iso hikes varying betmee 3 and? mm ae plas betwee the {outlGhes The pane windngt for higher cura are utp fom cas mae ftv poral raahes or reducing atonal esses cused by ria sty ines af fn, the met of transposition ed just a the cae shy tindings Sho taspnions ae chown In Figs 320 sed 323, ‘Rupa eof mndngs nae of several paral branches the winding bt pel ever cos wound tos ft! sumer of tr, This arrangement ‘owe bythe minding cowsaon of Fig 3.23 The constants imped on he 14.32 Wing wh aso an ue intel pa as signer may tas beeen cate when dflties areencounteedin ling oot ‘hesyucensabe wih tursin sil oral dectons Characeratic ofthis ing ‘Seine that the mur turn eat equal all paral rants. For ‘hapless wound with amt paral branches each of the four ranches Ais'wo tury but only the fe ro Branches have hed turn. The tid abd fourth paral anes hve hi dur he ext isc and in aon alt ‘hefou paral branes hve thir outh a fh ars oad bre. The wind Inginadsupof ds ester mansactre conway the eset ees ‘long avangement semble of nial prepared de ements. “Thedeypewindingean te wound fom tong contous wr heen wi sucked wiodn ser soldng or wecing rege le very oe ds. The ‘ocesofpepuines winding nth fete ismoretaborious bat theprobaiity ‘roncarens fds stwes rn of singcontnocs oes Mancfuri Stake winding snp pts mounting regs ore Work, Bena te cl ‘ends have to be jointed by carefully checked soldering or welding, The dis-ype Sindings ther of paeateorssced design maybe mound or mounted ot ‘here stated fr apart chery are geometrical bie each aber By thi proces nesewved windings the impae vlog triton of winding can ‘Be improved (or dts se Chapter 3, Spal ens ar ond for higher rent. The spe pial eis ae the sige layer and doute layer cols. Figure 1248) sows a vw and rossseton fe Sigler spl midig, wherein () the dubleayer spi Minding edatspateangene Beenie Wetlipaaieg ‘epresndForhighrcuretsthe single ai doale ayer winding ate wound of ‘real paral branches In noch cer te ptf winding may comes Incense eau he ail lsnted paral branches Toavos hh colens he Winings are "doubletreada™ and one half the paral ranches ae oaght ut om te cll angry eine by 180" ith spect othe ote hal Foe Ips erent the Weode co wound of several pra! Mapes, ir wed Fe 5.4). With ths typeof ol mas be easured that the hens ofl paral Ieanchs are wansposed cjtclly 8 many tees as rege to make every conductor astm al pose rales. With the umber of parle ‘ranches equal oth imum amber of yl traspesitone a= If Wen ‘ore than 1 eke tranaptons ae mace thr ner ml banner ‘liplea(o~I} Theres no consi betwee the umber of re and tuber ttanipostions because isnot necessary to make each wassposton afte + ‘ound number ofturs only egied to mae he aspen 30 ht they ‘ide he on equl etn along he tars the eo 1 the marber of {urns te col andthe number of wanspostons ia) eanspostone bold te'made after every N/a) turns A anal of the Wendl winding, the ‘Solinuoel transposed RBbe winding abo ae, Acroeancion hr winding ‘Sreprseted in Fig 325 Ins Re! winding each pra! branch round aw ‘rndleeach contig f wo 2 parle conductr. For evans appementry [ouescontnaurtranepostiosaresrouedinthicateAnarrangemnt fecha ‘jabs tempniion ir abown in Fig, 125. Alo mth the ype of wining‘eanpoton have to be made at eat (2~1 ines In practi dsp the ec ‘Samposonsoloweschotberinaoreequntsucnson along theo 7 pag of 0010300 mn, With eye tanspostions so legen performed he {ola ndaced ote wis wil Be equal inspite of changing dentin the ‘aldresion odin ain, the bund ofconductors wi te adopt more Semly mechanical by ths mote feqoen transposition 35 Short it forces and phenomena in transformers Inaansfomer whore int sid from the spp network fated olae and hove ouput de shroud the aga caent fain a inary and ondary windings deere ty tether impedance [ietinoner Tee tlr-eatcurent iro 10 timer theratedcarentin