Modul Kuliah Statistika

4 4

BAB V PENGUKURAN DISPERSI

P e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e l e n g k a p i p e r h i t u n g a n n i l a i s e n t r a l D i s p e r s i a d a l a hb e s a r n y an i l a i p e n y i m p a n g a n s u a t un i l a i d a r i n i l a i s e n t r a l n y a . P e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i y a n g m e r u p a k a n s a l a h s a t u a s p e k y a n g s a n g a t p e n t i n g d a l a m s t u d i d e s k r i p t i fs u a t ud a t a , p e n g u k u r a nv a r i a b i l i t a sn i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s id a r i n i a l i s e n t r a l n y a .D u ak e l o m p o kd a t a m u n g k i nm e m i l i k i r a t a r a t a y a n gs a m a , t a p i b e r b e d ad a l a mh a l v a r i a b i l i t a sn i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i n y a . C o n t o h : D a t a At e r d i r i d a r i n i l a i n i l a i : 5 2 , 5 6 , 6 0 , 6 4 , 6 8 D a t a Bt e r d i r i d a r i n i l a i n i l a i : 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 0 R a t a r a t ak e d u ak e l o m p o kd a t at e r s e b u ta d a l a hs a m a , y a k n i 6 0 . N a m u n v a r i a s i n i l a i n i l a i t e r h a d a pn i l a i s e n t r a l k e d u ak e l o m p o kd a t at e r s e b u tb e r b e d a . P e r h a t i k a n g a m b a r b e r i k u t : D a t a A 5 2 D a t a B 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 5 6 6 0 6 4 6 8

A d ad u am a c a mp e n g u k u r a nd i s p e r s i : d i s p e r s i a b s o l u td a np e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i r e l a t i f . P e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i a b s o l u t d i g u n a k a n u n t u km e n g e t a h u i t i n g k a t v a r i a b i l i t a sn i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i p a d a s u a t u d a t a . s e d a n g k a n p e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i r e l a t i fd i p e r g u n a k a n j i k ak i t am e m b a n d i n g k a nv a r i a b i l i t a s n i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i s u a t ud a t a d e n g a n t i n g k a tv a r i a b i l i t a s n i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i d a t a l a i n n y a . Me t o d e p e n g u k u r a n d i s p e r s i a b s o l u t a d a 4 , y a i t u : R a n g e , D e v i a s i K u a r t i l , D e v i a s i r a t a r a t a d a n D e v i a s i S t a n d a r t . S e d a n g k a n k o e f i s i e n tv a r i a s i d a n k o e f i s i e n tv a r i a s i k u a r t i l d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g u k u rd i s p e r s i r e l a t i f .

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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4 5

5.1 Range R a n g e a d a l a h s e l i s i h n i l a i t e r t i n g g i d a n n i l a i t e r e n d a h s u a t u d a t a . C o n t o h : D a t a : 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 0

R a n g e: 8 0 4 0 =4 0 R a n g em e r u p a k a nc a r ap e n g u k u r a nd i s p e r s i y a n gp a l i n gs e d e r h a n a . K e l e m a h a n y aa d a l a hR a n g eh a n y ad i t e n t u k a no l e h2n i l a i o b s e r v a s i .J i k ap a d a d a t at e r d a p a tn i l a i e k s t r e m ,r a n g ea k a nm e m b e r i k a ng a m b a r a ny a n gv a r i a b e l i t a s y a n g k u r a n g b e n a r . C o n t o h : D a t a : 4 0 , 4 1 , 4 2 , 4 5 , 4 7 , 4 7 , 4 8 , 4 9 , 4 9 , 4 9 , 5 0 , 1 0 0 0 R a n g e : 1 0 0 0 4 0 =9 6 0 !

