1 2 10 il 12 13 14 15 16 7 18 19 Dictionary of Literary Biography The American Renaissance in New Ex lan edited by Joel Myerson (1978) American Novelits Since World War I, ‘edited by Jeffrey Helerman and Richard Layman (1978) Antebellum Writers New York and the Seah, edited by Joe! Myerson (1979) American Writers in Pais 1920-1939, ‘edited by Karen Lane Rood (1980) American Pots Since World War I, 2 parts, edited by Donald J. Greiner (1980) American Novelists Since World Wear Il, Second Seris, edited by James E. Kibler Je. (1980) Towemieth- Century American Dramatists, 2 parts, edited by John MacNicholat (agen) Theenteth-Contury American Science Futon Writers, 2 parts, edited by David Cowart and ‘Thomas L. Wymer (1981) American Novelist, 1910-1945, 3 parts, edited by James J. Martine (iat) Modern British Dramatis, 1900-1945, 2 parts, edited by Stanley Wein tran (1982), American Humorit, 1800-1950, 2 parts, edited by Stanley Trachten: berg (1982) American Reals and Nateralists, ited by Donald Pizer and Earl N. Harber (1982) British Dramatists Since World War 1, 2 pans, edited by Stanley Wein: ‘raub (1982) British Novel Since 1960, 2 pats, ‘edited by Jay L, Halio (1989) Britsk Novelists, 1930-1959, 2 pars, edited by Berard Oldsey (1983) The Beas: Literary Bohemians ix Pst tear Amenca, 2 parts, edited by Ann (Charters (1983) ‘Trwentith-Contary American Historians, edited by Clyde N. Wilson (1983) Vicorian Novelists Aer 1885, edived by: Ira B, Nadel and William E. Fredeman (1983) British Pots, 1880-1914, edived by Donald E. Stanford (1983) 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33, 34 35, 36 37 38 British Pots, 1914-1945, edited by Donald E. Stanford (1983) Victorian Novel Beir 1885, by Ira B, Nadel and Will redeman (1983) edited American Writer for Children, 1900: 1360, edited by John Gech (1983) Americas Newspaper Journalists, 1873: 1300, edited by Perry J. Ashley (1983) American Colonial Writers, 1606-1734, ‘edited by Emory Eliot (1984) American Newspaper Fournabits, 1901 1925, edited by Perry J. Ashley (agi) American Srceniiers,edited by Rob cet. Morsberger, Stephen 0. Lesser, and Randall Clark (1984) Pts of Great Britain and Irland, 1945-1960, edited by Vincent B. Sherry Jr. (1984) Treatieth Century Americar Jewish Fic tion Writers, edited by Daniel Wal: den (1984) American Newspaper Journals, 1926: 1930, edited by Perry J. Ashley (asst) Amercon Historians, 1607-1865, ed: ited by Clyde N. Wilson (1984) Amerion Calonial Writes, 1735-1781, ‘edited by Emory Elliot (1984) Victorian Pees Before 1850, edited by William E, Fredeman and Ira B Nadel (1984) AfroAmericon Fiction Writers After 1955, edited by Thadious M. Davis snd Trier Harris (1984) British Novelists, 1890-1929: Trad tional, edited by ‘Thomas F. Staley (1985) Victorian Poets After 1850, edited by William E, Fredeman and Ira B Nadel (1985) British Novelists, 1890-1929: Modern: ius, edited by Thomas F. Staley (1389) American Writers ofthe Eary Republi, ‘dited by Emory Elliot (1985) AferAmerian Woters Aer 1955: Dra Inatists and Prose Waters, edited by ‘Thadious M. Davis and Tradier Hiarvis (1985) 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Brith Novels, 1660-1800, 2 pats, edited by Martin C. Batestin (1985) Poets of Great Britain and Ireland Since 1960, 2 pars, edited by Vincent B. Sherry J (1985) Afo-Amerian Pats Since 1985, edited bby Trudier Harris and Thadious M. Davis (1985) American Writers for Children Before 1900, edited by Glenn E, Estes (185) American Newspaper Journalists, 1690- 1872, edited by Perry J. Ashley (1986) American Screneriters, Second Series, edited by Randall Clark, Robert E. Morsherger, and Stephen O. Lesser (986) American Poets, 1880-1945, First Se fie, edited by Peter Quartermain (1986) American Literary Publishing House, 1900-1980: Trade and Paperbac, ited by Peter Drwonkoski (1986) American Histrians, 1866-1912, ed: ited by Clyde N. Wilson (1986) American Pets, 1880-1945, Second Se ries, edited by Peter Quartermain (1986) American Literary Poblihing Hones, 1638-1899, 2 parts, edited by Peter Dewonkoski (1986) Afro-American Writers Befire the Har lem Renaisance, edited by Trudier Harris (1986) Afro-American Writers fom the Harlem Renaisance fo 1940, edited by True ier Harris (1987) American Writers for Children Since 1960: Fution, edited by Glenn E. Estes (1986) Canadian Writes Since 1960, Fist Se ris, edited by W. H. New (1986) American Poets, 1880-1945, Third Se rie, 2 parts, edited by Peter Quareermain (1987), Victorian Prose Writers Befre 1867, ed ited by Wiliam B, Thesing (1987) German Fition Writers, 1914-1945, edited by James Hardin (1987) Victorian Prove Writers Ale 1867, ed ited by William B, Thesing (1987)58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 ‘Jacobean and Caroline Dramatis, e ited by Fredson Bowers (1987) American Literary Cris and Scholars, 1800-1850, edited. by John. W. Rathbun and Moniea M. Grecs (as87) Canadian Writers Sine 1960, Seond ‘Src, edited by W. H, New (1987), American Writers for Children Since 41960: Pots, lstrators, and Noniion Authors, edited by Glenn E. Estes (1987) Elizabethan Dramatis, edited by Fredson Bowers (1987) Modern American Critics, 1920-1985, edited by Gregory 5. Jay (1988) American Literary Cries and Scholars, 1850-1880, edited by Joho. W. Rathbun and Monica M. Grect (1988) French Novelists, 1900-1930, edited by Catharine’ Savage Brosman (does) German Fiction Writers, 1885-1913, 2 parts, edited by James Hardin (1988) Modern American Cries Since 1985, edited by Gregory S. Jay (1988) Conadian Writs, 1920-1989, Fit Se ries, edited by W. H. New (1988) Contemporary German Fiction Writers, First Series, edited by Wolfgang D. Efe snd James Hardin (1988) British Mystery Writers, 1860-1919, edited by Bernard Benstock and ‘Thomas F, Staley (1988) American Literary Critics and Scholars 1880-1900, edited by John W. Rathbun and Monica M. Gree (1988) Frew Novelists, 1930-1960, edited Catharine’ Savage Brosman (98a) American Magerine Journalist, 1741- 1850, edited by Sain G. Riley (1988) American Short Story Writers Bere 1880, edited by Bobby Ellen Kim bel, with the assistance of William E. Grant (1988) Contemporary German Fiction Writer, Second Sens, edited by Wollgang D. Efe and Janes Hardin (1988) Afr American Wriers, 1940-1985, e- ited by Trudier Harris (1988) British Mystery Writers, 1920-1989, edited by Bernard Benstock and ‘Thomas F. Staley (1988). American Short-Story Writers, 1880- 1910, edited by Bobby’ Ellen 79 80 81 82 83 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Kime wth he anitance of Wi liam E. Grant (1988) 99 Ancram Magan Juri, 1850 1900, edited by Sam G. Riley (1988) 100 Restoration and Eightenth-Century Dra tat, Fest Sone, cated by Pauls LOL R. Backecheider (989) Austrian Fon Writers, 19951913, ‘edited by James Hardin and Donald 102 Ewa 99) Seem etarae 108 104 Shirley (1989) Fronh Novelists Since 1960, edited by Catharine Savage Brosman (1989) Retro an Eh Cnty Dr matists, Second Series, edited by Paula 105 Robucisheder 98) Atatrian Pion Writers Afr 1914, ited by fames Hardin and Donata LO6 G. Daviau (1989) American ShorStory Writers, 1910- 1315 Ft See, edited by Boy LOT Ellen Kimbel (1988) British Mystery and Thriller Writers Sie 1940, Fre Sec edited by er. LOB ard Benstock and ‘Thomas F. Buley (mm Canadian Writers, 1920-1959, Second 109 10 Sers, edited by W. HL. New (1989) Restoration and Eightenth-Centary Drax ‘mats, Third Seis, edited by Paula Re Backscheider (1989) lll German Writers inthe Age of Goethe, 1759-1832, edited by James Hardin and Christoph E. Schweitzer (1989) 112 American Magazine Joursalistt,1900- 41960, First Seres, edited by Sam G. Riley (1990) 113 Canadian Writers, 1890-1920, edited by W. H. New (1990) Britsk Romantic Pets, 1789-1832, Pos Sr eed by Joba Green, 214 field (1990) German Writers inthe Age of Goethe Sturm und Drang t» Clas, edited 1 5 by James Hardin and Christoph E. Scliweitrer (1990) 116 Eighteenth-Cetury British Poets, First ‘Sere, edited by John Sitter (1990) British Romantic Pots, 1789-1832, Se 177 ond Series, edited by Jobn R. Green field (1990), German Writers fom the Enlightenment to Sturm and Dreng, 1720-1764, c- 11.8 (ed by James Hardin and Christoph Schweitzer (1990), ‘Modern British Evid, First Series, ded by Rober Ream en)” 119 sn Writers Before 1890, edited by W. H. New (1990) Modern British Essayists, Second Series, ‘edited by Robert Beam (1990) British Prose Writers, 1660-1800, Fist ‘Series edited by Donald T. Sieber (a9) American Short-Story Writer, 1910- 1945, Seand Serie, edited by Bobby Elen Kimbel (1991) Anerican Literary Biographer, Fst Se ‘es, edited by Steven Serafin (1991) British Prose Writers, 1660-1800, Se ‘ond Seris, edited by Donald T. Siebert (1991) America Pats Since World War I, Se id Series, edited by R. S. Gwynn (as91) British Literary Publishing Hows, 1820-1880, edited by Patricia J. An derson and Jonathan Rose (1991) British Romantic Pose Writers, 1783 1832, First Series, edited by John R. Greenfield (1981) Tecetieth-Century Spanish Poets, Fist Sores, edited by Michael L. Perna (ase) Eigheeth-Centry British Pots, Second Series, edited by John Sitter (1991) British Romantic Prose Writers, 1789. 1832, Scand Series, edited by Jobn R. Greenfield (1991) Anericn Literary Biograpers, Sed Sic, ‘edited by. Steven. Serafin iat) British Literary Publishing Howes, 1881-1965, edited by Jonathan Rose and Patricia J. Anderson (1991) Moder Latin Americon Fiction Writers, First Sens, edited by William Luis (1392) Towentieth-Century Halon Poets, First Ser, edited by Giovanna Wedel De Stasio, Glauco Gambon, and An: toni Iliano (1992) Medieval Philosphers, edited by Jeremiah Hacket (1992) British Romantie Noelits, 1789-1832, fdited by Bradford K. Mudge (1992) Toweateth-Century Caribbean and Black Ajraan Writers, First Series, edited by Berth Lindfors and” Reinhard Sander (1992) Twenith-Ceatury German Dramatists, 1889-1918, edived by Wolfgang D. Ele and James Hardin (1993) Nineceath-Centary rench Fiction Writ ‘rss Romanticom and Realism, 1800:120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 180, edied by Catharine Savage Brosman (1992) ® 138 American Poets Since World War It, ‘Third Seis, edited by B.S. Gwynn (1992) 139 Seoentenh-Contury British Nindramatic Pods, Fist Sens, edited by M. ‘Thomas Hester (1992) 140 Chicana Writers, Seand Sr, edited by Francisco A. Lomell and Carl R. Shisley (1992) 141 Nineeenth-Contary French Fiction Writ ‘rs: Naturalism and. Beyond, 1860- “50, eed by Catharine Savage 142 Brosman (1992) ‘Twentith-Century German Dramatis, {o19-1002, edited by Wolfgang D. E43 Efe and James Hardin (1999) Truencth-Contry Caribbean and Black A African Writers, Second Series, edited bby Benth Lindfors and Reinhard Sander (1993) Seventeenth Century British Nondramatc Pacts, Seand Sens, edited by M. ‘Thomas Hester (1999) 145 146 American Newspaper Publis, 1950- 1990, edited by Perry J. Ashley (1998) Tutt Cnty ints Seed Series, edited by Giovanna Wedel 147 DeSiaGinnd Canton nd a tei ee 980) 148 Ninetenth-Century German Writes, 1841-1900, edited by James Hardin American ShertStry Writers Since Weil Wart edaed by Pas, 49 Meanor (1993) Scene: Cty Bis Neamt Poets, Third Series, edited by M. 150 ‘oa Hee 5) Sixtenth-Gentury British Nondramatic 15] Writer, Fest Series, edited by David A. Richardson (1983) Ninetenth-Century German Writers to 70, edted by jamer Hardin and LOZ Siegired Mews (1993), ‘Twenieth-Contury Spanish Pats, Second Seren died by joey Plliga Wer 293 field (1994) British Short Fiction Writes, 1880- 1914 Thee Tadton elted by LO William B. Thesing (1994) Sixtenth-Century British Nondramatic: Wr Sead Siy ened by OD David A. Richardson (1994) American Megatine Journalists, 1900- 156 1960, Second Sere, edited by Sam G. Riley (1994), German Writer