rer andorma and 20095 tome prot As et of ttraction between ‘helehage id ofthe bred windngysem and the crrent Mowing in thts ‘Shorea forse mato be ut he windings. These bors ores ‘ine proportion tthe ute ofthe shone curent the etrodyraie [resending shortevitaybeathigh aren thousand tosmiion Nas ‘Cinpred oaew Naoated wih he rte lad crrent Te hab potion of ‘tage pena atthe nin ofthese an the ine constant he ‘hott loop ermine the maxima short arent and force, andthe igre acingon thurn and winding ser he ist caret pak Hep the wntings fad th clamping rvctresin onan a double the newore equeny the shorcet ft nrrpted. The winding structure shouldbe dimensioned ‘ican stains to prevent beste ing component pats om ‘Siang permanent Glrmatons and to limit the movement ofthe Winding ‘trae toa minim dating shortcuts Th the pod tetwern scenes ad searing ofthe elt—not exseding a second even ner ie at adverse conitons“mor othe best developing ine ‘Sndosor ster dcr sot ave the wing the hemal ine contant Sint ‘Several mint, butwllene is tenpctre For these wire lation the wading tempera. cae byte shortsirest emperatr rie hold ot seed ‘hat whieh te isang mater ave capable of withstandig or sch sor ‘ideo tine The shortest tempertre rie io aun considera heal Expansion imposing othr tain onthe mai ‘During shorts, the methane vration of windogs andthe thermal expansion of wie lake pace salamat. The lave placeneats between ‘re ieusion and ter somponent pretends may sure taslaon, [Ebing otrn ale Sma damage may rel fom ths eplcement hgh nd dyramalyy aed by pecompresing the minding aston wih © ft oresponding othe slsrdymamie elect of shores tod rs cain A soil meas of slepnring the inslating mater guns shor ct surases i to woud the use of uperious quattes of lsat, Tsang ‘nae areal ocalupe A poten measure agaist cogs ofislaton ‘Stosabjnito ati wo scene arming processes Theft orang consis ‘tconpeasng th nlting materia with x rest of 0 to 30D) Nem™ 32 {epee of 00 120°C fora few minutes, Te scond forming i pecorne, Mer acuum dying by compreniog the winding a ping cevie TEC Pacaton 1-5 aity to stand short eu) cases asfonmers thre categorie Catgory | cover tanner up to 2150 KVA, Category ‘hose inthe range 315016 S0000 EVA, Catepoy Hl Tove ove S0000 VA. 281 Shere cron apetr . no. wah sehr Ue he rat voltage, Z the short ut mpedane ofthe anformer and tbe thor eat impedance thet. nthe ce otrastarmer Category TZjeanbe need tt islower than 08, In EC Paton Te the peal Impedanes voltage of wanfomers ae given aed in Table 33, rom the Deentge impedance voage (rated Yollae(U) and rated power (5) of he Hanstormer, shore inpeance a ohm is gies as aot cus Depending onthe connection of wansfomer windings, the gmmetil shor reat ctrens of tnetolne,Uneo-earh sod. devleearh uke of the {eandormer re ol oa in cer et the ale obtained tom fora (319. ‘Theshorcceuiteurens sume the lowing Vales i he Yanbu cass ost ten onceig in practice(0) In a teansformer of starftigzag or deltaig-2g connection, tineto-erth laut tween neta pln ands pase emi! fhe nag winclngeaas he ‘oreo cue tincreuewithraeertta the sje vale by actor of ow LS 10) a tanslormer of saystar connection with nesta ought out on both siler avng a detconnsted rary ora tabling winding lieto-art at inthe econdey cout caesar eaten which of aga fe. ow) F242, 1 where Uae sted voltage, 2, th shortest impedance betwen the Wot ‘CHonected windigs aod 2, te the shores impedance between the abot (Sed winding td he dea sonseced etary or tabising winding The ine ‘och crete han ete a en 2,925, epi ageing ne iol notre ste ‘Gener shelter condonisnatsaised when the tansfometisteromits| winding fret diameter, the sl onan etal) sean Wisin nd Istria (orsabiang winding tthe malt ameter General on powet ‘ema ate designe o Kemp shore level within esol it, rete ‘Tia cumens ret be ete reactors are