5.2 Deviasi Kwartil U n t u k m e n g h i l a n g k a n p e n g a r u h e k s t r i m, e p e r t i p a d a c o n t o h s e b e l u m n y a k i t a b i a s m e n g g u n a k a n n i l a i k u a r t i l u n t u km e n g u k u r d i s p e r s i . R u m u s d e v i a s i k u a r t i l a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : Q Q1 Dk = 3 2 D i m a n a : Q1 =K w a r t i l k e 1 Q3 =K w a r t i l k e 3 D e v i a s i k u a r t i l r e l a t i fl e b i hb a i k d a r i p a d ar a n g ek a r e n a t i d a k t e r p e n g a r u ho l e hn i l a ie k s t r i my a n gm u n g k i n a d ap a d ad a t a .H a l i n i d i m u n g k i n k a nk a r e n ad e v i a s i k w a r t i lh a n y am e m p e r h i t u n g k a n5 0 % d a r i d a t a . P e r h a t i k a n g a m b a r b e r i k u t : 5 0 %

Q 1

Q 2

Q 3

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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4 6

N i l a i e k s t r i my a n gt e r l e t a kd i u j u n gk i r i ( n i l a i y a n gr e l a t i fs a n g a tk e c i l ) d a nd i u j u n gk a n a n( n i l a i y a n gr e l a t i fs a n g a tb e s a r )t i d a kd i p e r h i t u n g k a n .A k a n t e t a p i t i n d a k a nm e n g a b a i k a n2 5 %d a t at e r e n d a h d a n2 5 %d a t a t e r t i n g g i . P a d a d a t a i n i j u g a m e r u p a k a nk e l e m a h a n d a r i m e t o d e k w a r t i l .

5.3 Deviasi Rata-Rata Me t o d ei n i b e r u s a h am e n u t u p i k e l e m a h a n d e v i a s i k u a r t i l y a n gt i d a k m e m p e r h i t u n g k a ns e m u a s e m u an i l a i o b s e r v a s ip a d ad a t ad a l a mp e r h i t u n g a n d i s p e r s i . D e v i a s i r a t a r a t a a d a l a h j u m l a ha b s o l u t d a r i d e v i a s i ( p e n y i m p a n g a n n i l a i o b s e r v a s i d a r i n i l a i s e n t r a l n y a )d i b a g i d e n g a nj u m l a hi t e m a t a un i l a io b s e r v a s i p a d a d a t a . R u m u s d e v i a s i r a t a r a t aA d a l a h :

Dx = D i m a n a : x N i l a i o b s e r v a s i k e i i = x =R a t a r a t a n =J u m l a h n i l a i o b s e r v a s i C o n t o h : D a t a : 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 0 C a r i l a h d e v i a s i r a t a r a t a n y a . J a w a b : x i 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 X=6 0 Dx =6 0 / 5 =1 2

x
i =1

x i -x 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0

| x i-x | 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 6 0

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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4 7

U n t u k d a t a b e r k e l o m p o k , r u m u s d e v i a s i r a t a r a t a a d a l a h ;

Dx = D i m a n a : f i x i x C o n t o h : =F r e k u e n s i k e l a s k e I =N i l a i t e n g a h k e l a s k e I =R a t a r a t a

f
i =1

.x i x n

H i t u n g l a hd e v i a s i r a t a r a t ad i s t r i b u s i f r e k u e n s i b e r i k u t i n i : N i l a i U j i a n 2 0 2 9 3 0 3 9 4 0 4 9 5 0 5 9 F r e k u e n s i 1 2 4 2 9 J a w a b : N i l a i U j i a n 2 0 2 9 3 0 3 9 4 0 4 9 5 0 5 9 f i 1 2 4 2 9 x i 2 4 , 5 3 4 , 5 4 4 , 5 5 4 , 5 f x i i 2 4 , 5 6 9 1 7 8 1 0 9 3 8 0 , 5 x i-x 1 7 , 8 7 , 8 2 , 2 1 2 , 2 | x . f i-x | i 1 7 , 8 1 5 , 6 8 , 8 2 4 , 4 6 6 , 6

Mu l a m u l a k i t a m e n c a r i n i l a i r a t a r a t a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n r u m u s :

x=

f
i= 1

. xi

8 0 , 5= = 3 4 2 , 2 0 9

K e m u d i a n d e v i a s i r a t a r a t a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n r u m u s :

Dx =

f
i= 1

. xi x n

6 , 6= = 6 7 , 4 9

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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4 8

K e l e m a h a nd a r i d e v i a s i r a t a r a t aa d a l a hi am e n g g u n a k a n n i l a i a b s o l u t a t a um e n g a b a i k a nt a n d ap o s i t i f d a nn e g a t i f d a r i d e v i a s i s e h i n g g a m e n y u l i t k a n m a n i p u l a s i m a t e m a t i s .