and Works of the High edge 170-1280, cited by LOT James Hardin and Will Hasty (1994) British Short-Fiction Writers, 1945 1980, died. by" Dean Baldwin LOB (194) American Book-Collector and Biber her, Fist Series, edited by Joseph Rosenblum (1984) i Chie’ Wr, 1880-1914 edited by Laura M. Zaidman (1994), 160 159 eae Bee alg, 162 Nat Cte ii Ly Bag Tae eaied by Steven, Sean ion 7 163 Moder Latin Amerie Fin Writers Second Series, edited by William Luis 164 an Ann Cones 098), (ld and Middle Engh Literature, ed ited by Jeffrey Helterman and Je- ome Mitchell (1994) South Slavic Writers Before World War If, edited by Vasa D. Mihailovich (1394) German Writer and Work of he Early Mite Ags: 600-1170, eed by Will iasty and James: Hardin {is 168 Late Ninctenth and Early Tecaieth- Crty Brith Ltr Baap 8 1.69 ited by Steven Sera (1999) Eth arn Ren Wy at Stuer Cr, edited by Marcus C, Levitt (1995) 170 Ard Pe Wit of he aly Sen fea ey ely Gan Ucn 995)” eee 165 166 167 Arie Xa ete Hr Seedy ome Wanda Giles (1995) 172 te Vin and Evaro Bris Newt” Pot Si eed by ‘George M. Johnson (1995) 173 1 Bi Lira Bok Tne, 1700 Tied by Tames Bracken and Joe! Silver (1995) 174 Tumi Cay rit iy Bag ren cde oy Seven Sa (1995) 175 British Short-Ficton Writers, 1880- 1914: The Romantic Tradition, edited by Willan FeNauttes goes 276 ‘Treenith-Centary Caribbean and Black African Writern, Third Series, edited bby Bernth Lindfors and Reinhard Sander (1995) Britch Reform Writers, 1789-1832, edited by Gary Kelly and dd ‘Applegate (1995), British Short Picton Writes, 1800- 1880, edited by John R. Greenfield (1996) British Children's Writes, 1914-1960, edited by Donald R. Heuinga and Gary D. Schmidt (1996) British Children's Writers Since 1960, First Series, edited by Caroline Hunt (1996) British Short Fiction Writer, 1915~ 1945, edited by John H. ‘Rogers (4996) British Children's Writers, 1800-1880, edited by Meena Khorana (1996) German Baroque Writers, 1580-1660, cited by James Hardin (1996) American Poets Since World War I, arth Seis, edited by Joneph Conte (1996) British Travel Writes, 1837-1875, ed ited by Barbara Brothers and Julia Gergits (1996) Sixteenth-Century British Nondramatic Writers, Third Serica, edited by Da vid A. Richardson (1996) German Baroque Writer, 1661-1730, ‘edited by James Hardin (1996) American Poets Since World War I, Fifth Series, edited by Joseph Conte (1996) ‘The British Literary Book Trade, 1475- 1700, edited by James K. Bracken and Joel Silver (1996), Tewentieth Century American Sprtsurit- ‘rs, edited by Richard Orodenker (1896) Sistecnth-Century British Nondramatic Writer, Fourth Sers, edited by David A. Richardson (1996) American Novelists Since World Wer I Ath Series, edited by James R. Giles and Wanda H. Giles (1996) British Travel Writers, 1876-1909, ed ited by Barbara Brothers and Julia Gergics (1997) Native American Writes of the United ‘Siaes, edited by Kenneth M, Roe: mer (1997), Ancient Greek Authors, edited by ‘Ward W. Briggs (1997)1 Sherwood Anderson, Willa Cather, Joba Dos Passes, Theodore Drawer, F. Seat Frtgerald, Ervest Hemingway, Sindair Lew, edited by Margaret A. Van ‘Antoverp (1982) Q James Gould Crsens, James T. Fare, William Faulhnr, John O'Hara, John Steinbeck, Thomas Wolfe, Reerd Wright, edived by Margaret A. Van ‘Antwwerp (1982) B Seu! Bellow, Jock Kerowas, Normax Mailer, Viiir Nabotoo, Tokn Upp dike, Kurt Vonnega, edited by Mary Bruceoli (198 A, Tenneice Willian, edited by Marga ret A. Van Antwerp and Sally Johns (aaa) edited by Kaen L, Rood, Jen 1980 Non and Richard Zc (1981), edited by Karen L. Rood, Jean 1981 ny tnd Richard Beg {ess ected by Richard Ziegfeld ass0- 1982 ce hors Jean We Rote and Lynne G. Zeigler (1983) ‘edited by Mary Bruccoli and 1983 jen W, Row oda edn Richard Ziegfeld (1984) Documentary Series 5 Americas Transcendental, edied by Joe! Myerson (1988) G Herdbaled Mystery Weer: Reyrond Chandler, Dasiell Hamme, Rass Mac onal, edited by Matthew J. Bruccol, and Richard Layman (1988) 7 Modern American Pots: James Dicky, Robert Frost, Marianne Moor, edited by Karen L. Rood (1989) The Black Aesthetic Movement, edited by Jeffrey Louis Decker (1991) American Writers ofthe Vietnam War: WD. Bhrhat, Larry Heinemann, Tin O’Bres, Walter McDonald, John M. Del Vecio, edited by Ronald Baus man (1981) Yearbooks 1984. edited by Jean W. Ross (1985) 1985 edited by Jean W. Ross (1986) 1986 «sited by J. M. Brook (1987) 1987 «dived by J. M. Brook (1988) 1988 edited by JM. Brook (1982) 1989 edited by J. M. Brook (1990) 1990 «sited by James W. Hipp (1991) 19QI edited by Jumes W. Hipp (1992) 19GQ edited by James W. Hipp (1999) Concise Series 1Q. TM Bloomsbury Grup, edited by Ed ward L: Bishop (1982) LI Anerican Proletarian Caltere: ‘The Towenties and The Thirties, edited by Jon Christian Suggs (1993) Southern Women Writers: Flasnery 12 Wma, Relrnednce Portes Be dora Wely, edited by Mary Ann ‘Wimsatt and Karen 1. Rood (1994) 13 The Howse of Scribner, 1846-1904, e- ited by John Delaney (1996) [A Four Women Writers for Children, 1868-1918, edited by Caroline C. Hunt (1996) sited by James W. Hipp, com TO08 icy iar Gop Came (1994) edited by James W. Hipp, com: 1994 ting ctor George Goren {1985) 1995 «ited by James W. Hipp, con Uuibuting editor George Garret (996) Concise Dictionary of American Literary Biography, 6 volumes (1988-1989): The New Cmsiwmess, 1941-1968; Colocation tothe Ameria Re- aisanc, 1640-1865; Realism, Naturalis, and Local Color, 1865-1917; The Tienes, 1917-1929; The Age of Maturity, 1929-1941; Broadening Views, 1968-1988. Concise Dictionary of British Literary Biography, 8 volumes (1991-1992): Writers ofthe Middle Ages and Renaissance Before 1660; Writers ofthe Restoration and Eighteenth Century, 1660-1789; Writers of the Romantic Period, 1789-1832; Victorian Writers, 1832-1890; Late Victorian and Edwardian Writers, 1890-1914; Modern Writers, 1914- 1945; Writers After World War II, 