I/Tng quan v mng GSM _____________________________________________________ 2

1. Tng quan ___________________________________________________________________ 2

2.Lch s pht trin ca mng GSM __________________________________________________ 3

II/Cu trc mng GSM ________________________________________________________ 6

1.Kin trc mng GSM_____________________________________________________________ 6 2. Giao din v giao thc _________________________________________________________ 8
3.1. Mobile Station ________________________________________________________________________ 11 3.2. Base Station Controller ________________________________________________________________ 11 3.3. Transcoder Adaption Rate Unit __________________________________________________________ 12 3.4. Mobile Switching Center ___________________________________________________________ 13 3.5. Visitor Location Register __________________________________________________________ 13 3.6. Equipment Identity Register _______________________________________________________ 14 3.7. Home Location Register ____________________________________________________________ 15

3. H thng chuyn mch SS _______________________________________________________ 11

4. 5.

H thng trm gc BSC _______________________________________________________ 15 Trm di ng MS ____________________________________________________________ 17

5.1. Chc nng ___________________________________________________________________________ 18 5.2. Cu trc ca MS: ______________________________________________________________________ 18

6.H thng h tr v khai thc OSS _________________________________________________ 19 7.Nguyn l hot ng chung ca GSM:______________________________________________ 21 8.Cu trc knh___________________________________________________________________ 23
8.1. T chc a truy cp bng cch kt hp gia FDMA v TDMA. _________________________________ 23 8.2. Cc knh vt l : ______________________________________________________________________ 24 8.3. Cc knh logic. _______________________________________________________________________ 26

III/ Vn v phng php s dng li di tn ___________________________________ 27

1. 2. S dng li tn s ____________________________________________________________ 27 Trng ph ca knh v kh nng ca h thng ____________________________________ 29

3.Tiu chun thit k

4.

31

Cp pht tn s ______________________________________________________________ 31

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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I/Tng quan v mng GSM

1. Tng quan H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Anh: Global System for Mobile Communications; ting Php: Groupe Spcial Mobile; vit tt: GSM) l mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii. Kh nng pht sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph bin trn th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn hiu v tc , cht lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th hai (second generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) ng v pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc gi tt hn, gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh mng l kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh iu hnh mng c th sn sng dch v khp ni, v th ngi s dng c th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii. Vo u thp nin 1980 ti chu u ngi ta pht trin mt mng in thoi di ng ch s dng trong mt vi khu vc. Sau vo nm 1982 n c chun ho bi CEPT (Europea Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) v to ra Groupe Spcial Mobile (GSM) vi mc ch s dng chung cho ton Chu u. Mng in thoi di ng s dng cng ngh GSM c xy dng v a vo s dng u tin bi Radiolinja Phn Lan. Vo nm 1989 cng vic qun l tiu chun v pht trin mng GSM c chuyn cho vin vin thng chu u (European Telecommunications Standards Institute - ETSI), v cc tiu chun, c tnh phase 1 ca cng ngh GSM c cng b vo nm 1990. Vo Nguyn Vn Thnh
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cui nm 1993 c hn 1 triu thu bao s dng mng GSM ca 70 nh cung cp dch v trn 48 quc gia. GSM l mng in thoi di ng thit k gm nhiu t bo do cc my in thoi di ng kt ni vi mng bng cch tm kim cc cell gn n nht. Cc mng di ng GSM hot ng trn 4 bng tn. Hu ht th hot ng bng 900 Mhz v 1800 Mhz. Vi nc Chu M th s dng bng 850 Mhz v 1900 Mhz do bng 900 Mhz v 1800 Mhz ni ny b s dng trc. V cc k him c mng no s dng tn s 400 Mhz hay 450 Mhz ch c Scandinavia s dng do cc bng tn khc b cp pht cho vic khc. Cc mng s dng bng tn 900 Mhz th ng uplink s dng tn s trong di 890-915 MHz v ng downlink s dng tn s trong di 935-960 MHz. V chia cc bng tn ny thnh 124 knh vi rng bng thong 25 Mhz, mi knh cch nhau 1 khong 200 Khz. S dng cng ngh phn chia theo thi gian TDM (time division multiplexing) chia ra 8 knh full rate hay 16 knh haft rate. C 8 khe thi gian gp li gi l 1mt khung TDMA. Tc truyn d liu ca mt knh l 270.833 kbit/s v khong thi gian ca mt khung l 4.615 m. Cng sut pht ca my in thoi c gii hn ti a l 2 watt i vi bng GSM 850/900 Mhz v ti a l 1 watt i vi bng GSM 1800/1900 Mhz. Mng GSM s dng 2 kiu m ho m thanh nn tn hiu m thanh 3,1 Khz l m ho 6 v 13 kbps gi l full rate (13 kbps) v haft rate (6 kbps). nn h s dng h thng c tn l linear predictive coding (LPC). Vo nm 1997 th h ci tin thm cho mng GSM l b m GSM-EFR s dng full rate 12,2 kbps. C tt c bn kch thc cell site trong mng GSM l macro, micro, pico v umbrella. Vng ph sng ca mi cell ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng. Macro cell c lp trn ct cao hoc trn cc to nh cao tng, micro cell li c lp cc khu thnh th, khu dn c, pico cell th tm ph sng ch khong vi chc mt tr li n thng c lp tip sng trong nh. Umbrella lp b sung vo cc vng b che khut hay cc vng trng gia cc cell. Bn knh ph sng ca mt cell tu thuc vo cao ca anten, li anten thng th n c th t vi trm mt ti vi chc km. Trong thc t th kh nng ph sng xa nht ca mt trm GSM l 32 km (22 dm). Mt s khu vc trong nh m cc anten ngoi tri khng th ph sng ti nh nh ga, sn bay, siu th... th ngi ta s dng cc trm pico chuyn tip sng t cc anten ngoi tri vo. 2.Lch s pht trin ca mng GSM Lch s pht trin ca mng GSM Nguyn Vn Thnh
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Cc mc thi gian chnh: - 1982,CEPT thnh lp nhm pht trin mng di ng chung chu - 1986, th nghim cc k thut mi trong truyn dn v tuyn - 1987, quyt nh s dng kt hp TDMA v FDMA. - 1988, h thng GSM c ph chun. - 1889, cc c im chi tit ca GSM c Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI thng qua. - 1990, cc c im chi tit ca GSM giai on 1 c cng b. - 1991, cc dch v u tin ca GSM xut hin 1992,vng ph sng c m rng: cc thnh ph ln v sn bay - 1993, m rng vng hot ng ra cc nc ngoi chu u nh Hng Kng, c, Nam M, cc nc chu trong c Vit nam - 1995, cc c im chi tit ca GSM giai on 2 xut hin. Vng ph sng c m rng ti cc vng nng thn. Cc dch v ca mng GSM