5.4 Deviasi Standar U n t u km e m p e r b a i k i k e k u r a n g a n d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t, s e o r a n ga h l i s t a t i s t i k b e r n a m aK a r l P e a r s o nm e m b u a tn i l a i d e v i a s i ( x x ) m e n j a d i p o s i t i fd e n g a nc a r a d i k u a d r a t k a nk e m u d i a n d i a k a r . R u m u s d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t :

S = D i m a n a : x i x n : N i l a i o b s e r v a s i k e I : r a t a r a t a : J u m l a h n i l a i o b s e r v a s i

(x
n i =1

x )2

n 1

U n t u k d a t a d e n g a n n y a n g r e l a t i f b e s a r , k a t a k a n l a h l e b i h b e s a r d a r i 1 0 0 , p e n y e b u t( n 1 ) d a p a td i g a n t i d e n g a n n .P e r t i m b a n g a n n y aa d a l a h u n t u kd a t a d e n g a n n y a n g l e b i b e s a r , n i l a i ( n 1 )d e n g a n n j a u h b e r b e d a . C o n t o h : H i t u n g l a h d e v i a s i s t a n d a r d a r i d a t a b e r i k u t i n i : 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 0 J a w a b : R a t a r a t a d a t a =6 0 x i 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 x i-x 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 ( x i x ) 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 0
2

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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4 9

S =

(x
n i =1

x )2 =

n 1

1 0 0 0= 1 5 8 1 51

R u m u s a l t e r n a t i f u n t u k m e n g h i t u n g n i l a i d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : S = 1 n 1

2 1

( )x
n

2 i

d i m a n a u n t u k n > 1 0 0 , ( n 1 ) d a p a t d i g a n t i n C o n t o h : Me n g h i t u n g d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t d a r i d a t a : 4 0 , 5 0 , 6 0 , 7 0 , 8 0 x i 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 x i =3 0 0
2 x i

1 6 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 6 0 0 4 9 0 0 6 4 0 0 1 9 0 0 0

S =

(3 ) 1 0 0 1 9 . 0 0 0 5 1 5

=1 5 , 8 1

U n t u k d a t a b e r k e l o m p o k , r u m u s d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : S = D i m a n a : f i x i x n =F r e k u e n s i k e l a s k e I =T i t i k t e n g a h k e l a s k e I =R a t a r a t a =J u m l a h f r e k u e n s i d a t a

f . ( x x)
2 i i

n 1

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

Modul Kuliah Statistika

5 0

C o n t o h : H i t u n g l a h d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t d a r i d a t a b e r i k u t i n i : Wa k t u ( m e n i t 0 d a n < 1 0 1 0 d a n < 2 0 2 0 d a n < 3 0 3 0 d a n < 4 0 4 0 d a n < 5 0 5 0 d a n < 6 0 6 0 d a n < 7 0 7 0 d a n < 8 0 f r e k u e n s i 2 6 1 6 1 2 7 4 2 2 5 0 J a w a b : Wa k t u 0 d a n < 1 0 1 0 d a n < 2 0 2 0 d a n < 3 0 3 0 d a n < 4 0 4 0 d a n < 5 0 5 0 d a n < 6 0 6 0 d a n < 7 0 7 0 d a n < 8 0 f i 2 6 1 6 1 2 7 4 2 1 . 5 0 x i 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 f x i. i 1 0 9 0 4 0 0 4 2 0 3 1 5 2 2 0 1 3 0 7 5 1 6 6 0 ( x x) i 2 8 , 2 1 8 , 2 8 , 2 1 , 8 1 1 , 8 2 1 , 8 3 1 , 8 4 1 , 8 ( x x) i 7 9 5 , 2 4 3 3 1 , 2 4 6 7 , 2 4 3 , 2 4 1 3 9 , 2 4 4 7 5 , 2 4 1 0 1 1 , 2 4 1 7 4 7 , 2 4 4 5 6 9 , 9 2
2