sere nthe del-connected ‘Sot of transformers nore onsen impelance ole 10) Te mage of short-cut caret asc with et ine fl on thedstnsde tardelteandla/slaconseedtansormer he same st tecoringin ihe cast ymca nalts taaormer (otros ‘rovrht ut) and wart ransormere wth ets bought ont om both te, ‘hemagntideotangle tne ocarh aut cerensidondeea otha re. phe () Inastar/star connected transformer the short tet carrent of line to-tine tata Js0s tae en oem care Wh Saeed re ae eta ‘Sosa crate tc0a he til rch Se Fay saat oon esta ott on st Site eae secu son Saleem eo Taek 20) where 2 the hori impedance ering tothe symmeticlthee pase IbotandZ rte mero seqoecempelance ofthe tatforer The aeoseqence lnpedance, wt no det winding being present mch higher than the postve= ‘egueneinpedance(teinpetanceperaningo he syne tee pase lt ithe poste nquensinpelancs therfore the shore cure eaeted from te former ola below what woald are nthe syria ase 352 Thermal capably of witstanding shortest “The magnitude of symmatrilshor-rat caren, depending on the ata ingedanos voltage may bebto1stinstheratd erent Asestandad tation ‘hres th period 2+ spected by IEC Pubcon 16 an hin his Darla the casformer i quedo wistand ao the thea fect of 2 ‘mre Within hs Speed tie the enpertue en te mater of {hetradorme winding mst ot xed pst ui This specie iit an "rage rave of minding tempertre sec that te property a he winding ‘tate are ot odangered andor ashort period ae second) the servi ie ct ‘he nt notin sno sony ace The maximum peri vale of erage temperate speed by TEC Pabizaion 16 for the windings a Inmet armen 280°C Tor copper, and 200°C or lini AS reat {ermal tity the behaviour of simmered teansformes feat In ‘ateathoop the ligid and sold components ef ssuation (ol, pape ‘reaboa) longo Catto he rapid bea contin aking lace io {he oil the otto hase—two-component insulation, when xpoved to ‘ermal stress of sort duran, afeequvlent to Chss E mara. The {coafrmer should bese diensoned ode oma apa of witstaning the taal fet of shore erent a8 fo preven fhe average wining temperature from exceeding 250°C (i coppeto 200°C alin) within he ‘Speued 2 duration of ahetcct caren ode he tothe au caret ‘Eat cele rom the rae eure dnt ad short caret des ‘The thermal ine conta ef widings eames tantomers iy tat two order of mapntude higher than such fale durations Tero, when ‘lesling ths heal eet shortest nee te eat ow m‘rom he winding ito the sri and oases The big sveape tps, 0, of he winding is cuted fom the 0-6, ar10", 20 wer the value of, i bien", 8g iste inl empeatre ofthe wining In'C eg lor an llimmeedanormit 8,404 65"105°C,J ithe son ‘Sci erent deny Amn" isthe drain the short-ciait caren tnt acon (8,0 nad wih Tle 36 fr ig count te emperatre dependence ote restne of wining 8, o Tables {he tmimum pomiaile average wining tnperatare, The contion fo be a coe a8) saci 05009 sated i 0,264. Obviouty, i formula (321) the derma capacity of wie Inelton andthe Reating to ey caret ced te erating ed ate ‘elo fconierain By rouphtinaon ean be ered Dae heigeet ‘Teddy enrents recede tage increasd eat peting othe Hier tempertrearsiog ring short cats morales compensated the ‘etbaobingexpbity ofthe wie nition (89). Therefore, ot the hing ‘lect of eddy curens and he laon het capaciy may be selected “Stans The trast emperte ine the rasformer ccring net ‘Sovecrout ondtoneshesked by sbtting into Ferma (02) te creat “eniy and orton othe short sei The tester inconasred saying ‘hetanperstae rue ht temperatare 8 lower than 20°C or alii snd 350°C for eoppe 83 Dyeamic salty 0 wind shrtcieie eee aes pasing howe a ase! petid of fw ee er he ine fo tte shortest cet te tanstens devs A fy momen th shore cent may be one tthe om of 4 Simponeat anda wansen component (2) Thea senty-tae component ‘oman ample perotine ineton wernt tanet compo sho 2 hte rap dey Assuming’ sso! spy