Teleservices: - Dch v truyn thoi. - Dch v quay s nhanh trong trng hp khn cp,s dng 3 ch s nh 911 M, v Vit nam l 113.. - Dch v tin nhn SMS. Bearer Services: - Cc dch v truyn d liu c tc ln ti 9,6Kbps. Supplementary Services: Nguyn Vn Thnh
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- Cc dch v b xung cho gi: chuyn hng cuc gi khi thu bao bn, chuyn hng cuc gi khi khng tr li. - Cc dch v b xung hn ch cuc gi: Cm tt c cc cuc gi ra quc t, Cm tt c cc cuc gi vo.. - Cc dch v b xung tnh cc: Thng bo v thng tin cc, thng bo v tnh cc..

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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II/Cu trc mng GSM

1.Kin trc mng GSM

Trc khi GSM ra i th cng ngh in thoi s dng cng ngh tng t .Cng ngh ny khng tun theo cc chun cng ngh ra.Khi cha s dng GSM th cng khng c cch no mt in thoi di ng n c th lic lc t nc ny sang nc khc.Cht lng dch v cng khng lm hi lng khch hng.Ngay khi ra i GSM tr ln ph bin rng ri khp th gii v n cng cp mt cht lng dch v tt.ng thi cc chun v GSM cng ra i m bo c th m rng v pht trin n tt hn .ETSI chun ha mng GSM nm 1991 v gi n c s dng rng ri trn vi trm quc gia v vng lnh th .Chun GSM vi nhng u im sau : - Nng cao hiu qu vic s dng ph - M rng vng hot ng mang tnh quc t - Cht lng tt, gi thnh gim Nguyn Vn Thnh
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- Tng thch vi mng ISDN v cc mng khc - Cung cp thm nhiu dch v m Cc dch v u tin c gii thiu vo gia nm 1991 .n nm 1993 c 36 mng GSM hot ng 22 quc gia .Ngy nay c khong 400 mng GSM ang hot ng trn 171 quc gia trn th gii .

Cch tt nht c th qun l c mt h thng truyn thng l chia n thanh cc nhm nh hn.Mt h thng GSM c th chia lm ba nhm con nh sau :The mobile Station (MS),The base station subsystem (BSS),the network subsystem, Operations and Maintenance Center(OMC) Kin trc mng GSM

Mobile station(MS): Trm di ng Nguyn Vn Thnh

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-Base Transceiver Station (BTS): Trm thu pht gc -Base Station Controller (BSC): B iu khin trm gc - Base Station Subsystem(BSS): H thng con trm gc -Mobile Switching Center (MSC): Trung tm chuyn mch - Gateway MSC (GMSC): - Home Location Register (HLR): B ghi nh v thng tr -Visitor Location Register (VLR): B ghi nh v tm tr -Equipment Identity Register (EIR): B ghi nhn dng thit b -Authentication Center (AuC): Trung tm nhn thc -Operations and Maintenance Center(OMC):Trung tm khai thc v bo dng.

2. Giao din v giao thc

y l m hnh OSI c p dng trong mng GSM Layer 1: Nguyn Vn Thnh

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-ng truyn vt l (TDAM,FDAM) -c lng cht lng knh truyn Layer 2:Lp lin kt d liu -Thit lp cc kt ni -Pht hin li -iu khin dng -Truyn d liu -nh tuyn Layer 3: -Qun l kt ni -Qun l d liu -Chng thc -Qun l cc dch v

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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GSM900: Uplink: 890-915 MHz (= mobile station to base station) Downlink: 935-960 MHz (= base station to mobile station) GSM1800 (previously: DCS-1800): Uplink: 1710-1785 MHz Downlink: 1805-1880 MHz GSM1900 (previously: PCS-1900): Uplink: 1850-1910 MHz Downlink: 1930-1990 MHz

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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3. H thng chuyn mch SS

3.1. Mobile Station MS (Mobile Station) c th l mt thit b t trong t,thit b xch tay ,thit b cm tay .Ngoi vic cha giao din v tuyn chung n cn cha giao din vi ngi s dng v giao din vi cc thit b khc nh my tnh .Bn trong mi MS c mt tm card gi l SIM(Subscriber Identity Module).SIM cha 1 kha b mt v mt s thng tin khc ca ngi s dng.Nh c n ta c th phn bit v qun l cc thu bao khc nhau