1945-1960; Contemporary Writers, 1960 to Preset.Dictionary of Literary Biography* * Volume One Hundred Seventy-Six Ancient Greek Authors‘ Dictionary of Literary Biography® * Volume One Hundred Seventy-Six Ancient Greek Authors Edited by Ward W. Briggs University of South Carolina A Bruccoli Clark Layman Book Gale Research Detroit, Washington, D.C., LondonAdvisory Board for DICTIONARY OF LITERARY BIOGRAPHY John Baker William Cagle Patrick O'Connor George Garrett ‘Tradier Harris Matthew J. Bruccoli and Richard Layman, Editorial Directors . E, Frazer Clark Jr., Managing Editor Karen Rood, Senior Editor Printed in the United States of America ‘The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements ‘of American National Standard for Information Sciences~Permanence Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSE 23948-1984, >™ This publication isa creative work fully protected by all applicable copyright laws, as well as by misappropriation, trade secret, unfair competition, and other applica ble laws, The authors and editors ofthis work have added value tothe underlying factual material herein trough one or more ofthe following: unique and original se- lection, coordination, expression, arrangement, and classification of the informa- All rights to this publication will be vigorously defended, Copyright © 1997 by Gale Research £835 Penobscot Building Detroit, MI 48226 All rights reserved including the right of reproduction in ‘hole or in part in any form, Library of Congreu Cataloging in Publica Ancient Greek authors edited by Ward W. Brigg, pcm. ~ (Dictionary of Kerry biography 176) “A Bracco Cask Layman book Inches bibliographial reerences and index ISBN 0-8103-0039-3 alk. paper) 1, Greck literate ~ Biography ~ Dictionaries, 2. Authors, Grek ~ Biography ~ Dictionaries. 1 Briggs, Ward WI Seis, A008 9 1907 80 9001 ~ 21 7-435 By CF 1098765432For LauraContents Plan of the S : ix Introduction xi A Note on the Manuscripts. xvii Aeschines (circa 390 B.C.-cirea 320 B.C)... Edward W. Harris Aeschylus (525-524 B.C. 456-455 B.C)... E. Christian Kopi Alcaeus (born circa 620 BC) 2 Botham Stone Apollonius Rhodius (third century BC.) Charles Rowan Beye Aratus of Soli (circa 315 B.C.-circa 239 B.C). Michele Valerie Ronnick Archilochus (mid seventh century B.C.) .. John T. Kirby Aristophanes (circa 446 B.C.-circa 386 8.6. Jelfrey Henderson Aristotle (884 B.C.-322 B.G) conned Mark A. Stone Arrian (circa A.D, 89-circa 155) son Philip A. Stadter Babrius (cirea A.D. 150-200)... piacmseniBD Jokn Vaio Callimachus (circa 305 B.¢.-240 BO). 89 Ward W. Briggs Cassius Dio (cirea A.D. 155/164-post A.D. 229) .. 101 Ralph W. Mathisen Demosthenes (384-322 B.C.) Galen 0. Rowe 110 Diogenes Laertius (circa A.D. 200) 121 J Mejer Empedoces (fifth century 8.6.) Joel Wile snd 28 Epictetus (circa A.D. 55-circa A.D. 125-130) Michele Valerie Ronnick Epicurus (342/341 B.C.-271/270 BG)... Edward Brian Roots Euripides (circa 484 B.C-407/406 BC) nnn 146 David Kovacs Galen of Pergamon (A.D. 129-after 210) se. 156 John Scarborough Gorgias of Leontini (circa 485 B.C.-376 B.C.) ...171 William Seaton Heraclitus (lourished circa 500 BG) .niuoeumnel76 David Sider Herodotus (circa 484 8.C.-circa 420 BG) sour 182 Stewart Flory Hesiod (Traditional date: eighth century B.C).....191 Robert Lanberton Hippocrates of Gos (Nourished circa 425 B.C,).. Jolin Scarborough Homer (circa eighth-seventh centuries B.C.) ....220 Charles Rowan Beye 199 Flavius Josephus (A.D. 37-100)... 234 Louis H, Feldman Longinus (circa first century A.D)... 241 Brian G. Caraher Lucian (circa A.D. 120-180)... R Bracht Branham Lysias (circa 459 B.C.-circa 380 BG) eum 254 W. Jelfiey Tatum Menander (342-341 B.G.-circa 292-291 B.G.)...259 Sander M. Goldberg Parmenides (late sixth-fifth century B.C) ennon 264 Victoria Nichole Veytho Philo (circa 20-15 B.G.-cirea A.D. 50) on 271 Louis H, FeldmanContents DLB 176 Pindar (circa 518 B.C.-cirea 438 B.C.) William H. Race Plato (circa 428 B.C.-348-347 BC.) Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith Plotinus (A.D. 204-270) David P. Hint Plutarch (circa A.D. 46-circa 120) ... Frances B. Titchener Polybius (circa 200 BC.-citca 118 BG) rune 330 Craige B. Champion Protagoras (circa 490 8.6.~420 B.).. 335 Mark L. McPherran Pythagoras (circa 570 BC)... 342 Nicholas D. Smith Sappho (circa 620 8.G.-cirea 550 BC) 347 William Seaton Sophocles (497/496 8.¢.~406/405 BG). Roger D. Dawe Strabo (64 or 63 B.G.-circa A.D. 25) Joes Ronn 363 ‘Theocritus (circa 300 B.6.-260 B.C) Kathryn Gutzwiler ‘Theophrastus (circa 371 B.C.-287 BG) 371 Paul T. Keyser Thucydides (circa 455 B.C.-circa 395 B.C)... Mortimer Chambers 381 Xenophon (circa 430 BG.~citca 356 B.G)..u0oun390 Richard L. 8. Evans 397 Books for Further Reading, : sue 00 Contributors...Plan of the Series «Almost the most prodigious ase ofa country, and perhaps its most precious possession, is its native literary ‘product — when that product is fine and noble and enduring. Mark Twain* ‘The advisory board, the editors, and the pub- lisher of the Dictionary of Literary Biography are joined in endorsing Mark Twain's declaration. The litera- ture of a nation provides an inexhaustible resource of permanent worth. We intend to make literature and its creators better understood and more accessi ble to students and the reading public, while satisfy- ing the standards of teachers and scholars. ‘To meet these requirements, literary biography has been construed in terms of the author's achieve ment, The most important thing about a writer is his writing. Accordingly, the entries in DLB are ca: reer biographies, tracing the development of the author's canon and the evolution of his reputation. ‘The purpose of DLB is not only to provide re- liable information in a convenient format but also to place the figures in the larger perspective of literary history and to offer appraisals of their accomplish- ments