vlog oer ye of inte apts, and wt 8 Tincion of wae, sineh he 2 Component] and transient compoent ofthe sore cic cet ae rate 1h rat sin sinlarte-g) am verb aa) wheres the ems value of rated transfor cures the pa impedance ‘ollge, ©=2yis the angular fequency, = the angle a phase dplcement ee ning he instant of short-cicting the ramormer and aes of sor io impedans “The opti instant ef she seating the transonseris the zrtransiton of current f=} the wanient vent component being 20 fo that cae When ‘aleslaingtesbor-creutcutents the worst ce shold ofcourse becrsdee ie astuming the shoresteut o axa amr ransom volage (2-0), More [recy the colton lor ezurnce of he mann ampli of tame ‘hortetatcomponet isthe ate when «=p a/2 Soc forge afore ‘enintheworstene(p~o)~ 5. Theneghetsesinthe diction ott ns‘easton ofthe forala jo 22he 026, ie me oth alton Tec Pebleation 16 allowsdnessoning and texting coming lower cute than tht resting from the above formule, the ample ofthe fst peak of ‘Symmetries caret bing tay 25 “The alc of /Z appearing in the above formal are shown i the fnstion f| ‘aio XJ a 2 dag of Fg. 326- 3934 Dynamic ofits of hrs on windings Ina groovindng tnesomer with windings of uniformly istibued and balansdsmperetore the arrangement f wading conse as syraetcal {Te wetodypamie shorts frs acing om conductor eal cent [Bhsed'in nmap etd of fox deny B to the camer) conductor lengths {can be computed by summing up the clement fres JF mil B. These ioe oilatng nth double the sytem equ) cause the winding Sse Tobe inthe tame cecion Representing in dara the frees acing {eeu eng of condor contig Ie winding, hr orcs Bing ome {peste ocen guia sey of sts arg the winging baie [comenat fo ress thee frst al and rail component Te Fig 327 te dibation of pci radial ocs pan of pce malfore P ust ul. r Lt 4 16 shown. The forces resting from thefnteraton ofthe corres Nowingintbe urs of the nding and te sal components of mange ox lier ati the i ‘rection aberes he riatcomponentscuee sta shoecestorss The ail fees are ought the entire length ofthe winding. ter mage blog ‘maxim where tbeaial ux camponents ae ett This pnts on thecentee Tne ofthe winding om he age cnet fb ining ong the ete ine ‘ofthe or mint ofthe ner mnding an lon ht of the nner mate te ‘Suter waning epee. The racial foe detente long the wn eseing ‘ial rom fhe lenkage chanel In Fig 37, he variaon ral forces slong the axe ie ilaated by the agra sei ces and the variates afte ‘ealong the ado the diagram of pester lth vty flowed ‘per ede othe windings hry ies en Cf the oaks Chane Tae [atest ahlores selon the wea eon hear pat the eskage hanel the plc ofthe sit ces being cls o point [3.3 and Thea foes are epee in he dara, The bees oes ate ea pons, 23 ang The dtrbaton of aia freer rinfenod by the vio he ove oat begining an at teen ofthe aner winging te rgd the {i foee may be Ls to ines that ating a the nde of theo winding In Eencentic wading the detibaton of short foci it 3 Iman the a fhe shthype arcane, efor which ae da the Covey concn sangeet, ae sli he ssi-ype arrngenest. ta ‘halpetrarforer, bower, oe par othe adil changing rom section of the lenlape chanel and pri to fo being rately shorter the magnetic Sele patter shows a more pronounced devin om the Bis patna Fig 3! of Primary ao ccondar wigings embeded medium of faa perme ‘Thee, the dtrbton ptr fet alba ers or the da ot ig 327 thinly guanitatey. The shore forts sg in coetype windings re “Teinnerwindingcan be regarded satube compre om house ad the cuter winging asa ube enpanded om he side, he al forees The si forested tocompres theca faye aang winding tm the fore ing on nda! arr have no res La Snayrmescal winlng ‘yse the al oer en to compres te co bu the al foe ting a tune havea estan and he Siting lors reeling om te hj sch ast cane te apymmery to ieee tier “The ability of waslomer winding