Mt BTS(Base Transceiver Station) bao gm cc thit b pht thu ,angten v x l tn hiu c th cho giao din v tuyn .Mi BTS thng c t trung tm ca cell v c th c t 1 n 16 my thu pht ph thuc vo s lng ngi s dng trong cell .N c chc nng chnh nh sau : -M ha ghp knh,iu ch v a tn hiu ra angten pht -Chuyn i m v thch ng tc TRAU(Transcoder Adapter Rate Unit) -ng b thi gian v tn s -Gii m ha v cn bng cc tn hiu nhn c -Pht hin s truy cp ngu nhin 3.2. Base Station Controller BSC (Base Station Controller) c nhim v kt ni cc mobile vi MSC .Giao din gia BSC v BTS c gi l giao din Abis,giao din gia BSC v MSC c gi l giao din A.BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng Nguyn Vn Thnh
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qua cc lnh iu khin t xa cc BTS v MS .Cc lnh ny ch yu l cc lnh cp pht v gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (handover).BSC c nhim v chuyn tc thoi t 13Kps trn knh v tuyn thnh knh 64Kbps s dng trong mng PSTN v ISDN.BSC c nhim v iu khin cng sut ca BTS v MS .He thong con trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem ) bao gm BTS v BSC

3.3. Transcoder Adaption Rate Unit TRAU (Transcoder Adaption Rate Unit) :B chuyn i m v thch ng tc .TRAU l mt phn ca BTS trong nhiu trng hp c th c t bn ngoi gia BTS v MSC.Nu n c t bn trong BTS ,TRAU c nhim v chuyn i tc thoi 13Kbps hoc d liu tc thp thnh tc 64Kbps.Trc tin ,thoi 13Kbps c thm vo cc d liu ng b v c tc 16Kbps.Sau 4 lung 16Kbps c ghp thnh knh 64Kbps.Nu n c t bn ngoi th giao tip Abis gia BTS v BSC ch hot ng c tc 16Kbps.TRAU ch c nhim v ghp 4 knh 16Kbps thnh mt knh 64Kbps truyn ti MSC

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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3.4.

Mobile Switching Center

MSC (Mobile Switching Center) l trung tm chuyn mch c nhim v chnh l iu phi thit lp cuc gi n nhng ngi s dng mng GSM .MSC ngoi vic giao tip vi cc BSS cn giao tip vi cc mng ngoi .MSC giao tip vi cc mng ngoi c gi l cc MSC cng (GMSC). kt ni MSC vi cc mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca GSM vi cc mng ny.Cc thch ng ny c gi l cc chc nng tng tc IWF(Interworking Function)bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn.

3.5.

Visitor Location Register

VLR(Visitor Location Register) lu tr tm thi thng tin ca cc thu bao ang nm trong vng phc v ca MSC tng ng.VLR lu gi s liu v v tr ca thu bao mt cch chnh xc hn HLR.Khi c mt MS c nhu cu c phc v ,VLR Nguyn Vn Thnh
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s yu cu thng tin ca MS t HLR v lu gi trong b nh cho n khi n ra ngoi vng phc v.ng thi MSC ca vng phc v ny bo tin cho HLR v v tr ca MS nh tuyn cuc gi mt cch chnh xc

3.6.

Equipment Identity Register

Qun l cc thit b di ng c thc hin bi b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR (Equipment Identity Register).EIR lu gi tt c cc d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS.EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra s c php hot ca thit b.Qun l thu bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao thng qua trung tm nhn thc AuC(Authetication Center).AuC qun l cc thng tin nhn thc v mt m lin quan n tng c nhn thu bao da trn 1 kha b mt.Trung tm khai thc v bo dng OMC(Operations and Maintenance Center) c nhim v theo di v gim st hot ng ca mng ,kp thi sa cha s c v nng cp mng,nng cao cht lng phc v

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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3.7.

Home Location Register

L c s d liu trung tm, quan trng nht ca h thng GSM, lu d cc d liu v thu bao ng k trong mng ca n v thc hin mt s chc nng ring ca mng thng tin di ng. Trong c s d liu ny lu tr nhng s liu v trang thi thu bao, quyn thm nhp ca thu bao, cc dch v m thu bao ng k, s liu ng v vng m ang cha thu bao ca n (Roaming).Trong HLR cn to bo hiu s 7 trn giao din MSC.

4. H thng trm gc BSC

OSS

MS

BSS

NSS

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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Cc k hiu: NSS BSS OSS MS : : : : Mng v h thng con chuyn mch H thng trm gc H thng trm khai thc Trm di ng

BSS bao gm hai loi thit b : BTS giao din vi MS v BSC giao din vi MSC * BTS: Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b pht v thu, anten x l tn hiu c th cho cc giao din v tuyn, C th coi BTS l cc modem v tuyn phc tp c thm mt s chc nng khc. Mt b phn quan trng ca BTS l TRAU (Transcoder and rate adapterunit: Khi chuyn i m v thch ng tc cao ).TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh. Ngoi ra TRAU cn thc hin nhim v nn /gin tc cc knh thng tin s lm cho mng tit kim c ng truyn dn thng tin t MSC n BSC v BTS . Bi v mt MSC thng c vi BSC v nhiu BTS c phn b nhng ni cch xa nhau m TRAU th c t gn MSC cho nn khi truyn dn gia MSC vi BSC v BTS ta gin c 4 ln cc lung E1. Mt khc do cc yu t knh thoi 16 bit/s nn dng TRAU nn gin nh vy l hp l.TRAU giao tip vi MSC qua giao din A v BSC qua giao din Abis. Hin nay, MSC3/VLR th b thch ng v chuyn m c tn l TRAU7 c t MSC3/VLR Nng .