f ( ( x x) i i 1 5 9 0 , 4 8 1 9 8 7 , 4 4 1 0 7 5 , 8 4 3 8 , 8 8 9 7 4 , 6 8 1 9 0 0 , 9 6 2 0 2 2 , 4 8 1 7 4 7 , 2 4 1 1 , 3 3 8

x= S =

. xi

(x

6 0 0 =1 3 3 , 2 5 0
i

n 1

1 1 , 3 3 8= 1 5 , 2 1 5 01

R u m u s a l t e r n a t i f u n t u k m e n g h i t u n g d e v i a s i s t a n d a r t a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : S = 1 n 1

2 . x

(f . x )
2

D i m a n au n t u k n > 1 0 0 , n 1 b i s a d i g a n t i d e n g a n n

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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5 1

C o n t o h : C a r i l a hd e v i a s i s t a n d a r td a r i d i s t r i b u s i f r e k u e n s ip a d as o a l s e b e l u m n y a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a nr u m u s a l t e r n a t i f d i a t a s . Wa k t u 0 d a n < 1 0 1 0 d a n < 2 0 2 0 d a n < 3 0 3 0 d a n < 4 0 4 0 d a n < 5 0 5 0 d a n < 6 0 6 0 d a n < 7 0 7 0 d a n < 8 0 f i 2 6 1 6 1 2 7 4 2 1 5 0 x i 5 1 5 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 6 5 7 5 x i

2

f x i. i 5 0

f . x i i 1 0 9 0 4 0 0 4 2 0 3 1 5 2 2 0 1 3 0 7 5 1 6 6 0

2 5 2 2 5 6 2 5 1 2 2 5 2 0 2 5 3 0 2 5 4 2 2 5 5 6 2 5

1 3 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 7 0 0 1 4 1 7 5 1 2 0 0 0 8 4 5 0 5 6 2 5 6 6 4 5 0

S =

1 n 1

fx
2

( fx )
n

1 ( 1 . 6 6 0 ) = 6 6 . 4 5 0 1 5 , 2 1 5 0 1 5 0

S e l a i nd e v i a s i s t a n d a r ,k i t aj u g am e n g e n a l v a r i a n s .V a r i a n sa d a l a h d e v i a s i s t a n d a r y a n g d i k u a d r a t k a n . U n t u k d a t a t i d a k b e r k e l o m p o k , r u m u s v a r i a n s a d a l a h :
2 V a r i a n s= ( d e v i a s is t a n d a r )

(x

n 1

)=
2

1 n 1

x1 f .
2

(fx )
n

U n t u k d a t a b e r k e l o m p o k , r u m u s d e v i a s i s t a n d a r a d a l a h s e b a g a i b e r i k u t : =

2 . ( xi x) = 1 n 1 n 1

. x2

(fx )
n

5.5 Pengukuran Dispersi Relatif U n t u km e m b a n d i n g k a nv a r i a b i l i t a sn i l a i o b s e r v a s i p a d a2 a t a q ul e b i h k e l o m p o kd a t a ,s e b a i k n y ak i t at i d a km e n g g u n a k a nd e v i a s i s t a n d a r .Me n g a p a? C o n t o h b e r i k u t m u n g k i n d a p a t m e n j e l a s k a n p e r n y a t a a n d i a t a s .