o withtand short-circuit is backed | ead below (a) The rata forces sou nat css dango deformation inthe over winding ‘This checking i sobtantialy sila othe eeuston of methane Stes ang in tube expanded om ts inside (©) The ral ores should not cus te ine winding i, the winding is checked for deformation asa Ube cones rm te Stead bred fom he Sneie at t enor along the spacer (0) The asia forces sould no ese dfrmation of wingigs. In the ete of talanedsmpere ory al foes eo the mading compre cesInyrwindig the cmpresve ses aes onthe suas of aces 5 ‘hecsiapncke ndings hel renter ought Tene nn adie contr stone beech pcr ae ube o bende Shormanens oil onesaston the condor tte minding ends ein Stoves te highest te-Te sal compres oer 68 om oth EStowrd heen ie te wig tan apr ings tere ang She conductors and in pace ninth compre frs acting othe Stucere the get I ero symm the ran sl foe es 8 ‘Sohn ste fee camping rte we. “tir nay checking cana rnp anrtemethodot cating he cin Shorea fea In th had the ream fal oe te ‘Serine! ycitrninng ie ord magne nthe dieton of rai ‘Bpnenmen ft winimgAvonng terrane twine f bevy seul compared foe sty recanss te epeied mati of he ean ‘at foce cn te cult rom the formal (025 were isthe power peri in VA, the ptm egueny in Ha ithe pa “Tcofimpetance voles gs the numberof magnet blinerd ous, tnd ‘ureteral dmensons be espdive windings isthe ail dimension ‘Ft eatage chanel nity with tse unite the forces obtaied in ers OF, Rainn (226) may ao be writen in he form (0.265 vt hep 1256410 isi utr. eek ‘reo eatin sth es prey of her cand tbe length be tts camel nd 9 espn umber of mapa anced rue the (tant forsee! items EN, soa be oe fat the sorta [Steindpenn on esque of smprtarne anon ension of ey oc sens tt fom song tttomer Senge eth sane aig he {feopng vec rcs lb arn those baving a higher arm Okage Sed sinner winding “Toe nae eri te over winding ca be detained fom the allow ‘oom en here ohne nem cenit we ae ‘Sond wen twespesedinm?and Nithe suber of rnb winding Teulathc serge awh onal stress th torn acento he kag ‘Shane sre woul be twieasbigh thse uns were ot ining gant the ‘ur tums of te wining. The eter wibdngwistands the radial fren te = sorties tenae stroman blow evalu casing permanent dcormaion ‘Consiringuneqal ditto offen checking ite resi the tes {um thot buted it Tower than SO Nem for copper intigs 806 ‘SRONew"* fr sania windings. “Teinner windings checked for Having A winding compressed rom the outide ic brea rom he side by spas of um By oing salient umber of ‘pacar formations caus! het forercanbesvided In ig 3.25 te Saviogin of thee windings Draced ih teat numbers of spaces shown ‘iscer (31 Sofas he flowing formal forthe minimum rue aber of 2m ‘ean lrg a he ner windingin em, bite rain derson os am Nth ‘umber af trey Eis the este mods of contr mateal in Nem*, [Ee12s00000Nen* fr copper and =7200000 en for alumi, ‘A-wnding wil withstand the toreeut ores without sfsing pemanet oration ithe numer of spaces Zaye, obtained Com formal (828 ower ‘han a seted by the eign oneal racing he wining be tht tough the winding hs been acl aginst saving by an adeuate numb of ‘paces, tthe sees aning the wes ofthe winding cates peomanent ‘formation, nec acne the conesiona ara ofthe eendacte htt be Increased. Tochek or the haar permanent dlormaton healing lion on ba, om veer y= 800 Nm" or copper pd 224000 N mor lumii. Should ‘ee and ie cf be soe mala ger ane epee as ee sess Du otha ins pening ay ie vino he winding etd heen ar dns ends odes owas the nd of winding There he‘ial foroes acting on the winding elements (onthe discs, ox inthe case of layer Winging onthe tara a the mo snd the minding are onl Oto of that "Toren! of in res srsingin the shots pimary and secondary a (tk weg (2 +8) 030 ‘This sil component i unequally datiuted betwen the ove and ier ‘rntngs dete he presence oie