Nn 4 lung E1 (2Mbit/s) 32 knh 64 bit/s Gin 1 lung E1 (2Mbit/s) 128 knh 16kbit/s

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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16kbit/s =13kbit/s (voice) +3kbit/s (LAPD)

* BSC:

BSC c nhim v qun l tt c cc giao din v tuyn thng qua lnh iu khin t xa BSTv MS. Cc lnh ny l cc lnh ch yu n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v qun l chuyn giao (handover). Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS cn pha khc c ni vi MSC ca SS.Trong thc t BSC l mt tng i nh v c kh nng thanh ton ng k. Vai tr ch yu ca n qun l cc knh giao din v tuyn v chuyn giao (handover - l s thay i n mt knh thng tin mi trong qu trnh MS thit lp cuc gi trng thi bn. Mng s quyt nh s thay i ny. MS ch gi cc knh thng tin lin quan n cng tn hiu v cht lng truyn dn n BTS). Mt BSC trung bnh c th qun l ti vi chc BTS ph thuc vo lu lng ca cc BTS ny, giao din gia BSC vi MSC c gi l giao din A, cn giao din gia n vi BTS c gi l giao din A bis

5. Trm di ng MS

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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5.1. Chc nng Trm di ng l mt my u cui di ng hay Mobile Phone .V hnh thc cc my di ng c th khc nhau, my di ng cng c nhiu hnh nh : (my cm tay, my xch tay, hay my t trn cc t ). Loi thit b nh cm tay s l thit b trm di ng ph bin nht, ngoi vic cha cc chc nng v tuyn chung v x l cho giao din v tuyn MS cn phi cung cp cc giao din cho ngi s dng (nh: micro, loa, mn hin th bn phm qun l cuc gi ) hoc giao din vi mt s thit b khc (nh:giao din vi my tnh ci nhn, FAX). Trm di ng khng hon ton ph thuc cht ch vo ngi s dng, m s ph thuc ny thng qua mt th nhn dng thu bao SIM (Subscriber Identity Module: m un nhn dng thu bao ) c gn trn my di ng .S nhn thc c kim tra bi mng, xt xem liu thu bao c hp vi my di ng hay khng, sau mi c nhp vo h thng .Mt m c nhn c dng km theo SIM-PIN trnh s s dng tri php th SIM. 5.2. Cu trc ca MS: My thu bao di ng gm hai phn: Modulle nhn dnh thu bao SIM (Subscriber Identity Modulle) v thit b thu pht bo hiu ME (Mobile Equiment). Trc ht SIM l mt ci kho cho php MS c dng, ci kho ny gn cht vi ngi dng trong vai tr thu bao duy nht c th lm vic vi cc thit b ME khc nhau, tin cho vic thu mn cc ME tu thu bao. SIM c nhng phn cng v phn mn cn thit vi b nh c th lu tr hai loi tin tc: tin tc c th c c hoc c thay i bi ngi dng .SIM s dng mt khu PIN (Peronal Indentity Number) bo v quyn s dng ca ngi s dng hp php . ME l phn cng thu bao truy cp mng, ME c s nhn dng l IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Indentity). Nh khim tra MIEI m ME b mt cp s khng c phc v . SIM l mt card in t thng minh gn vo ME, dng nhn dng thu bao v tin tc v loi dch v m thu bao dng k s dng, nh cung cp mng GSM s bn SIM cho thu bao ng k, GSM thit lp ng truyn v tnh cc da vo ISMI. ME: thit b my di ng v thu bao ch tip xc vi ME m thi c 3 loi ME. Nguyn Vn Thnh
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- Trn xe (lp t trong xe, ngten ngoi xe ) . - Xch tay (ngten khng lin t hp cm tay ) . - Cm tay (ngten lin t hp, ton b my cm tay nm gn trong lng bn tay)

Chc nng mt trm di ng

6.H thng h tr v khai thc OSS H thng khai thc OS(Operation system) thc hin khai thc v bo dng tp trung cho mng thng tin di ng . *Khai thc: L cc hot ng cho php ca cc nh khai thc mng theo gii hnh vi ca mng nh: ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao (handever) gia hai nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng ca dch v m h cung cp cho khc hng v kp thi s l cc s c. Khai thc cng bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai, tng vng ph sng.Vic thay i mng c th thc hin mm qua bo hiu (chng hn nh thay i thng s chuyn giao thay i bin gii gia hai ) hoc thc hin

Nguyn Vn Thnh
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cng i hi s can thip ti hin trng (chng hn b sung thm dung lng truyn dn hay lp t mt trm mi ). *Bo dng: C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c, hng hc. N c mi quan h vi khai thc, cc thit b mng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht hin mt s s c hay d bo s c thng qua t kim tra.Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta d phng cho thit b thit b s c c th thay th bng thit b d phng .S thay th ny c th thc hin t ng. Ngoi vic gim nh s c c th c thc hin bi ngi khai thc bng iu khin t xa .Bo dng cng bao gm c cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th thit b, b s c . *H thng khai thc v bo dng : C th c xy dng trn nguyn l TMN(Telecommunication Management Network- mng qun l vin thng ). Lc ny mt mt mng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng (cc MSC, BSC, HLR, v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS, v truy nhp n BTS c thc hin qua BSC) mt khc h thng khai thc v bo dng li c ni n mt my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi my. H thng ny thng c gi l OMC (Operation and Maintenance Cente- Trung tm khai thc v bo dng). *Qun l thu bao: Bao gm cc hot ng dng k v qun l thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xo thu bao khi mng, ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung .Nh khai thc cm phi thm nhp c tt c cc thng s ni trn, mt nhim v khc ca nh khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi, Qun l thu bao mng GSM ch lin quan n HLR v mt s thit b OSS chng hn mng ni HLR vi cc thit b giao tip ngi v my ca cc trung tm giao tip vi SIM card cng ng vai tr nh mt b phn ca h thng thu bao . *Qun l thit b di ng : Qun l thit b di dng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR( thanh ghi nhn dng thit b )thc hin, EIR, lu gi cc d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra s c php.