by qualified scholars. ‘The publication plan for DLB resulted from two years of preparation. The project was proposed to Bruccoli Clark by Frederick C. Ruffner, presi: dent of the Gale Research Gompany, in November 1975. After specimen entries were prepared and typeset, an advisory board was formed to refine the entry format and develop the series rationale. In meetings held during 1976, the publisher, series ed- itors, and advisory board approved the scheme for a comprehensive biographical dictionary of persons who contributed to North American literature. Edi: torial work on the first volume began in January 1977, and it was published in 1978. In order to make DLB mote than a reference tool and to com: pile volumes that individually have claim to status as literary history, it was decided to organize vol umes by topic, period, or genre. Each of these free: “From an unpublished section of Mark Tivain's auto- biography, copyright by the Mark Twain Company standing volumes provides a biographical-biblio: graphical guide and overview for a particular area of literature. We are convinced that this organiza- tion — as opposed to a single alphabet method ~ constitutes a valuable innovation in the presenta: tion of reference material. The volume plan neces- sarily requires many decisions for the placement and treatment of authors who might properly be in: cluded in two or three volumes. In some instances a major figure will be included in separate volumes, but with different entries emphasizing the aspect of, his career appropriate to each volume. Ernest Hem: ingway, for example, is represented in American Writers in Paris, 1920-1939 by an entry focusing on his expatriate apprenticeship; he is also in American Novelists, 1910-1945 with an entry surveying his en- tire career. Each volume includes a cumulative index of the subject authors and articles. Com: prehensive indexes to the entire series are planned. The series has been further augmented by the DLB Yearbooks (since 1981) which update published entries and add new entries to keep the DLB current with contemporary activity. There have also been DLB Documentary Series volumes which provide bio- graphical and critical source materials for figures whose work is judged to have particular interest for students. One of these companion volumes is en- tirely devoted to Tennessee Williams. We define literature as the intellectual com- merce of a nation: not merely as belles lettres but as that ample and complex process by which ideas are generated, shaped, and transmitted. DLB en: tries are not limited to “creative writers” but ex- tend to other figures who in their time and in their way influenced the mind of a people. Thus the series encompasses historians, journalists, publishers, bibliographers, and screenwriters. By this means readers of DLB may be aided to per- ceive literature not as cult scripture in the keeping of intellectual high priests but firmly positioned at the center of a nation’s life DLB includes the major writers appropriate to ‘ach volume and those standing in the ranks behind them. Scholarly and critical counsel has been sought in deciding which minor figures to include and how full their entries should be. Wherever pos-Plan of the Series DLB 176 sible, useful references are made to figures who do not warrant separate entries. Each DLB volume has an expert volume edi- tor responsible for planning the volume, selecting the figures for inclusion, and assigning the entries. Volume editors are also responsible for preparing, where appropriate, appendices surveying the major periodicals and literary and intellectual movements for their volumes, as well as lists of further read- ings. Work on the series as a whole is coordinated at the Bruccoli Clark Layman editorial center in Columbia, South Carolina, where the editorial staff is responsible for accuracy and utility of the pub- ied volumes. One feature that distinguishes DLB is the illustration policy ~ its concern with the iconogra- phy of literature. Just as an author is influenced by his surroundings, so is the reader’s understanding, of the author enhanced by a knowledge of his envi- ronment. Therefore DLB volumes include not only drawings, paintings, and photographs of authors, often depicting them at various stages in their ca- reers, but also illustrations of their families and places where they lived. Title pages are regularly re- produced in facsimile along with dust jackets for modern authors. The dust jackets are a special fea- ture of DLB because they often document better than anything else the way in which an author's work was perceived in its own time. Specimens of the writers’ manuscripts and letters are included when feasible. Samuel Johnson rightly decreed that “The chief glory of every people arises from its authors.” The purpose of the Dictionary of Literary Biography is to compile literary history in the surest way ava able to us — by accurate and comprehensive treat- ment of the lives and work of those who contributed to it ‘The DLB Advisory BoardIntroduction Weare all Greeks. Our laws, our literature, our religion, ‘our arts have thei root in Greece. But for Greece ~ Rome, the instructor, the conqueror, or the metropolis of our ancestors, would have spread no iumination ‘with her arms, and we might sill have been savages and ‘dolaters; or, what is worse, might have arrived at such a stagnant and miserable state of social institution as ‘China and Japan posses. — Perey Bysshe Shelley, Preface vo Has ‘The view of Shelley has long survived the Ro- mantic period that gave it birth. Though Europe had acknowledged the primacy of Aristotle as the “master of those who know,” Plato as the great thinker, and Homer as the great poet, Rome was the immediate forbear in terms of the classical heritage of the West, both from the temporal view of the Holy Roman Empire and the spiritual