Gks-tinchi-ch1-Cac Khai Niem Co Ban

MN HC K THUN GHP KNH S
HC CH TN CH
TS.V Trng Sn
Bi ging K thut ghp knh s
NI DUNG MN HC
Chng 1: Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu Chng 2: K thut ghp knh s PCM v PDH Chng 3: K thut ghp knh s ng b SDH Chng 4: SDH th h sau
TS.V Trng Sn Bi ging K thut ghp knh s 2
Ti liu tham kho

Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn, Ghp knh PDH v SDH, Bi ging, Hc vin cng ngh BCVT. Chu cng cn, K thut truyn dn SDH, Gio trnh, Nh xut bn GTVT, 2003 Ming-Chwan Chow, Understanding SONET/SDH Standards and Applications, 1st Edition, Andan Pulisher New Jersey, 1995. Jos M. Caballero, Migration to next generation SDH, presentation from Trendcommunications at www.trendcomms.com. Goralski, Walter, SONET/SDH, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002. Robert G.Winch, Telecommunication Transmission Systems, McGraw-Hill,Inc. Cc ti liu khc do gio vin ch nh, Tm kim trn mng
TS.V Trng Sn
CHNG 1
Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu
TS.V Trng Sn
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
Nhp mn ghp knh s S ha tn hiu tng t Cc phng php ghp knh Khung v a khung tn hiu M ng truyn Ngu nhin ho tn hiu
1 2 2 1 1 2
5
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
6
Cc h thng truyn dn
Knh v tinh Tng i qu giang H ni Cp si quang H thng vi ba s Trung tm Truyn dn
Tng i ni ht
Tng i ni ht
Tng i qu giang
Trung tm Truyn dn
Tp.H Ch Minh
Gi s cng lc c 1000 cuc thoi gia H ni Tp.HCM

Multiplexing ghp knh
Mc ch ca ghp knh:
s dng nhiu tn hiu khc nhau trn cng mt knh truyn vt l.
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
9
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)

PCM l phng php bin i tn hiu tng t:
c th truyn dn di dng s v sau gii m ti u thu.
transmitter
LP-filtering sampling
quantization
encode
Channel
receiver
TS.V Trng Sn
LP-filtering
decode
Pulse regeneration
10
PCM
Bn cht ca PCM l chuyn i A/D tn hiu ( y l tn hiu thoi), gm 3 bc:
Ly mu (sampling) Lng t ho (quantization), v M ho (encode)
Khi phc tn hiu ti u thu l bin i ngc li (D/A), bao gm 2 bc:

Gii m (decode) Lc thng thp (khi phc)
Ly mu v khi phc tn hiu
TS.V Trng Sn
12
Ly Mu
Tn hiu ngun Bin Tn hiu ly mu
TS.V Trng Sn
13
Ly mu
Bn cht ca ly mu l:
nhn tn hiu cn truyn vi dy xung dirc, cn c gi l iu ch bin xung (PAM).
C mt s phng php ly mu:
TS.V Trng Sn
14
Biu din ton hc Ly mu
TS.V Trng Sn
15
Ly mu l tng: khi phuc tn hiu
TS.V Trng Sn
16
Ly mu b li chng ph
Tn s ly mu qu thp s gy ra hin tng chng ph (aliasing) Hai hnh di: mt ly mu ng v mt b li chng ph.
TS.V Trng Sn
17
nh l Ly mu Shannon
Tn s ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng 2 ln tn s cc i ca tn hiu: Fs >= 2 Fmax Vi tn hiu thoi:
Bng tn: 300 Hz n 3400 Hz. Tn s ct: 4000 Hz Tn s ly mu: 8000 Hz.
TS.V Trng Sn
18
Lng t ho & M ho
Tn hiu tng t
Chui xung PAM lin tc
Chui xung PAM c Lng t ha
Tn hiu nguyn thy: cc mc bin lin tc trong mt khong ng. Tn hiu PAM ri rc theo thi gian, c bin bin thin lin tc Tn hiu PAM c lng t ho ch c cc mc bin c ch ra bi cc t m ( y t m 3 bit)
TS.V Trng Sn
19
Nguyn l lng t ho u
Cc gi tr lng t T m 111 Gi tr ngng Khong lng t 110 101 100 011 010 001 000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cc mu u vo
TS.V Trng Sn
Cc mu lng t ha
Bi ging K thut ghp knh s 20
Knh 64kbit/s
Vi tn hiu thoi:
Tn s ly mu: 8000 Hz. S mc lng t ho: 256, do S bit m ho: 8 bit cho mi t m
V vy tc bit ca mi knh thoai sau PCM:

Rb = 8000 x 8 = 64000 bit/s = 64 Kbit/s
TS.V Trng Sn
21
Sai s lng t
TS.V Trng Sn
22
Sai s lng t
S bt m ha 7 8 10 20 S bc lng t 128 256 1024 4096 S/N, dB 42 48 60 72
TS.V Trng Sn
23
Lng t ho phi tuyn

Mt c im c bn ca tn hiu thoi l :
cc mu xut hin nhiu ti vng bin thp v cng t xut hin khi bin cng cao.
lm gim sai s lng t, ngi ta dng php lng t ho m trong :

Cc khong lng t cng b khi mc bin cng nh Cc khong lng t cng ln khi mc bin cng ln
Nh vy: sai s lng t phn bin nh gim v vng bin ln tng Kt qu: tng sai s lng t gim.
Lng t ho phi tuyn
TS.V Trng Sn
25
Nn v gii nn
Vic thc hin lng t ho vi cc mc lng khng u l kh khn. Gii php:
s dng phng php nn tn hiu trc khi lng t ho v gii nn tn hiu ti u thu sau gii m.
Nn l mt b khuch i tn hiu c:
h s khuch i ln vng bin thp gim dn khi bin tng ln.
Khi gii nn l b khuch i ngc li vi khi nn. Nh vy: nu mt tn hiu i qua khi nn ri qua gii nn s tr v dng ban u.
Nn v gii nn
TS.V Trng Sn
27
Cc lut nn tn hiu
TS.V Trng Sn
28
Lut nn A
TS.V Trng Sn
29
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
30
Phn loi ghp knh

C 3 loi ghp knh c bn: Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s
(Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM)
Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng

(Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDM)
Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian

(Time Division Multiplexing TDM)
TS.V Trng Sn
31
FDM
Mi tn hiu c iu ch vi mt tn s sng mang khc nhau. Cc tn s sng mang c tch ri nhau, v vy cc tn hiu khng b chng ln ln nhau.
V d:
Knh vn c dnh ring ngay c khi khng c tn hiu. Yu cu: Bng thng ca mi trng truyn dn phi ln hn bng thng yu cu ca knh.
TS.V Trng Sn
32
Cc knh ca FDM
TS.V Trng Sn
33
H thng FDM
TS.V Trng Sn
34
FDM ca 3 tn hiu bng tn voice
TS.V Trng Sn
35
V d v FDM: AT&T (USA)

S phn cp (Hierarchy) FDM Group
12 knh voice (mi knh 4kHz ) = 48kHz Phm vi tn s: t 60kHz ti 108kHz
Supergroup
60 knh FDM cc tn hiu ca 5 group trn cc sng mang t 420kHz ti 612 kHz
Mastergroup
TS.V Trng Sn
10 supergroups tng ng vi 600 knh thoi Bi ging K thut ghp knh s
36
WDM
S dng nhiu chm sng (beams) nh sng ti cc bc sng khc nhau (tn s khc nhau) c truyn dn bng cp si quang (optical fiber)
Optical MUX Optical deMUX
1 2
1 2
1 2.
Optical fiber
m
TS.V Trng Sn Bi ging K thut ghp knh s
m
37
WDM
V bn cht y l FDM Mi mu ca nh sng (bc sng) mang mt knh thng tin ring bit 1997 Bell Labs: 100 tia sng,
Mi tia sng s dng tc 10 Gbps Tng th: 1 terabit per second (Tbps)
Cc h thng thng mi hin nay: 160 knh 10 Gbps Lab systems (Alcatel) 256 knh ti 39.8 Gbps mi knh
10.1 Tbps Truyn xa hn 100km
TDM
Cc tn hiu s c ghp xen k nhau theo thi gian C th ghp theo tng khi bit Cc khe thi gian (TS) c n nh trc ti ngun v khng thay i. Cc khe thi gian vn c dnh ring ngay c khi khng c d liu. Yu cu: Tc truyn dn thng tin ca mi trng phi ln hn tc bit c pht i.
TS.V Trng Sn
39
Cc knh ca TDM
TS.V Trng Sn
40
H thng TDM
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
42
Khung v a khung
Khung v a khung l cc n v tn hiu trong truyn dn s. Khung l n v tn hiu bao gm
cc bit (hoc byte) c di c nh hoc thay i.
Ti u khung thng c mt s bit FAW:

nhn din im u khung, cui khung v cc thnh phn trong khung.
TS.V Trng Sn
43
Khung
Nu khung c di khng i
khng cn trng xc nh di khung hoc im cui ca khung.
Nu khung c di thay i,
cn c mt trng xc nh im cui ca khung hay di khung
TS.V Trng Sn
44
Khung
Trong ghp knh s PCM, PDH v SDH:
cc khung ni chung c di khng i, khng cn phi c trng ny.
Mt trng khng th thiu trong cc khung tn hiu:

trng thng tin ngi dng.
Trong khung cn c cc trng khc mang:

cc bit bo hiu, nghip v, iu khin.v.v
TS.V Trng Sn
45
a khung
a khung l n v tn hiu:
bao gm cc khung, c di c nh hoc thay i.
Trong cc k thut ghp knh s PCM, PDH v SDH:

ch c ghp knh PCM mi c cu trc a khung.
Mt a khung trong PCM:

ti ht mt lt thng tin bo hiu ca cc knh thoi
TS.V Trng Sn
46
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
47
M ng truyn (Line code)

Ni dung M nh phn Ti sao m nh phn khng c dng trn ng truyn? Tiu chun la chn m ng truyn Cc loi m ng truyn thng dng
TS.V Trng Sn
48
M nh phn
Bn trong cc thit b, cc bit 0 v 1 c biu din di 2 dng m: NRZ (non-return zero): khng tr v khng
Bit 0: tn hiu mc thp c chu k bit. Bit 1: tn hiu mc cao c chu k bit.
RZ (return zero): tr v khng

Bit 0: tn hiu mc thp c chu k bit. Bit 1: tn hiu mc cao na chu k u v tr v khng na chu k sau ca bit.
TS.V Trng Sn
49
M nh phn NRZ
TS.V Trng Sn
50
M nh phn RZ
TS.V Trng Sn
51
M nh phn NRZ v RZ
TS.V Trng Sn
52
Ti sao m nh phn khng c dng trn ng truyn?

L tn hiu 1 chiu (n cc):
nn khng th truyn qua bin p giao tip ng truyn.
Khng c kh nng pht hin li. Mt xung nhp khng cao:

nn kh nng khi phc ng h ti u thu km, nht l trng hp c mt chui bit 0 lin tc qu di.
...
TS.V Trng Sn
53
Tiu chun la chn m ng truyn?

Phi l tn hiu xoay chiu (lng cc)
c th truyn qua bin p giao tip ng truyn.
C quy lut
c kh nng pht hin li.
Mt xung nhp cao

kh nng khi phc ng h ti u thu tt, nht l khng c c chui bit 0 lin tc qu di.
t tr, n gin Kinh t.

Cc loi m ng truyn thng dng

AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion). HDB3 (High-Density Bipolar 3). CMI (Coded Mark Inversion). BNZS (Binary N Zero Substitution codes) ADI (Alternate Digit Inversion) ...
TS.V Trng Sn
55
AMI
TS.V Trng Sn
56
AMI
Lng cc
-> truyn c qua bin p
C quy lut o du
-> c kh nng pht hin li
t xung nhp, nht l khi c chui bit 0 lin tc

-> kh nng khi phc ng h km.
n gin, khng tr Khuyn co dng cho lung E1
TS.V Trng Sn
57
V d 1: AMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng NRZ, RZ v AMI: 1100101010000001111
TS.V Trng Sn
58
V d 2: AMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng AMI: 1110010101110001100011
TS.V Trng Sn
59
HDB3
Pht trin t AMI, s dng cc bit vi phm (v) Nu c chui 0000 th thay th bng:
000v trong trng hp gia bit vi phm hin ti v bit vi phm trc c mt s l cc bit 1. B00v trong trng hp gia bit vi phm hin ti v bit vi phm trc c mt s chn cc bit 1.
(B l bit 1 gi)
TS.V Trng Sn
60
HDB3
TS.V Trng Sn
61
HDB3
Lng cc
C quy lut o du
Xung nhp nhiu, chui bit 0 lin tc khng qu 3 bit