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7.Nguyn l hot ng chung ca GSM: .M hnh bao gm phn h chuyn mch SS v phn h trm gc BSS, trong mi BSS c mt b iu khin trm gc BSC iu khin mt nhm BTS v cc chc nng nh chuyn nh chuyn giao v iu khin cng sut .Cn trong mi SS, mt trung tm chuyn mch ca PLMN gi tt l tng i mng di ng MSC, phc v nhiu BSC hnh thnh cp qu l lnh th gi l vng phc v MSC, bao gm nhiu vng nh v, biu th phn cp cu trc a l ca mng di ng v cell () c hiu nh sau. Cell: l mt n v nh nht ca mng, c nhiu kiu cell khc nhau nhng cell l hnh lc gic u (cu trc t ong ) t c hiu qu ti u nht. Trong mi cell c mt trm gc BTS lm nhim v lin lc v tuyn vi tt c cc MS c mt trong . Tu theo lu lng cc cuc gi trong cell m ngi ta s dng mt hay v tn s trong mt cell v c cch mt khong nht nh no th ta c th s dng li cc tn s cho cc cell khc. Trong thc t, nu nh lu lng tng trng mt cch qu mc th ngi ta c th chia mt cell thnh cc cell nh hn, thng thng cc cuc gi khng th xong trong mt cell. V vy, h thng thng tin di ng GSM phi c cc chc nng iu khin v chuyn mch chuyn giao cuc gi t cell ny sang cell khc m cuc gi c chuyn giao khng b nh hng g v yu cu ny lm cho mng di ng khc vi mng in thoi c nh. qun l mt my di ng MS ca mng di ng GSM i hi phi c mt c s d liu ln. B ng k nh v thng tr HLR chc cc thng tin v thu bao nh cc dch v m thu bao la chn v cc thng s nhn thc. V tr hin thi ca mt my di ng MS c cp nhp qua b ng k nh v tm tr VLR cng c chuyn n HLR. Lc ny trung tm nhn thc c chc nng cung cp cho HLR cc thng s nhn thc v cc kha mt m, mi MSC c mt VLR. Khi my di ng MS i vo mt vng phc v MSC mi no th VLR yu cu HLR cung cp cc s liu v v khch di ng MS ny, ng thi VLR cng thng b cho HLR bit rng my di ng ni trn ang vng phc v MSC no. Nh vy VLR c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp cuc gi theo yu cu ngi dng. Mt MSC c bit gi l (MSC cng ) c PLMN giao chc nng kt ni gia PLMN vi cc mng c nh.V d thit lp cuc gi n mt my di ng MS, th cng MSC hi HLR v v tr hin thi ca my di ng MS thuc v vng no Nguyn Vn Thnh
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 nh tuyn ti MSC ca my di ng MS xt. Khi cuc gi t ti MSC ny, th VLR s cho bit v vng nh v ca my di ng MS xt. Tip theo l s thng bo qung b tm gi my di ng MS xt c thc hin. My di ng thc cht l thit b u cui v tuyn ca thu bao, nh c thit b ny m ngi s dng c th truy cp vo mng.Thnh phn chnh ca mt my di ng gm c hai phn:Modulle nhn dng thu bao SIM v thit b thu, pht, bo hiu ME . Trong phn h chuyn mch SS cn c: Thanh ghi nhn dng EIR (Equipment Identity Reggister)cha s liu phn cng ca thit b -EIR c ni vi MSC qua mt ng bo hiu, nh vy MSC c th kim tra s hp l ca thit b. Trm gc BS l thit b kt ni my di ng vi tng i di ng MSC, thng trm gc BS c chia thnh trm thu pht gc BTS v khi iu khin trm gc BSS, Trm thu pht BTS c th dt c lp vi khi iu khin trm gcBSS. Trm thu pht BTS c th t c lp vi khi iu khin BSC hoc t cng BSC, n bao gm mt hoc nhiu b thu pht gc, khi iu khin trm gc BSC c chc nng iu khin v qun l h thng cho mt hoc nhiu BTS .Khi BSC nhm trao i bn tin vi c BTS v MSC. Mt s on tin bo hiu c th truyn thng n cc BSC khc nhau. Tng i di ng hoc h thng tng i di ng MSC c nhim v chuyn lu t mng di ng n mng c nh hoc n mng di ng khc. Trn c s nhng iu trnh by trn, chng ta trc ht cn bit n nhng khc bit ln trong mng c nh v mng di ng. Trong mng c nh, thit b u cui ni kt c nh vi mng. Do , tng i mng c nh lin tc gim st c trng thi nhc, t (t hp my in thoi) pht hin cuc gi n t thu bao, ng thi thit b u cui lun lun sn sng tip nhn chung (c cuc gi n thu bao xt ). Nhng trong mng di ng, v s knh v tuyn qu t so vi s thu bao MS, nn knh v tuyn ch dc cp pht theo kiu ng. Hn na, vic gi c v thit lp cuc gi i vi MS cng kh hn. Khi cha c cuc gi, MS lng nghe thng bo tm gi n nh mt knh c bit, knh ny l knh qung b (chung cho vng nh v ). Mng phi xc nh c MS b gi ang l vng nh v no. Mt cuc gi lin quan ti MS yu cu h thng cho php MS truy cp n h thng nhn c mt knh. Th tc truy cp c thc hin trn mt knh c bit theo hng t MS n trm gc. Knh ny v knh qung b u l l knh chung v n ng thi phc v nhiu MS trong cell. Knh m MS c cp pht thc hin mt cuc gi l knh dnh ring. Vy MS c 2 trng thi chnh: - Trng thi ch : My di ng lng nghe knh qung b . Nguyn Vn Thnh
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- Trng th truyn tin: My di ng MS c cp pht knh truyn tin song cng truyn tin song cng .Th tc truyn tin l mt chc nng ca my di ng MS cho php n chuyn t trng thi ch sang trng thi truyn tin .Khi MS trang thi truyn tin, MS c th di ng t cell() ny sang cell() khc, i hi phi chuyn i knh dnh ringv s ph thuc tng ng t mng m khng nh hng g n cuc gi ang tin hnh .Qu trnh gi l chuyn giao, vic chuyn giao i hi hai chiu: mng phi pht hin nhu cu chuyn giao, mng phi pht hin nhu cu cu chuyn giao, mng phi cp pht v chuyn mch n knh dnh ring mi.S hp tc gia cc mng thng tin to iu kin MS c chuyn giao trong bt k phm vi no. Ngi ta ch nh giao din v tuyn chung MS c th truy cp n tt c cc mng. MS c b phn ME y phn cng v phn mm cn thit phi php vi giao din ni trn. Phn SIM c nhiu tnh nng cn ni r thm. Trc ht SIM l mt ci kha cho php MS c dng. Nhng l mt ci kha vn nng hin nay cho php ci kha ny gn cht ci kha ny gn cht vi ngi dng trong vi tr mt thu bao duy nht, c th lm vic vi cc thit b ME khc nhau, tin cho vic thu, mn cc ME ty thu bao. SIM cng c cc phn cng, phn mm cn thit vi b nh c th lu tr loi tin tc: tin tc c th c c hoc thay i bi ngi dng SIM, s dng mt khu pin bo v quyn s dng ca ngi s hu hp php. SIM cho php ngi dng s dng nhiu dch v v cho php ngi dng truy cp vo cc PLMN khc nhau.