core The asl reat ine ning nous about 8 to 75% ofthe resultant tained rom Egy (830, wets the {eres acting the outer mnding oe corespondig'y. ony 331 25%. Thal ‘enltant fore i flenced not only by te vino he cre but also by ‘tena fom the tank the pronar of eae sutra pars ad he rangement ofadjacem windings The unequal bution frei taken ito [count tha margin of aety scope pact purposes by detionlog Theine nding otal vara he our winding 09070 ora (250) Tae wining stem, denon to wiistand the sal Tre he {slowing mathe ai sbor rut forceastmed ar normly tiled slong the poiery mast not esen on te reef ure af copper and smi Innding pei presse higher han £000 Nem’ inthe cue of pal wining Strotres or higher han S100 Nem» in the ease of ng part covered by Sees a dstype winding ste). Fr the ice of tr te product of ‘ein nding prpbry and ad Smeaton of tare sto be understood inthe ‘se fsa winging or he area covered by a space and ake long one turn of ‘he dat cll nthe coef pancake windings The metod dere above i ‘eal rocede or checking the sorte oes inthe cae emt ‘ings. te are transformer ofa uitsepeted to operate onder very sere ‘Sorte conn, the stress imposed on cern tr of epi cea paston win a whling have to be conlered separately. In 8 syed ining ihe tiles act on the tr tated af te endo winding or iia nen pots nap wind Th mend oe fore imposed ona train theese postion ooh groupeomposed oars in ‘stem postions [139] a anf eS, oan wherethe frei abtaned nN, whe halo Fy subtuedinterms oN, Ws thenumber of ras inexeme poston (bell de ina dep winds rth nal train a piel winding) the umber fal the es onetaing {herwinding ci the sil dineson (0 nal die o a tr) and the Interpretation oe 6 and has aeady been sven above ‘The windings are compressed aally by the clamping structures of the teansomer The ail compression fre applied to The mending chosen to rode adoration aia culo tht curing in senor BY ts Evmpresion he loonnigoftransonmerwndngrander heeft of short-ut fore prevented 25.32 Dynamic eft of ort ceite on windings ‘eth balaned amperes “The shre-siitfores arhng in wdings wth unbalnced amperes may ‘omer eceed tote oceiing in windings of tance amperes of Atandormet bese ste The deton offcourse Windgs ‘bale sper turns endef eres he exsting simmer Tn ely ‘Smeal nding (wth ly bales amperes) teil fos fend to ‘Compress the wndog and are gulls wth each ter xering to oc 8 Strat parton the windings, Te sl fre bought about) aya. ‘This tending to ieee ths stymmery,tave an ecto oer soul ‘Cimponeis aie taser No obersable ceases doe oe freene of sayy fo be expected 20 both sibs ceo See an {mmc the formols (820, (027, 28) and (29) ae equal stable for ‘Remini sence by aa forte shod be note hala peel) ‘yam winding sytem eaaet be accomplishes, eens even inthe simple ‘Rizr inacuraces of manulacuro soon sae windings in the course ‘Ging i avaye todas some sigh symety. Thee radial hat the clamping stiotre of winding dimensioned to wisn te shortcut fore whih nol eatroman ayn aul relate al placement {1 pronto he winding length trent cents of ampere suns he 0 ‘rindings Several comtretioa esements rt be full i the dsp, och Shc exclaim of ture of tapped wigings, wich are lable to gv re 12 ‘Shsun sddonlloes anime bgher has hosing ia ame "The suplemtoary magnet deveopinginaasyeamelwindingsytem can fe crane ty themetho of sperpostonstowe i Fip 82. The wo ‘Sindngs laced says ae shown Fig) Te ld exces by the {hort widing i the eal he fel enced by wingnge 2 and Se asymery {nowy sected wih any unblaoeé amperetorng and the al ‘magnet Fld (ending So Fig 1120) podaced by theresa xeon we The consequence ofthis unbalance One pile way of aclating the anes Inne dt dlemin the permeaee othe transverse Mok doe of unit Igin thea Gestion The permanence ora magnet Feld na etion of Sn th in the al hetion . ooset crn ine” fia mae m | I-IV he im | were the mea peihery ofthe leakage channel and ithelength thera fac staal Ite mage rater det fo termine. Waters perormed Imesorament nd found ht the vals of depend on the rato baht fhe ‘Src window tothe diameter of te dreameribe ce heli ad onthe ra ‘ie later dametr tothe ean Winding date, Fv ferent cases are ‘Soop in Table 3. From among the wisdow telghicee dame ratios Securingin practice the values of 5042 are the mst commoaly we. Vals flow 25 ave encountered inthe den f ery Ire atslormes of Se sporeching ihe mit of anporabi C19) "Fe cnc thon async dv oon winding bing shorter than the here ‘showninthe tine Tate Tae rele eondios excitation cna be ee Fig 309. The minding comesections ave represented by drawing (a and the ontns oexstion shown an be dered fom the sperpostion of rags {Byandto The peak ae of dial Dox deny represented in drawing (it em ‘where dimension ad tea explained in Fig 329.The 1G ony be esimat bose ofthe mal ain mension of the spc ‘incre but ts alue wl ot be neded in the ollowig ih introdtin ofthe ‘Someta. The mapnitade ofa repulig ce Facing on bth Wings cae tected by mating the mean magnet ndacion Ba/? by the overall ‘inductor length ae bythe crent owing nthe condcter faformal 3.3) the ‘sping forse obtained in terme of ube a Him creat in A {iu the geomet eimensone in me Dn a 771 Infomation abot Di given ia Fig 129, andthe aur or Leo be oundin he fist ine of Tube 35 Pen tne . 39Comparing elation (3.30 wh (2.33) can ese hat the axial replsng Force sod the symmetrical arranged ail compres oc ate etal oder of mopeds When cheting etsymmetal winding he eisation scoring to {ovmola (0) seen atime smmetial ee deeming he space sas, ‘ntereat he foe tained fom fmol (135) wd fr dimensioning the aval ‘Shmping suture of the winding "Ticcrnscons fan all deed pair of windings bo baving the same ‘length, te shown Fg 390 togeter ith he tera station a8 ensty sociated withauchanarangenent.Therepusng foxes obaned onthe otro conterations a ere om the flowing formu Ferma (hasan, oa “Thea eon rr arecaleltd rom formola (3) eng for be vaee Sten inthe ft eof Tale 3. "When raining he formule forthe foes aring nthe cae of symmetry represented in Fig 329 and 3.30 teint thal they ate of comeabe ‘apd nore fo avai uch rest short-cet ocen tempt re me 16 ‘Sint or ales o edu the asymmetry whenerer tren The meee ‘tazymmetty mentonedabowehavetobereskoned ith shy canbe expected 6 ‘econ at lento sms ewe extend doe to manslacrng nara or neon Shrncagect wingings in noma eres Shold uch aymmety be rekoned with Torsone reason (he reseace of apis, he winding arapemet sted in ‘he Dd, eth se throws of Tae ae seed fo ating low 25 MVA, Dejond 2° MVA, symmety sould be aoe. "Wiherldel windings hemo the two ends ofthe wedge 2nd so of Table 35) tbe agate of he epson force Fe ME ie 035) v7 Insuch cates the atonal rr due asymmetry wll etna dtibton of replion foes dllrng conser rom hat expected 2 symetcal rangement Thr is becang,inconrart othe compress freien rom ‘he wining nds toward the mi he estan frac om the mile 1 toward the winding cad modifies the distribution, and at some points causes empreson foes acting om the spc to ints The ost eles ‘eign sch cases are alte by ang fo thea compression fore ‘Scungon thine winding Which nay be 7c eo obtained om ora (350) the ore esaing fom frm (3.38% 036 ‘Thecompressonorein tbe ove wining issmaler ha his vale. The ight lol tes aries inthe cutent-car}ing urs yagi the ited ist) the exude enlace) etn of he winding, tite wl on he {urn ba tending ese The magaitee ofthe fare «) om “The frei obi fom the formals interme of he Ui in which Fa cere inerpnontat penn Take} Sandi heal ment Tete trn in the mie of one winding ae acing al at any eld turnin he idle ofthe other wing then he ons ea Pa aan Teh(,_ a Ia, Computation ofthe minum compresion fre acing the ai dirstion