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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5 2

C o n t o h : D a t a A: 7 , 8 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 2 , 1 3 D a t a B: 9 7 0 0 , 9 8 0 0 , 9 9 0 0 , 1 0 0 0 0 , 1 0 1 0 0 , 1 0 2 0 0 , 1 0 3 0 0 R a t a r a t a A=1 0 d a n r a t a r a t a B=1 0 . 0 0 0 D e v i a s i s t a n d a r A=2 , 3 6 d a n d e v i a s i B=2 1 6 D a p a t k a h k i t a m e n y a t a k a n b a h w a d a t a Bl e b i h b e r v a r i a s i d a r i p a d a d a t a A? J a w a b : Wa l a ud e v i a s i s t a n d a rd a t aA l e b i hk e c i l d a r i k e n y a t a a nd e v i a s i s t a n d a rd a t aB t e r d i r i d a r i n i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i y a n gr e l a t i fj a u hl e b i hb e s a rd a r i n i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i d a t a . 7 8 9 1 0 X D e v i a s i n i l a i 1 1d a r i r a t a r a t a n y a( 1 0 )a d a l a h1 .T a p i d a l a mp r o s e n t a s e ,d e v i a s i t e r s e b u t a d a l a h : ( 1 / 1 0 ) x 1 0 0 % =1 0 %! 9 7 0 0 9 8 0 0 9 9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 X 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 3

D e v i a s i n i l a i 1 0 1 0 0d a r i n i l a i r a t a r a t a n y a( 1 0 . 0 0 0 )a d a l a h1 0 0 ,t a p i d a l a m p e r s e n t a s e , a n g k a t e r s e b u t a d a l a h h a n y a : ( 1 0 0 / 1 0 . 0 0 0 ) x 1 0 0 % =1 % D a r i c o n t o hd i a t a sd a p a td i s i m p u l k a nb a h w au n t u km e m b a n d i n g k a n v a r i a b i l i t a sn i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i 2a t a ul e b i hk e l o m p o kd a t a ,s e l a i n m e m p e r h i t u n g k a n d e v i a s i s t a n d a r m a s i n g m a s i n g k e l o m p o k d a t a , k i t a j u g a h a r u s m e m p e r h a t i k a nb e s a rk e c i l n y an i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i p a d ak e l o m p o kd a t at e r s e b u t . K o n s e pi n i y a n gm e n d a s a r i p e n g u k u r a nd i s p e r s i r e l a t i fy a k n i : k o e f i s i e nv a r i a s i d a n k o e f i s i e n k w a r t i l .

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009

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5 3

5.6 Koefisien Variansi R u m u s u n t u k m e n c a r i k o e f i s i e n v a r i a n s i a d a l a h : S V = x1 0 0% x D i m a n a : V =k o e f i s i e n v a r i a n s i S =d e v i a s i s t a n d a r x =r a t a r a t a C o n t o h : D a t a A: x A =6 0 d a n S A =6 , 3 D a t a B: x B =6 0 d a n S B =1 5 , 8 R a t a r a t a k e 2 k e l o m p o k d a t a s a m a t a p i S

B

>S D a p a t d i p a s t i k a n b a h w a Bl e b i h A.

b e r v a r i a s i . H a l i n i d a p a t k i t a p e r i k s a d e n g a n m e n g g u n a k a n p e r h i t u n g a n k o e f i s i e n v a r i a n s i . SA 6 , 3 VA = x1 0 0% = x1 0 0% = 1 0 5% 6 0 xA SB 1 5 , 8 VB = x1 0 0% = x1 0 0% = 1 6 , 6% 9 0 xB V B > VA , maka data B lebih ber v a r iasi C o n t o h : D a t a A: x D a t a B: x S t a p i x A <S B,

A

=1 0 0 d a n S A =1 5 , 5 =1 2 0 d a n S B =1 6 j u g al e b i hk e c i l d a r i x
B

.K i t at i d a kb i s al a n g s u n gm e n a r i k

k e s i m p u l a n b a h w a d a t a Bl e b i h b e r v a r i a s i . SA 1 5 , 5 VA = x1 0 0% = x1 0 0% = 1 5 , 5% 1 0 0 xA SB 1 6 VB = x1 0 0% = x1 0 0% = 1 3 , 3% 1 2 0 xB T e r n y a t a v a r i a b i l i t a s n i l a i n i l a i o b s e r v a s i p a d a d a t a Al e b i h t i n g g i k a r e n a V
A

>VB

Erni Krisnaningsih Krisnaningsih//2009 2009