8.Cu trc knh Knh c t chc theo quan im truyn dn hoc tin tc. Nu theo quan im truyn dn th l knh vt l, nu theo quan im tin tc th l knh logic. 8.1. T chc a truy cp bng cch kt hp gia FDMA v TDMA. Truyn dn v tuyn GSM c chia thnh cc cm (Burst) cha hng trm bit c iu ch. Mi cm c pht i mt khe thi gian c rng l 15/16 (577s) mt knh tn s c rng l 200 KHz. Mi mt knh tn s cho php

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t chc cc khung truy cp theo thi gian mi khung gm 8 khe thi gian t 0 n 7 (TSo, TS1...TS7).
Tn s (FDMA)A )) 200 KHz

Thigian(TDMA) (khe thi gian) 15/26 ms

a truy nhp kt hp FDMA v TDMS 8.2. Cc knh vt l : Trong h thng thng tin di ng, kh nng m tt c cc MS lin lc c vi nhau cng mt thi in l hon ton khng th xy ra c. Bi v khong thi gian m tn s v tuyn c MS s dng m thoi l ngn v cc yu cu m thoi l rt ngu nhin, do tht v ngha nu phn phi cc knh v tuyn cho cc MS mt cch c nh (nh mng PSTN) cho bt k mt MS no cng c th lin lc bt k mi thi in. Nu s lng cc MS c th lin lc ng thi hn ch mt s lng xc nh v cc knh v tuyn ri cng c phn phi theo yu cu lin lc th vic s dng sng v tuyn c th t hiu qu cao, v vy khi thit k h thng thc t cn phi xc nh cc quan h v lng gia 4 yu t sau: - Tn sut ca cc yu cu v thi gian m thoi. - Mc cc yu cu khng c chp nhn. - S lng knh v tuyn c th s dng c. - S lng MS c th p ng. a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian TDMA l h thng phn chia cc knh lin lc theo thi gian, trong MS c phn chia cc tn s ring bit cc khe thi gian c th Cc knh vt l c coi l cc cp tn s v khe thi gian dng truyn ti thng tin gia trm di ng MS v trm thu pht gc BTS. Phn b tn s GSM c quy nh nm trong gii bng tn nh sau : 890-915MHz cho ng ln (MS pht ) 935-960MHz cho ng xung(BTS pht) Khong cch gia cc sng mang l 200KHz. Nguyn Vn Thnh
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Trong tng lai khi m rng n h thng DCS-1800 bng tn c s dng s l : 1710-1785 MHZ ng ln 1805-1880MHz ng xung m bo cc quy nh v tn s bn ngoi bng phi c mt khong bo v gia cc bin ca bng (200KHz). V th GSM 900 ta c 124 knh tn s v tuyn bt u t 1710,2MHz. Mi mt knh tn s v tuyn c t chc thnh cc khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian, c nh s t 0-7. Tt c ngi dng mt tn s u chung mt khung 8 khe. MS c cp pht 1 khe trong khung, n ch pht trong khe ny v tt 7 khe cn li. Mi mt khe thi gian c di 15/26ms (577s). 8 khe thi gian ca mt khung TDMA c di gn bng 4,62ms.Vy mt knh ngi dng tng ng 200KHz/8 =25KHz. Khung TDMA