view of the Roman Catholic Church. Though Rome conquered Greece following the First Punic War, Rome’s greatest lyric poet, Horace, observed that “Cap- tured Greece took captive her uncivilized captor”; and Rome’s greatest epic poet, Virgil, wrote in his first-century-B.C, Aeneid that the Greeks mastered the arts, politics, and scientific inquiry, while the Romans excelled at “imposing civilization on peace,” that is, the arts of war, governance, and public works. Indeed, itis from the Greeks that the literature of Western Europe derives its epic, tragic, comic, clegiac, lyric, and pastoral poetry; of the genres of classical literature only satire, according to Quintil- ian, may be attributed to the Romans. In developing, their literary history, the Greeks were thoughtful enough to distribute the greatest works of literature by genre and century; that is, individual genres arose (often seemingly ex nihilo), flourished, and in many cases died out in discrete centuries. The early period (eighth century B.C) saw the rise of the Homeric epic; the seventh to sixth centuries pro- duced lyric poetry (Aleaeus, Archilochus, Sappho); the fifth produced drama, including tragedy (Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides) and comedy (Ar istophanes), and also choral lyric (Pindar); the late fifth and fourth centuries were the age of prose, which included seminal works in history (Herodo- tus, Thucydides, Xenophon), philosophy (Aristotle, Epicurus, Plato, Theophrastus), and rhetoric (Aes chines, Demosthenes, Isocrates, Lysias); the third century was marked by scholarship (Callimachus), and didactic poetry (Aratus, Callimachus); and the first and second centuries A.D. in Rome were distin- guished by historians (Plutarch, Arrian, Cassius Dio). This is of course a simplified view, perhaps useful only for students facing comprehensive exams in related fields, and will not stand up to stricter delineation than has been given here. Never- theless, it is remarkable that, though epics contin- ued to be written, viable epic never revived after Homer, with the sole exception of the experiment of Apollonius Rhodius; there are no tragedies worthy of the name after Euripides; the New Gomedy of Menander extended into the fourth century, but Aristophanic comedy died with its author. Great fig ures are of course not confined to these periods. Gorgias, renowned in rhetoric, was born a century before Demosthenes. The apogee of Greek philoso- phy is generally considered to be the century of Plato and Aristotle, but philosophy has been a prin: cipal and defining interest of the Greek mind through the centuries, and the pre-Socratics (Py- thagoras, Parmenides, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Pro- tagoras, and Gorgias) of the fifth century are vitally important, though in most cases there is little infor- mation about their lives. The philosophy of the pe- riod after Socrates (that is, Plato) and of the Chris: tian era is represented in this volume by Epictetus, Plotinus, and Diogenes Laertius. Other genres stand apart from such temporal categorization, such, as the pastoral (Theocritus), the fable (Babrius), and satire (Lucian). But the generic approach to literary history can be problematic. The last extensive history of Greek literature in English, Albin Lesky’s A History of Greek Literature (1966), was published more than thirty years ago. There is undeniable value to a compendious version of virtually all classical writ: ers from a single, consistent, highly intelligent, and widely knowledgeable author. (Similar virtues at- tend a shorter volume, by H. J. Rose, A Handbook of Greek Literature: From Homer to the Age of Lucian, 1957). And yet there is also great value in an exam: ination of individual authors by experts on those authors. A recent effort, Ancient Writers: Greece and Rome, edited by T. J. Luce (1982), requires two vol- umes to present only fifty authors of Greek and Latin (though there are some collective articles on,Introduction DLB 176 for example, Hellenistic writers, that would add to the total); while the Cambridge History of Classical Lit- erature, volume 1, Greck Literature, edited by P. E. Easterling and B. M. W. Knox (1985), tries to treat every figure of consequence in all Greek literature, from Homer to Cassius Dio and Herodian, with chapters arranged by genre within periods. Of these works on Greek literary history, the greatest is by Lesky, yet even he recognized the difficulty of mak- ing summary judgments about the complex and ob: scure development of literary genres. He also be- lieved that authors who do their work in more than one gente (this is far truer for the Romans than the Greeks) can obscure the development of their own lives and careers, while masking the contributions that work in one literary field may have made to an- other, for example, the influence of rhetoric on drama or of drama on epic. ‘The present volume, therefore, assumes a dift ferent posture from the eminent works noted above. The aim of DLB 176: Ancient Greek Authors is to con- centrate, in keeping with the purpose of the series, on bio-bibliography. The scholar Aby Warburg said that one should see the times through the man, not the man through the times. By concentrating on a defining individual such as Socrates, Callimachus, or Theophrastus, one can understand the character of the individual's time more clearly than one could ever see him through a study of his age. Limits have necessarily been imposed on this volume. It was decided not to include Christian writers, as they are too numerous to do justice to under the limitations of this volume (indeed they should have a DEB volume of their own); but wo important Jewish writers, Philo and Flavius Jose- phus, are included as representatives of an imapor- tant and somewhat limited area of ancient Greek lit- crature. Writers of the Byzantine