x=

x t

n=

1
n

x i

1 n
1 n
k
( xi x ) 2 s 2 =
( xi x ) 2 = n
n i =1
n 1 i =1

s2 =

i =1

( n 1) s 2
( n 1) s 2
2
<

<
12
22

s
s
<m< x +t
n
n

z s
2

n=

z (1 )
2

n=

z2s2
z2s2
2 +
N

n=

(1 )
(1 )
< p < + z
n
n

z 2 (1 )
1 2 z 2 (1 )

1 +
N
N

n=

t 2 (1 r 2 )
+2
r2

t=

x y m0
(n1 1) s + ( n2 1) s
2
1

x m0
t= n
s

F=

z=

s12
s22

2 =

( ni npi ) 2

(x
i =1

(x
i =1

r s nij2

= n
1

i =1 j =1 ni m j

x ) ( yi y )
n

x ) ( yi y )
2

z=

npi

t = n2

r =1
2

t 12+ P

r
1 r

n=

, 2 n 2

( s12 + s22 )

s 2 ( n 1)
02

1 2
1 (1 1 ) 2 (1 2 )
+
n1
n2

i =1

r=

s12
ks22

t=

n1n 2 ( n1 + n2 2)
n1 + n2

m0
t=
s

F=

=
2

2
2

s12 s22
+
n n
x y
, df = 12 2 2
2
2
s1 s2
s12 s22
+

n1 n2
n1 + n2
n1 1 n2 1

1 2 p0
1 (1 1 ) 2 (1 2 )
+
n1
n2
2 = n

z=

( n11 n22 n12 n21 ) 2

n1n2 m1m2

n
6S
( ri si )
S
=
,

n3 n
i=

rP =

2 =

p0
p 0 (1 p 0 )
n

( b c 1)

b +c

s
2
b=r y
2 ,
sx
n+

a = y bx ,

i =1

z=

1 1+r
ln
2 1r

z=

1 + 0
1 1+ r
ln
ln
2 1 r
1 0

n 3

y y =r

sy
sx

(x x)

xx =r

sx
( y y)
sy