TDMA Frame 4651ms Hnh II.3 Mt khung TDMA BTS cc khung TDMA tt c cc knh tn s trn ng xung c ng b . ng b cng c p dng nh vy vi ng ln .Tuy nhin khi u ca khung TDMA ng ln tr mt khong thi gian c nh 3 khe .L do tr cho php MS s dng cng mt khe thi gian c ng ln ln ng xung m khng phi thu pht ng thi .S tr ni trn c m t hnh II.4 di y . ng xung knh tn s ng xung knh tn s ng ln knh tn s ng ln knh tn s Nguyn Vn Thnh
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Khung Khung Khung TDMA TDMA TDMA Khung Khung Khung TDMA TDMA TDMA Khung Khung Khung TDMA TDMA TDMA Khung Khung Khung TDMA TDMA TDMA

3Ts Cc khung TDMA 8.3. Cc knh logic. L knh c t chc theo quan im tin tc.GSM phn bit knh lu lng truyn a d liu ngi dng vi knh iu khin truyn a bo hiu qun l mng v knh. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS cc knh logic ny c t vo cc knh vt l c xt trn. C th chia cc knh logic thnh 2 loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng (TCH: Traffic Channel) v cc knh bo hiu iu khin. *Cc knh lu lng TCH: Cc knh lu lng gm hai loi nh ngha sau. + Ting thoi: Bm hay TCH ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng tin ting hoc s liu tc 13 kbps; Lm hay TCH bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc vo khong 6,5 kbps. + S liu: 12 kbps (cho tc lung c s 9600 bps); 6 kbps (cho tc lung c s 4800 bps); 3,6 kbps (cho tc lung c s 2400 bps). *Cc knh bo hiu iu khin: Cc knh bo hiu iu khin c chia thnh ba loi: cc knh iu khin qung b, chung v dnh ring. c tnh ca cc knh iu khin c m t di y. Knh qung b: BCH = BCCH+FCCH+SCH. - BCH ch dng cho mc hng xung, cung cp cho MS tin tc MS ng b vi mng. - BCCH (Broadcasting Control Channel: knh iu khin qung b chung) cung cp cc tin tc, BCCH ch dng cho ng xung. - FCCH (Frequence Corretion Channel: knh hiu chnh tn s) cung cp h thng ca tn s ca h thng cho MS. - SCH (Synchronization Channel) cung cp chui hng dn MS lm vic ti u, ngoi ra cn cung cp thng tin nh thi v thng tin nhn c dng trm gc. SCH ch s dng cho ng xung. Cc knh iu khin chung: CCCH = RACH + PCH +AGCH - CCCH phc v thit lp knh dnh ring gia mt MS vi BTS. - RACH (Random Access Channel: knh truy cp ngu nhin) l knh hng ln MS a ra yu cu knh dnh ring. - PCH (Paging Channel: knh nhn tin) c BTS dng gi MS. - AGCH (Access Grand Channel: knh chp nhn truy cp) mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh ca MS. Knh iu khin dnh ring DCCH: Nguyn Vn Thnh
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DCCH dng trao i tin tc, bo hiu ,phc v cp nht v tr, ng k v thit lp cuc gi, phc v va bo dng knh. Trong DCCH c SDCCH (Standalone dedicated Control Channel) knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh phc v chuyn giao bo hiu gia MS vi BTS

III/ Vn v phng php s dng li di tn

1. S dng li tn s Mt trong nhng c th quan trng ca mng GSM l lp quy hoch tn s khi m trogn mng c s gii hn of ph tn s c sn, vic s dng li tn s trong nhng khc nhau s cn phi c quy hoch or lp k hoch t c kh nng ln ng thi s chng tn s phi mc cho php Mt trong mng GSM c th a hng or c biu din theo cc khi lc gic. Trogn h thng GSM gi s cc gm 3 thnh phn v quy hoch tn s c thc hin mt cch ph hp. hiu c cch xy dng s dng li tn s, xem xt 1 h thng GSM gm S knh, trong mi c gn vi k knh, gi s rng tt c cc nhm 3 thnh phn c cng k knh. Nu S knh c chia cho N Base Station vi mi thnh phn c 3 con, th tng s knh tn s phi l: S = 3*k*N iu ny c c do h thng gm N Base Station v mi thnh phn c chia nh thnh 3 phn vi k knh N base station, tng thnh phn s dng s ht ton b tp khng gian tn s c sn. trogn mi 1 mt tn s c s dng 1 ln gi l 1 cluster. Nu cluster c lp li M ln trong tng s knh, th C c tnh bng cch: C = M*3*k*N = M*S Kch thc cluster N thng l 3, 4, 7, 13. Quyt nh kch thc of cluster s hu cn da tren dung lng, di ph c th gn v tnh giao thoa or trng ph. Kch thc ca 1 cluster 7 hoc cluter 12 cho mc trng ph Nguyn Vn Thnh
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thp nht nhng khi kch thc of cluster ln s dn n thnh phn ti s dng vi khong cch xa lm kh nng gim xung ng thi yu cu di ph ln hn. Xem xt 1 v d khi k bng 1 tc 1 tn s trn 1 khi. Vi cluster kich thc 7 s yu cu ph thp nht S = 3*7*1 = 21 ARFCN Hoc 21*0.2MHz = 4.2 MHz . Gi tr ny ch bng 16% dung lng of di ph ca GSM900. Nu them 1 tn s trn 1 khi s yu cu 42ARFCN hay 33% di ph. Cn nu vi mt cluster vi kich thc = 3 th : S = 3*3*1 = 9 ARFCN Hay 9 *02 = 1.8 MHz bng 7% of tng di ph c sn. Nu them 1 tn s na cho khi th kt qu vn ch l khong 14% di ph yu cu. nhng 1 vn ln khc chnh l tnh trng ph, khi cc gn nhau dn n vn s dng li di ph c vn . Nhng nghin cu c lien quan ch ra vi kch thc 4 cho 1 cluster l ph hp vi c dung lng v tnh trng ph, vi gi tr k bng 2 ngha l 2 thnh phn tn s / phn: S = 3*2*4 = 24 Hay 24 * 0.2 = 4.8 MHz khong 19% tng di ph c sn.