era are not in- cluded; the latest author is Diogenes Laertius, of the third century A.D. There are no essays on the trans- mission of the texts to modern times or on bibliog raphy of the history of the various periods, because these topics were deemed to be outside the scope and practice of the series. ‘What remains are accounts of those whom the editor considers the greatest authors of the long age of classical Greece, which lasted more than a thou- sand years. Ask any ten scholars who the fifty most significant Greek authors are and you are likely to get general agreement on at least thirty; the choice of the remaining twenty authors will depend on the subjective estimate of each scholar. The authors in this latter group included in this volume have like wise depended on the subjective estimate of the editor and some mitigating factors. Because the present volume aims to give an idea of the breadth of the corpus of Greek literature, the book attempts to present as many different areas as possible, includ- ing medicine (Hippocrates, Galen), science (Aris- totle, Theophrastus), and geography (Strabo), to represent the enormous range of the inquisitive Greek mind. Works in these fields may not fit everyone's def- inition of the word literature, but they fairly represent the literary spectrum of ancient Greece. ‘The principle of selection and the allotment of pages depended upon striking a balance between those Greck authors whose importance continues into the modern era, as evidenced by their signifi cant and influential literary remains (for example, Homer, Plato, Aristotle), and those authors signifi cant to the ancient world whose surviving texts are few (Alcacus) or disputed (Hippocrates). To some extent more space is given to authors whose works need careful cataloguing and explanation: this vol- ume presents the first such consistent accounts in English for Galen and Hippocrates. More space has also been given to authors whose influence is far out of proportion to the amount of their surviving work (for example, Longinus), because in these cases there is more that needs to be said about the authors and their works than in others. In many cases, so much has been said that the articles here can serve the valuable purpose of leading the reader to other, fuller discussions of works and their atten dant problems rather than outlining such matters again. The editorial goal has been not only to treat an author's extant works fairly but also to give an idea of the author's full career, including the lost writings that helped to constitute the writer's im- portance. Other factors affecting the final selection of the authors presented here involved the vicissitudes of any collaborative enterprise. Ancient authors de- pend upon modern authorities who are willing and able to write about them. As in any project, some scholars promised to contribute, but despite re peated promises that kept the editor in an expectant state up to and well beyond the deadline, they sim- ply did not, It is regrettable that authors such as Pausanias and Bacchylides fell victim to their contributors’ inabilities to fulfill a contract. As the intended audience for this volume is the intelligent nonspecialist, there is a minimum of ancient Grek in the text; where passages in Greck have been directly quoted, translations by the au- thors of the individual articles have been used, un- less otherwise specified. Moreover, the articles here are presented in alphabetical order, in accordanceDLB 176 Introduction with the practice of the series; but if one wished to get an idea of the chronological development of Greck literature as sketched above, one would read in the following order: Homer, Hesiod, Archilo- chus, Sappho, Alcacus, Pythagoras, Parmenides, Aeschylus, Pindar, Heraclitus, Empedocles, Sopho- cles, Euripides, Protagoras, Herodotus, Gorgias, Hippocrates, Thucydides, Lysias, Aristophanes, Xen- ophon, Plato, Aeschines, Aristotle, Demosthenes, ‘Theophrastus, Epicurus, Menander, Callimachus, Apollonius Rhodius, Theocritus, Aratus of Soli, Poly- bius, Strabo, Philo, Flavius Josephus, Plutarch, Longinus, Epictetus, Arrian, Lucian, Galen, Cassius Dio, Babrius, Plotinus, and Diogenes Laertius As editor, [have allowed the experts who con- tributed to Ancient Greek Authors to write about their subjects on more or less their own terms. Thus transliteration of Greek names, always an anarchic task, is left to each contributor. Virtually every an: cient Greek is known by a name that is usually a Latinized version of his Greek name. Literary char: acters, particularly in the epics of Homer and the tragic dramas, are generally referred to by whatever spelling is in fashion: for example, Achilles, Akhil- 1s, Akhilleus, and so forth. There is thus a certain level of inconsistency in spelling between the articles, but this should not unduly discomfit the reader. Dates in each entry are generally consistent with those given in the Cambridge History of Classical Literature and are noted throughout by the tradi- tional designations of B.G. and A.D. In the rubries at the beginning of each entry, dates for literary works are specified when they are known or conjectural; when no date is given, the date is unknown. There is also a rubric for cach author (with a very few ex: ceptions) for the editio princeps, which is the first modern publication in book form of the text of the author's work in the original Greek (that is, not in translation or in part) It remains to thank the contributors for their forbearance over the long process of assembling this, volume. ~ Ward W. Briggs Jr Acknowledgments This book was produced by Bruccoli Clark Layman, Inc. Karen L. Rood is senior editor for the Dictionary of Literary Biography series. Kenneth Graham was the in-house editor, Production manager is Samuel W. Bruce. Photography editors are Julie E. Frick and