-> kh nng khi phc ng h tt.
Khng n gin, c tr Khuyn co dng cho cc lung E1, E2, E3
TS.V Trng Sn
62
V d 1: HDB3
Biu din chui bit sau di dng HDB3: 1100101010000001111
TS.V Trng Sn
63
V d 2: HDB3
TS.V Trng Sn
64
V d 3: HDB3
TS.V Trng Sn
65
CMI
TS.V Trng Sn
66
CMI
Lng cc
C quy lut
Xung nhp rt nhiu,

khng c tn hiu mc 0, tn hiu mc +V hoc V khng qu 1,5 chu k bit -> kh nng khi phc ng h rt tt.
n gin, khng tr Khuyn co dng cho cc lung E4, E5

V d 1: CMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng CMI: 1100101010000001111
M nh phn
CLK 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
CMI
TS.V Trng Sn
68
V d 2: CMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng CMI : 1000010100000000110000
TS.V Trng Sn
69
V d 3: CMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng CMI : 110000010110000000001
TS.V Trng Sn
70
Bi tp 1: AMI HDB3 CMI
Biu din chui bit sau di dng AMI, HDB3, CMI: 10000.11010.00001.10000.0
TS.V Trng Sn
71
Bi tp 2: AMI HDB3 CMI

Biu din chui bit sau di dng AMI, HDB3, CMI: 11000.01010.00001.11000.00
TS.V Trng Sn
72
M ng truyn: BNZS, ADI

Sinh vin t nghin cu
TS.V Trng Sn
73
Ni dung chng 1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
TS.V Trng Sn
1 2 2 1 1 2
74
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu

Trong truyn dn PCM hoc PDH,
u thu c c s ng b ng h vi u pht nh vo vic khi phc tn hiu ng h t chnh lung s thu c.
Tuy nhin, c mt s tnh hung

lm cho vic khi phc ng h khng th thc hin c hoc thc hin c nhng khng chnh xc.
l:
mt chui tn hiu di khng c xung nhp hoc mt nhm bit no lp li lin tc.
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu

Gii php cho tnh hung th nht:
s dng m ng truyn.
Mt gii php khc c th p dng cho c hai tnh hung:

tin hnh ngu nhin ha tn hiu.
TS.V Trng Sn
76
Ngu nhin ho tn hiu

Ngu nhin ha l bin i mt chui bit c tnh lp li
thnh mt chui gi ngu nhin.
Gi ngu nhin:
c ngha l gn nh ngu nhin nhng khng ngu nhin 100%.
TS.V Trng Sn
77
Nguyn l ngu nhin ho

EX-OR 1 EX-OR 2
a c
b c
B ngu nhin ha
B gii ngu nhin
TS.V Trng Sn
78
Bng chn tr
a 0 0 1 1
TS.V Trng Sn
c 0 1 0 1
b 0 1 1 0
c 0 1 0 1
y 0 0 1 1
79
Nguyn l ngu nhin ho

u ra y
hon ton c lp vi u vo c.
V vy, c cung cp cho c hai na mch l ging nhau. mch c th c chia thnh:
khi ngu nhin ha nm na bn tri khi gii ngu nhin nm pha bn phi ca mch.
u vo c
c to ra mt cch gi ngu nhin bng cch s dng cc thanh ghi dch.
TS.V Trng Sn
80

Gks-tinchi-ch1-Cac Khai Niem Co Ban

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MN HC K THUN GHP KNH S

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Ti liu tham kho

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Mt s khi nim c bn trong truyn dn tn hiu

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Gi s cng lc c 1000 cuc thoi gia H ni Tp.HCM

Multiplexing ghp knh

Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Khi phc tn hiu ti u thu l bin i ngc li (D/A), bao gm 2 bc:

Ly mu v khi phc tn hiu

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

C mt s phng php ly mu:

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Biu din ton hc Ly mu

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Ly mu l tng: khi phuc tn hiu

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Chui xung PAM lin tc

Chui xung PAM c Lng t ha

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

V vy tc bit ca mi knh thoai sau PCM:

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Lng t ho phi tuyn

lm gim sai s lng t, ngi ta dng php lng t ho m trong :

Lng t ho phi tuyn

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Phn loi ghp knh

Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng

Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

FDM ca 3 tn hiu bng tn voice

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

V d v FDM: AT&T (USA)

10 supergroups tng ng vi 600 knh thoi Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Ti u khung thng c mt s bit FAW:

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Mt trng khng th thiu trong cc khung tn hiu:

Trong khung cn c cc trng khc mang:

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Trong cc k thut ghp knh s PCM, PDH v SDH:

Mt a khung trong PCM:

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

M ng truyn (Line code)

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

RZ (return zero): tr v khng

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s

Bi ging K thut ghp knh s