somentat more comple, bt tr valve ie baat sales than tat ‘eulng fom fomela (30, Samia the value bending force ating om the ‘arennnying aren he ionty ola rn la cosderehly sale than tat obnred from forma (37) "When theexclued reste located inthe et and third quartereooe winding, thers throw of Table 33) saan? in tai 9 ‘The compres oc i of snr magitude to hat acing 0 4 winding of sie dmersions bt of syria arangemest The crf fore acting ‘the cutermont nies xs be cles fron feral.) but eorsponding te ‘he ottion appearing inthe agra a/ shouldbe subsite intend a "The mage he sional force ring rom ayant canbe farber sedoced by ming theca ore in theft ad thd Guat foe wing ‘sumters ony hlfamany (th row a Tabie3 Sainte fet wntng Inatchcss the hi re eae 40) exu(1 7 Asointhisas.thecompresive ore i ofsinlar mageitdeto hat ocarring in ‘4 gmmetteal wioding ental andthe maaima fore acing on te ‘utes ites can te bined rom armel 7h agin setting te leo send oa ‘acu ot ase Sean ten ata Gea Paneea a hig ae peop cen peg aes ‘Sih wenn! we O13 mn? fh ioe 1848 hw em EES id Sil en tis iy th Sa serpents res tee yearn decree ne (util hehe oer den england wat vectra ere rae 00nd ees oy tenga fea Sewn ond el eet fount hank Ses SSS Non sr ae “ea nnn leper th mae gas on og des femane ct nrc ot near ates Sl rpg ees oe sate aserdbatteaatrhee nity tnd hats ‘tert /iatbon Fehon 26 Map ests Sete 2 on ro‘enone ew ahr aban dane elem aan oes sng oe ig sean lta hres etalon Ont cases Sentinel dan {stare estas hus cst a ton ny man cnt ‘Sewing throm sf unequnnaleasptwinan oie treet TP hae hg) Pn ae epg ig somata iis waagnen crepes theme tie ow Tie Tera ‘Pinte Nn emacs eo ang ero FNS ‘hdd ohaaly eprint cape vane ee! en a nig ee ea res seiner thtseeuye ae ang wontons se SES bette $54 Sophinated methods Exgerizne ha shown thatthe cation moods deserted on he presiding rags ge good overall formation oa the sbortcicut forces they Bane fesined hel sua for maling quick surveyor comparison of condion to ‘erpecel ig homer, bvow hat snare computed meveds can is ‘more dtd and more scrte data conceeing shore ores 1. The frees acting onthe elements ofa winding site can be taken nto The inten of adjcet windings canbe computed. 5. Thefts ofalmot any arangeent of ate Parts tad asym canbe “These methods em to have ben aly developed 0 he dyamiforces can be calsated by them. Te following sous piven of oe sch tho, known Tear a Ros tod ‘Some important conditions ot application ae a flows |The method isa two-dimensional (ase method bated on atin the Laplace Poison equation. From the denstyfanchon of amperetune 9 ed eoaton mithe vector poeta Ais sompat then by Ampere’ formes arin the forces ting may be comput ‘peng i ton by paar cone: PAG PAE pi an Sa ae eM ‘The in ene’ ofthe erosion fa winding i showe in Fig 33, and within creer cement smprtar ensy may eco a i ‘wing onsen tn the case ofthe ith ment he ampere densi aa eton Station an an Rud ‘us sulin o approximate fnction 8) ther with the fit 2 soe and 20 ‘aces of te Fou sees orth 20 exponential ems. The Boundary ‘Shulions to be coniered i snvag the equation ae a ows titi the windows ei he plane nesters the ibs, the ax esty 24 fat aluesofy where x=0and =e. Further 24/9 =Ofor all ales of i Pere y=0 0d yoo, Stee wate: inthe plane containing te asta ina yng ervsudela the pane ete br fr coment fo hae the boon) Eokitns 220, secandy=0, Ye lente tien eat) {hay fom he wining “The fore in he x ition ating onan clement of Fg 3.3 is irae f Pattoaes os and the force inthe y direction is vr f Fat oaer oy Inreatons(340}and(340) and ae nit vectra the ition faneexandy, repeal isthe vector potethin Vem mensions randy are penn (F yand (Fate specie ores per unit length their respective directions in terms Nm -Toecomputtion method desde ital orcleaing shor -

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