Margaret Meriwether. Photographic copy work was performed by Joseph M. Bruccoli. Layout and graphics supervisor is Pamela D. Norton. Copy- editing supervisor is Laurel M. Gladden Gillespie. ‘Typesetting supervisor is Kathleen M. Flanagan. Systems manager is Chris Elmore. Laura Pleicones and L. Kay Webster are editorial associates. The production staff includes Phyllis A. Avant, Stephanie L. Capes, Ann M. Cheschi, Melody W. Clegg, Patricia Coate, Joyce Fowler, Brenda A. Gil- lie, Rebecca Mayo, Kathy Lawler Merlette, Jeff Miller, Marie Parker, Delores Plastow, Patricia F. Salisbury, William L. Thomas Jr., and Allison Trus- sell. Walter W. Ross, Steven Gross, and Mark Me- Ewan did library research. They were assisted by the following librarians at the Thomas Cooper Library of the University of South Carolina: Linda Holderfield and the interlibrary-loan staff; reference-department head Virginia Weath- ers; reference librarians Marilee Birchfield, Stefa- nie Buck, Stefanie DuBose, Rebecca Feind, Karen Joseph, Donna Lehman, Charlene Loope, Anthony McKissick, Jean Rhyne, Kwamine Simpson, and Virginia Weathers; circulation-department head Caroline Taylor; and acquisitions-searching su- pervisor David Haggard. ‘The publishers acknowledge the generous as- sistance of William R. Gagle, director of the Lilly Library, Indiana University, and his staff, who pro- vided many of the illustrations in this volume. ‘Their work represents the highest standards of li- brarianship and research.A Note on the Manuscripts Not a single authorial manuscript copy of any ancient Greck writer's work has survived. The me- dium on which most ancient works were first writ: ten was the papyrus sheet, which existed in the form of a long roll, sometimes as much as thirty feet in length; on this roll the author wrote the text in a series of columns eight to ten inches in height, co taining twenty-five to forty-five lines. All the origi nal texts of antiquity, from Homer to Aeschylus, from Hippocrates to Lucian, have long been lost to the depradations of time, wars, political upheavals, and even the religious changes that periodically al- tered the Greek world; and the great Alexandrian Library, the main repository of classical texts in the ancient period, was largely destroyed by fire in 47 BG. Accordingly, all classical texts that currently exist derive from manuscripts that were produced several centuries after the original works were com- posed. Although the book (that is, manuscript) trade began to flourish in Athens in the fifth century B.6., there is no record in ancient Greece of a public li brary in the contemporary sense of that term. Gop: ies of major dramatic works, such as those by Soph- ocles, were maintained as public records, but the best collections of texts were in private hands. In the fourth century B.C. the Museum at Alexandria maintained librarians who culled and often con- densed the vast number of books produced throughout the Greek world. Their replication of ‘manuscripts necessarily introduced errors and vari ants into the texts and began the notion of distinct manuscript traditions for ancient authors. The other tradition that arose from this practice was the discarding of an older manuscript once a new copy had been made and the discarding of a complete work once its digest had been compiled. The Alex- andrians did much to preserve the best literature, but they were also responsible for many significant losses. The fragmentary remains of several ancient authors have survived simply because in the Roman period these authors were quoted by lesser writers who compiled reference works, dictionaries, or sim: ple collectanea, Pamphilus in the first century A.D. compiled a work on language; Hephaestion wrote forty-eight books on metre with a vast number of quotations; the Deipnosophistai (Sophists at Dinner) of Athenaeus (A.D. 190) survives in fifteen books that quote seven hundred authors whose writings would otherwise be completely lost. In the Byzan- tine period several floilegia or collections preserve passages from the greatest writers. The Anthologia of Stobaeus (circa 480) quotes more than five hundred authors. The Myrobiblion of Photius (circa 820-891) describes some two hundred and eighty volumes, while in the next century the emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus founded an Encyclopedia of History in which passages from many historians are pre served. For the writings of ancient authors that sur- vived independent of their quotations in the works of others, there is the Flinders Petrie Papyri Collec: tion, published in 1891, which dates from the mi dle of the third century B.C. The collection contains fragments of iad 11, the Antiope of Euripides, and the Phaedo of Plato. Other important early manu- scripts named for their locations or their propri- ctors are the Louvre fragments of Euripides (sec- ond century BG), the Harris and Bankes manu- scripts of the Iliad (first to second centuries A.D), the Herculaneum papyri of Epicurus and Phi: lodemus and the papyrus of Bach; BG), and the Mariette papyrus of Aleman (first cen- tury AD). It is from the Byzantine period, from the eighth to the fourteenth centuries, that many older manuscripts derive. These are largely preserved in Italy, and Leonard Whibley's A Companion to Greek Studies (1906) lists the best manuscripts. Those of ‘Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Apollonius Rhodius are in Florence; those of Aristophanes are in Venice and Ravenna; those of Euripides are in Venice, Florence, and Rome; those of Hesiod and Herodo- tus are in Florence. The best manuscript of Homer is in Venice; those of Pindar are in Rome, Florence, Milan, and Paris; those of Thucydides are in Flor- ence, Rome, Munich, and London. The best manu- scripts of Demosthenes and Plato are in Paris, and those of Aristotle are in Paris, Venice, and Rome.