B1

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B3 B2

D D A3

A1

A2

m hnh s dng li 4*3

B1 A1 ca h thng 2. Trng ph ca knh v kh nng B3 B2 A2 Vic s dng li tn s ngm nh rng vng bao ph trn 1 s cell s dng

cng 1 tp cc tn s. nhng cell ny gi l cell-channel ng thi v vng trng ph or giao thoa ca tn hiu gia cc vng ny gi l trng ph ca cc cell_channel ng thi. Khng ging nh nhiu nhit (thermal), c th vt qu bng vic tng t l S/N, nhiu cell-channel ng thi khng th gii quyt bng vic nng nng lng ca thnh phn tn hiu mang. L do l nu tng nng lng ca song mang s tng mc trng ph ca tn hiu. gim mc trng ph knh, cc cell-channel cn phi phn chia ring r vi khong cch p ng ph hp da trn mc pht tn ca tn hiu. Trong h thng mng khng dy, khi kich thc ca cc xp x bng nhau, nhiu knh ng thi c th c lp vi nng lng truyn tn hiu v ph thuc vo bn knh ca (R), cng khong cch t trung tm n khi cellNguyn Vn Thnh
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channel gn nht. hnh di s gii thch mi quan h gia bn knh R, kch thc cua cluster N v khong cch s dng li D. Bn knh ca cell bn ngoi : R Bn knh ca cell bn trong: r = 0.5 * (3)^1/2 * R Khong cch s dng li: D = R * (3 * (i^2 + j^2 + j*i))^1/2 Khi : D/N = (N*3)^1/2 Kch thc ca cluster: N = j^2 + i^2 + j*I;

Biu din tnh ton khong cch s dng li. Khi i v j l cc s khng m. tm khi cell-channel gn nht, chng ta cn thc hin nh sau: Nguyn Vn Thnh
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- Di chuyn I dc theo bt k 1 chui cc khi lc gic - Quay gc 60 theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. v di chuyn k . hnh trn biu din khi i = 1 j = 2 i vi cluster kch thc 7. Khi tng t s D/R, s phn vng khng gian gia cc cell channel ni chung s tng ln, bi vy nhiu or trng ph s gim xung da trn mc tng c lp ca cc khi. mi quan h gia khong cch s dng li v mc trng ph ca tn hiu C/I c ch ra: (D/R) = 6*(C/I) Ch : C/I tnh theo dB v c th chuyn sang gi tr s tnh ton, l ch s lan truyn hoc mc suy gim vi gi tr trong khong t 2-> 4 3. Tiu chun thit k Mt s tn s ti u yu cu mc trng ph ti thiu gia cc cellchannel v cc k nhau. GSM 05.05 nh ngha cc t l trng ph cho cc cell-channel k nhau. T l trng ph thc t nn nh hn mt gi tr gii hn c gi l t k trng ph thm tham chiu. t l trng ph tham chiu c i vi base station v tt c c cc loi MS: o Vi trng ph ca knh ng thi: C/Ic = 9dB o trng ph ca cc vng k nhau (200MHz): C/Ia1 = -9dB o trng ph vi cc vng k nhau (400MHz): C/Ia2 = -41dB Vi mc ch ca vic lp k hoch cho mng, thng th gi tr ca C/Ic >= 9dB v vi cc knh k nhau thng l C/Ia >= - 9dB. iu ny ch ra knh k u tin khng c s dng cng cc t bo cng ngnh hoc cng BS 4. Cp pht tn s Nguyn Vn Thnh
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trong h thng GSM, tng bng thong ca ph s c chia thnh 2 nhm trong 1 nhm s dung iu khin thong tin giao thong vi tn s BCCH v thnh phn cn li cho iu khin lung thng tin nh tn s TCH. Trong trng hp mng c Microcells th tng bng thng s c chia thnh cho nhng ng dng Macrocellular v Microcellular

TCH

BCCH

TCH

Macro Cell

Micro Cell

hnh 3.3: cp pht bng tn tn s

tnh s dng c th khc nhau ng vi nhng nhm khc nhau, khi nhm nh hoc khng c s tha hip gia thnh phn tn s trng ph BCCH ngc li mt s tha hip nht nh no c th to ra trng ph tn s TCH. Thng thng kch thc cluster khong 4 n 7 c th xem xt nh tnh s dng ca BCCH v nu cluster t 3 n 4 th thng s dng cho TCH. S lng knh trong mi nhm ph thuc vo vic gn ph tn s v tiu chun C/I trong qu trnh s dng li ca mi trng hp

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